This volume examines Fichte's notion of the image in the systematic domains of ethics, philosophy of history, political philosophy, philosophy of language, aesthetics, and the philosophy of religion. Der vorliegende Band untersucht Fichtes bildtheoretisches Denken von der Theorie der Einbildungskraft bis in die systematischen Bereiche der Ethik, der Geschichtsphilosophie, der politischen Philosophie, der Sprachphilosophie, der Kunsttheorie und der Religionsphilosophie.

The present volume collects contributions which contextualize Fichte’s theory of image in various respects, focusing on its relation to pre-modern theories of image, its changing role in the development of Fichte’s thinking and its place within Fichte’s foundation of philosophy in the area between theory of truth or validity and ontology. Der vorliegende Band versammelt Beiträge, die Fichtes Bildtheorie in verschiedenen Hinsichten kontextualisieren, wobei ihr Verhältnis zu prä-modernen Bildtheorien, ihre wechselnde Rolle in der Entwicklung von Fichtes Denken und ihre im (...) Spannungsfeld von Wahrheits- bzw. Geltungstheorie und Ontologie angesiedelte Stellung in Fichtes Grundlegung der Philosophie im Mittelpunkt stehen. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie Jahrgang: 63 Heft: 3 Seiten: 538-548.

O objetivo do presente artigo é interpretar o entendimento hegeliano da liberdade no contexto do pensamento tardio de Fichte e Schelling, cuja característica é a compreensão da liberdade humana como implicação da manifestação do absoluto. Segundo a tese central do artigo, na passagem da Doutrina da Essência para a Doutrina do Conceito – que é decisiva para a Lógica de Hegel – a vinculação entre manifestação e liberdade, presente já em Fichte e Schelling, é retomada e reformulada de tal modo (...) que a efetuação da liberdade e o processo de auto-manifestação são conceitualmente identificados. Tal resultado possibilita entender a estrutura da filosofia hegeliana do direito a partir do seu fundamento lógico e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar criticamente as leituras pragmatistas da concepção “expressivista” da liberdade de Hegel. (shrink)

In the first writings of his Jena period, Hegel defends the conception of an original identity through which subjectivity is "suspended". The present article aims to expound this conception as a contribution to the theory of intentionality which focusses on the unity of conceptual and sensuous (or motivational) elements as a condition of the intentionality of perception and action. In a first step, it is argued that in his early writings, by "philosophy of subjectivity" Hegel understands positions which separate the (...) conceptual and the sensuous elements of perception and action, conceiving at the same time the subject as a distanced controller of sensibility. Thus, the hegelian critique of the philosophy of subjectivity is directed against such a conception of intentionality and its subject. In a second step, the hegelian alternative to this picture is exposed - the conception of an indissoluble unity of thinking and sensibility as being fundamental to perception and action. Finally, the picture of self-consciousness which arises in the Phenomenology of Spirit is analyzed as an implication of the conception of intentionality adopted in the earlier writings. (shrink)

Teil 1: Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und -- Systematische Aspekte.

This paper aims to show that Brandom’s thesis about the intrinsic relation between self-consciousness and self-constitution as a characteristic of essentially self-conscious beings introduces into current philosophical debate a conception that is already present in Fichte’s concept of the ›I‹. Thus, Brandom’s position can be understood as a sign the continued vitality of Fichtean thinking. The leading idea of a correspondence between Fichte’s and Brandom’s conception is made more precise through a closer look at Fichte’s understanding, in the Science of (...) Knowledge nova method, of practical self-reference and of interpersonal recognition as a condition of its possibility. Finally, it is argued that the Fichtean claim that practical self-reference presupposes a pre-reflective self-awareness shows that, in spite of this result, we cannot simply identify the conceptions defended by Fichte and Brandom.In diesem Aufsatz soll gezeigt werden, dass Brandoms Thesen über den inneren Zusammenhang von Selbstbewusstsein und Selbstkonstitution als Charakteristikum wesentlich selbstbewusster Wesen eine bereits in Fichtes Ichbegriff angelegte Konzeption in die gegenwärtige philosophische Debatte einbringen und insofern als Lebenszeichen des Fichteschen Denkens gedeutet werden können. Die Entsprechung zwischen den Konzeptionen Fichtes und Brandoms soll durch eine nähere Betrachtung des Fichteschen Verständnisses des praktischen Selbstbezugs und der interpersonellen Anerkennung als seiner Möglichkeitsbedingung in der Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo herausgearbeitet werden. Dass die Positionen Fichtes und Brandoms dennoch nicht schlichtweg identifiziert werden können, wird durch einen abschließenden Blick auf die bewusstseinstheoretischen Prämissen der Fichteschen Konzeption des praktischen Selbstbezugs gezeigt. (shrink)

Also in the latest versions of the Science of Knowledge Fichte considers explanation of the structure of consciousness a central task of philosophy. In his late explanation of consciousness, the concepts of life and image play a central role – two concepts that in Fichte’s account are inseparable and mutually elucidate each other. By interpreting the 1810 Science of Knowledge and Fichte’s introductory lecture The facts of Consciousness from 1810/11, this article aims to show that the pair of concepts “life” (...) and ‘image’ occur on two different theoretical levels in Fichte’s late philosophy: first, in the formulation of a view of consciousness that Fichte characterizes as ‘idealist’ and that he considers to be in continuity with Kant’s transcendental philosophy; and, second, in the exposition of the conception of consciousness as an image of a non-constructible absolute that goes beyond the idealist explanation without, however, denying its validity within its own sphere. The second step, which occupies the major part of the 1810 Science of Knowledge, can be understood as Fichte’s late reply to Jacobi’s critique of the Science of Knowledge as a ‘nihilism’. Its final step is the introduction of the concept of ‘sober- mindedness’, in the sense of a self-interpretation of moral consciousness which goes beyond any constructible content. The concluding part of the article interprets and discusses the conception of sober-mindedness as involving Fichte’s final reply to Jacobi’s criticism. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa elucidar o fundamento lógico da passagem do arbítrio para a vontade livre “em si e para si” na Introdução à Filosofia do Direito de Hegel. Defende-se as seguintes teses: 1. A idéia de tal passagem, concebida como reflexivização da vontade, já está presente na ética de Fichte. No entanto, diferentemente de Fichte Hegel concebe-a num fundamento lógico-conceitual. 2. O fundamento lógico da passagem em Hegel é a passagem da Lógica da Essência para a Lógica do Conceito. (...) 3. A explicitação da vontade livre em si e para si pela Lógica do Conceito não envolve ainda o caráter ético-social da realização da tal liberdade, que só se revela no desdobramento da Filosofia do Direito. (shrink)

The present article discusses the relation of Th. Nagel’s ethics of altruism with kantian ethics. According to Nagel himself, his position resembles that of Kant in two respects: it defends the thesis of the autonomy of moral motivation, and it bases moral on a determinate self-conception of persons. However, differently from Kant, the principle of Nagel’s ethics is just the modest presupposition that persons essentially understand themselves as being one among a plurality of other persons. Starting from the nagelian argument (...) in The Possibility of Altruism (1970), but contemplating also Nagel’s more recent position in The Last Word (1999), it is argued that in order to defend his conception of a rational ethics in a convincing way, Nagel has to approximate himself more to the kantian foundation of ethics than he wants to admit. (shrink)

The population of most non-dominant ethnic groups in the USA is growing dramatically. Faculty members are challenged to develop curricula that adequately prepare our future nurses. An increased focus on clinical ethics has resulted from the use of sophisticated technology, changes in health care financing, an increasing elderly population and the shift of care from inpatient to outpatient settings. Nurses frequently face situations demanding resolution of ethical dilemmas involving cultural differences. Nursing curricula must include content on both ethics and cultural (...) sensitivity. Active student participation is an important element providing a foundation for ethical practice. A proposed educational format was introduced with graduating baccalaureate students. In a pilot study, curricular content on cultural sensitivity and ethical practice was taught in separate modules. Students were then asked to identify and problem solve an ethical dilemma involving patients and professional caregivers from vastly different cultures. Course faculty members provided discussion questions to guide the students' thinking. (shrink)

New Jersey residents who tested their homes for radon and found more than four picocuries per liter were surveyed about their knowledge, emotions, attitudes, and intentions to take remedial action Respondents proved well informed, but radon levels were not highly correlated with any of the response variables. Overoptimism was more common than overreaction. The results suggest that active guidance is needed to ensure appropriate responses to environmental hazards, like radon, that require individual remediation. Simple information dissemination alone seems inadequate.

Kants Musikästhetik wird weithin unterschätzt. Dabei bietet sie die entscheidenden Ansätze zur Befreiung der Musik aus den Fängen der Nachahmungsästhetik, wie sie vor allem E.T.A.Hoffman kongenial umgesetzt hat.

Decision-making under normative uncertainty requires an agent to aggregate the assessments of options given by rival normative theories into a single assessment that tells her what to do in light of her uncertainty. But what if the assessments of rival theories differ not just in their content but in their structure -- e.g., some are merely ordinal while others are cardinal? This paper describes and evaluates three general approaches to this "problem of structural diversity": structural enrichment, structural depletion, and multi-stage (...) aggregation. All three approaches have notable drawbacks, but I tentatively defend multi-stage aggregation as least bad of the three. (shrink)

Les disciplines historiques, littéraires et philosophiques font un emploi abondant des catégories historiographiques. Parmi celles-ci, les termes en ismes sont très fréquents pour référer à une doctrine, un courant artistique, une idéologie ou des événements spécifiques. On fait cependant remarquer que ces désignations posent de nombreux problèmes d’interprétation. En particulier, que l’origine exacte d’une catégorie est souvent méconnue et que sa signification est plus équivoque qu’on ne le croit habituellement. La formation d’un terme en isme s’explique souvent dans un contexte (...) polémique et sert à condamner ou critiquer plutôt qu’à comprendre une pensée, un mouvement ou des faits historiques. Les catégories d’athéisme, de classicisme ou de féminisme en sont de bons exemples. Le présent volume vise à contribuer à l’étude critique des catégories historiographiques et des notions en isme en s’attardant à l’époque moderne (XVI e XVIII e siècles). Il s’agit d’un moment clef de l’histoire européenne pendant laquelle nombre de ces notions apparaissent ou pour laquelle l’historiographie en a fait un emploi abondant. Les chapitres en examinent la valeur théorique par rapport à une origine ou des usages, et déterminent de quelles manières elles contribuent à l’interprétation de l’histoire, de la littérature ou de la philosophie, de la Renaissance jusqu’à la Révolution française. (shrink)

The principle that rational agents should maximize expected utility or choiceworthiness is intuitively plausible in many ordinary cases of decision-making under uncertainty. But it is less plausible in cases of extreme, low-probability risk (like Pascal's Mugging), and intolerably paradoxical in cases like the St. Petersburg and Pasadena games. In this paper I show that, under certain conditions, stochastic dominance reasoning can capture most of the plausible implications of expectational reasoning while avoiding most of its pitfalls. Specifically, given sufficient background uncertainty (...) about the choiceworthiness of one's options, many expectation-maximizing gambles that do not stochastically dominate their alternatives "in a vacuum" become stochastically dominant in virtue of that background uncertainty. But, even under these conditions, stochastic dominance will not require agents to accept options whose expectational superiority depends on sufficiently small probabilities of extreme payoffs. The sort of background uncertainty on which these results depend looks unavoidable for any agent who measures the choiceworthiness of her options in part by the total amount of value in the resulting world. At least for such agents, then, stochastic dominance offers a plausible general principle of choice under uncertainty that can explain more of the apparent rational constraints on such choices than has previously been recognized. (shrink)

Die Frage der »guten Behandlung im Alter« gehört zu den Schlüsselthemen unserer Gesellschaft. Wie können wir gute Pflege für ältere Menschen, eine adäquate medizinische Versorgung im Alter und ganz allgemein Generationengerechtigkeit erreichen? Wie kann Inklusion auch für Menschen mit Demenz oder stigmatisierenden psychischen Erkrankungen erreicht werden? Dieser Band versammelt Expert*innen aus Philosophie, Soziologie, Medizin, Ethik, Psychogerontologie und Pflegewissenschaft sowie weiteren Feldern, die Möglichkeiten gelingender Therapie für Ältere - und damit auch Grundfragen von Menschenrechten und Ethik auf allen gesellschaftlichen Ebenen - (...) diskutieren. (shrink)

What kind of animals are human beings? And how do our visions of the human shape our theories of social action and institutions? In Moral, Believing Animals>, Christian Smith advances a creative theory of human persons and culture that offers innovative, challenging answers to these and other fundamental questions in sociological, cultural, and religious theory. Smith suggests that human beings have a peculiar set of capacities and proclivities that distinguishes them significantly from other animals on this planet. Despite the (...) vast differences in humanity between cultures and across history, no matter how differently people narrate their lives and histories, there remains an underlying structure of human personhood that helps to order human culture, history, and narration. Drawing on important recent insights in moral philosophy, epistemology, and narrative studies, Smith argues that humans are animals who have an inescapable moral and spiritual dimension. They cannot avoid a fundamental moral orientation in life and this, says Smith, has profound consequences for how sociology must study human beings. (shrink)

O presente artigo discute a relação da ética do altruísmo, defendida por Thomas Nagel, com a ética kantiana. Segundo o próprio Nagel, sua posição é semelhante à de Kant sob dois aspectos: ela defende a tese da autonomia da motivação moral, e ela funda a moral numa determinada autoconcepção da pessoa. No entanto, diferentemente de Kant, o princípio da ética nageliana é apenas o pressuposto modesto de que uma pessoa essencialmente considera a si mesma como sendo uma numa pluralidade de (...) pessoas. Partindo do argumento nageliano em The Possibility of Altruísmo, mas contemplando também a posição mais recente de Nagel em The Last Word, argumenta-se que Nagel só pode defender sua concepção de uma ética racional de modo convincente, se ele se aproximar mais da fundamentação kantiana da ética do que ele pretende. (shrink)

Die Frage der »guten Behandlung im Alter« gehört zu den Schlüsselthemen unserer Gesellschaft. Wie können wir gute Pflege für ältere Menschen, eine adäquate medizinische Versorgung im Alter und ganz allgemein Generationengerechtigkeit erreichen? Wie kann Inklusion auch für Menschen mit Demenz oder stigmatisierenden psychischen Erkrankungen erreicht werden? Dieser Band versammelt Expert*innen aus Philosophie, Soziologie, Medizin, Ethik, Psychogerontologie und Pflegewissenschaft sowie weiteren Feldern, die Möglichkeiten gelingender Therapie für Ältere - und damit auch Grundfragen von Menschenrechten und Ethik auf allen gesellschaftlichen Ebenen - (...) diskutieren. (shrink)