Au-delà d’une bataille écologique tenace pour l’abandon du projet d’aéroport, le bocage de Notre-Dame des Landes a constitué un terrain d’expérimentation pour transformer l’occupation militante en droit pérenne d’usage des terres. Les « zadistes » se sont battus pour devenir agriculteurs et exploiter collectivement la terre au service d’une agriculture « écolo et non Monsanto ». Ils ont parié sur le fait de mener une bataille sur le droit face à l’administration et, en échange de fiches de projets, ont obtenu (...) des baux ruraux individuels de neuf ans, comme les paysans résistants et les paysans cumulards, qui exploitaient les terres avant la préemption. Le rêve éveillé est devenu réalité, même si l’un des principes de base initiaux, « la terre en commun », a subi des altérations. (shrink)

Le territoire (les territoires), objet politique s’il en est, a surgi dans la campagne des présidentielles comme enjeu électoral. Cette Mineure s’est fixée pour tâche de « refroidir » le débat, de regarder en dessous des idéologies charriées par le mot, de décomposer la polysémie territoriale. L’auteure a voulu ici proposer un point de vue sur les controverses qui agitent les milieux scientifiques autour des formes et des dynamiques territoriales. Par là-même, ces disputations confrontent l’action publique aux agirs spatiaux, en (...) mêlant objectivités et subjectivités. En cela, le territoire est prise de position politique. (shrink)

Cet article analyse les situations d’injustice environnementale au Sri Lanka, en comparant vingt-six conflits socio-environnementaux identifiés dans l’Atlas mondial de la justice environnementale. Ils sont été compilés par l’auteur, en collaboration avec des activistes du Center for Environmental Justice (CEJ) du Sri Lanka. En nous appuyant sur différentes sources (rapports d’ONG, journaux, blogs, sources gouvernementales, déclarations commerciales et articles universitaires), et en privilégiant une approche d’écologie politique, nous analysons quelles sont les activités économiques qui génèrent des affrontements, quels acteurs y (...) participent et de quelle manière les différents groupes se sont mobilisés contre des projets d’investissement. (shrink)

La restitution des artefacts pillés lors des conquêtes coloniales ou abritées dans les musées « coloniaux » suscite des réactions antagoniques. Faut-il « tuer » le modèle du musée ethnographique, comme le préconise le président du Mali, ou bien purifier les collections témoins de pratiques génocidaires, en les radiographiant ou les cachant dans les réserves muséales, à l’abri des regards critiques? La complicité entre le pouvoir académique et le principe d’inaliénabilité de la propriété muséologique rendent le processus de restitution particulièrement (...) lent. Pour éviter que la restitution soit récupérée, des réponses rapides ont été conçues pour mieux correspondre aux imaginaires et pratiques de la jeunesse africaine: musée numérique, muséologie critique, institutions de culture populaire et restitution « en mode rapide ». Plutôt que de se focaliser sur des objets iconiques, la restitution en mode rapide cherche à revisiter l’ingéniosité traditionnelle précoloniale pour développer de nouvelles techniques, de nouvelles œuvres d’art et de nouveaux objets à finalité sociale et spirituelle. (shrink)

Les rapports sociaux de race, de genre, de sexe sont inextricablement mêlés : telle est une idée centrale du féminisme décolonial tel qu’il se déploie depuis Abya Yala, du nom que le peuple kuna donnait au continent américain. L’article situe l’importance de renommer les femmes et féministes d’origine autochtone, une manière de défaire les discours coloniaux (parfois tenus par des universitaires féministes) sur les pratiques de genre avant la colonialité/modernité. Ochy Curiel illustre cette idée à partir de l’expérience du GLEFAS (...) (Groupe latino-américain de formation et d’action féministe) : le décolonial n’y est pas seulement une critique du savoir académique, il est profondément ancré dans des pratiques autogestionnaires de luttes anticapitalistes, dans le lesbianisme politique, dans la rue, dans les associations, dans les organisations communautaires. (shrink)

Le MST a connu de grands succès dans les années 1980 – 450 000 familles dans assentamentos (propriétaires) ou acampamentos (occupants) – et a servi d’exemple à de nombreuses mobilisations et occupations de terres dans le monde. Pendant l’ère Bolsonaro, le mouvement a connu diverses adaptations. Il a adopté le récit de l’entrepreneur agricole, influencé en cela par les évangélistes – de la « théologie de la libération » communautaire à la théologie individualiste de la réussite. Il a, par obligation (...) et répression, délaissé l’action d’occupation des terres pour le développement de l’agriculture biologique et la production d’aliments « sains », largement à destination des villes. Ainsi, il resserre les liens entre le rural et l’urbain et se rapproche stratégiquement du Mouvement des Sans Toit. (shrink)

Un mouvement environnemental sans précédent a pris forme lorsque le gouvernement du Bangladesh a projeté la construction d’une centrale à charbon à 14 km des Sundarbans, la plus grande mangrove du monde. Plusieurs experts, dont certains de l’Unesco, ont indiqué que les déchets et la fumée de la centrale menaceraient la forêt et sa biodiversité. Malgré cela, le gouvernement persiste dans son intention de mener à bien le projet en fonction des intérêts de certains groupes au pouvoir. Le mouvement a (...) débuté discrètement en 2012 et est devenu massif par la suite. En 2017, il a réussi à mobiliser la mouvance du militantisme écologique et certaines organisations internationales. Il s’agissait de faire pression sur le gouvernement pour qu’il abandonne le projet d’usine. Cet article décrit l’évolution du mouvement, ses principaux acteurs, sa portée mondiale ainsi que sa situation actuelle. (shrink)

Cet article s’attaque au manque d’informations sur les nombreux conflits de distribution écologique (EDC) provoqués par l’extractivisme minier en Inde au cours de ces dernières années. Le minerai de fer est le métal le plus extrait en Inde et, par conséquent, les conflits liés à cette activité sont importants. Nous analysons ici neuf conflits majeurs surgis dans différents états de l’Inde. Dans l’analyse de ces cas, nous mettons l’accent que les conséquences de l’extractivisme prédateur dans le secteur de l’exploitation des (...) minerais, ainsi que leurs impacts environnementaux, sociaux et culturels sur les régions minières « périphériques » de l’Inde. (shrink)

Entre le scénario d’arrivée de nouveaux gouvernements de droite et celui du retour au progressisme, l’Amérique du Sud fait preuve d’une instabilité politique et d’une crise de gouvernement qui montre la fin des structures politiques de consensus qui l’ont gouvernée ces dernières décennies. Alors qu’au Chili et dans d’autres pays, l’année 2019 a offert un panorama de nouvelles protestations, la période post-pandémique pourra peut-être engendrer une nouvelle mobilisation politique contre les formes actuelles de gouvernance et les arrangements politiques qui l’accompagnent.

La pandémie de la Covid-19 a entraîné l’accélération du processus de démantèlement des institutions démocratiques dans de nombreux pays du continent sud-américain. Mais les racines de ce processus d’affaiblissement des pratiques démocratiques sont bien antérieures. Dans cet article, nous retraçons quelques moments forts de ce remaniement de la démocratie en Équateur tout au long du XXI e siècle. Nous analysons les limites des progressismes et leur contribution à la consolidation d’un État intense en pratiques autoritaires et faible en participation et (...) en démocratie. (shrink)

Le MAS a remporté les élections présidentielles boliviennes d’octobre 2020 dès le premier tour, avec 55,1 % des voix. Pablo Solón, ancien ministre d’Evo Morales, énumère dans cet article les raisons de ce triomphe et trace les défis qui s’imposent au nouveau gouvernement du président élu, Luis Arce. De fait, c’est une phase post Evo Morales qui s’ouvre, dans un pays profondément marqué par la pandémie, l’écocide, la corruption, les atteintes à l’état de droit, ainsi que par grave crise économique. (...) La clé pour relancer un « processus de changement » repose dans la capacité d’autogestion et d’autonomie des organisations sociales. (shrink)

Cet article présente une revue des mouvements de justice environnementale en Inde, à partir d’une combinaison d’informations provenant de l’Atlas de la justice environnementale (EJAtlas), de travaux de terrain et d’une analyse de la littérature secondaire. L’auteur souligne ici l’intensité des conflits, les armes judiciaires qui confortent les manifestations et le changement des slogans avec le temps, ainsi que les synergies et les alliances anciennes et actuelles entre ces mouvements indiens. Pour l’analyse sont combinés l’utilisation de statistiques descriptives et quelques (...) exemples concrets. Enfin, il est proposé un débat sur la signification du terme « succès » appliqué à la justice environnementale, sujet sur lequel des recherches plus approfondies s’avèrent nécessaires. (shrink)

Cette conversation raconte deux expériences de mise en capacité de jeunes quant à la connaissance de leur propre alimentation. La première se dénomme Sugar Killer, c’est une expérience artistique qui s’intègre dans une recherche scientifique et pédagogique. Recherche-action d’éducation alimentaire hybridant art, alimentation et transformation du territoire, elle peut se résumer par le sous-titre « quand les collégiens enquêtent sur leurs sucres ». La seconde s’inscrit dans une recherche menée auprès d’étudiants de l’université de Poitiers une année avant le Covid (...) (2019) et durant le Covid (2020). Elle a permis de comparer les mutations de ces pratiques en fonction de la situation familiale des étudiants. Les deux expériences s’appuient sur la méthode Selfood, qui consiste à faire prendre en photo les repas d’une personne sur plusieurs jours consécutifs, pour constituer une forme d’autoportrait alimentaire. Les paysages alimentaires récoltés sont le support d’une réflexion plus large sur le fonctionnement des systèmes agro-alimentaires, sur les choix et pratiques alimentaires des participant·es, et leurs effets sur la santé et l’environnement. (shrink)

Shawn Loht's ground-breaking Phenomenology of Film: A Heideggerian Account of the Film Experience (2017) offers a detailed account of film experience as rooted in Martin Heidegger's existential structure of Dasein. Adapting Being and Time for a phenomenology of cinematic experience, Loht accurately describes how various existential structures of Dasein are “fostered” by the projected world of film: in Loht's account, being-in-the-world is extended in the film experience. Loht's project offers fertile ground for developing the phenomenological basis of film experience. Yet, (...) Loht anchors this account of film experience primarily in Heidegger's early philosophy; this leaves his adaptation not without challenges. First, if the structure of film experience is mapped too closely onto the notion of Dasein projecting itself into the filmworld, this theory presents the risk of taking the early Heidegger's “hands-on” approach too literally. Moreover, in its concern for Dasein's extensions into the world of film, Phenomenology of Film says little about the distinctly mediated character of filmworlds; this leaves ambiguous where the film experience effectively takes place. (shrink)

This paper begins from one of the most commonly found questions in phenomenology, “What is Phenomenlogy?”, to argue that phenomenology is a trans-disciplinary approach to engaging with the products of human culture. This approach is characterized by paying particular attention to the distinction between facticity and transcendence within “lived experience” so as to help us better articulate and evaluate the promises that animate every human institution. Such a task necessarily requires inter-disciplinary input and helps us engage in our lives—in our (...) shared cultural life—differently. (shrink)

Many predator species feed on prey that fluctuates in abundance from year to year. Birds of prey can face large fluctuations in food abundance i.e. small mammals, especially voles. These annual changes in prey abundance strongly affect the reproductive success and mortality of the individual predators and thus can be expected to influence their population dynamics and persistence. The barn owl, for example, shows large fluctuations in breeding success that correlate with the dynamics in voles, their main prey species. Analysis (...) of the impact of fluctuations in vole abundance with a simple predator prey model parameterized with literature data indicates population persistence is especially affected by years with low vole abundance. In these years the population can decline to low owl numbers such that the ensuing peak vole years cannot be exploited. This result is independent of the length and regularity of vole fluctuations. The relevance of this result for conservation of the barn owl and other birds of prey that show a numerical response to fluctuating prey species is discussed. (shrink)

A SECOND COMPLETELY REVISED EDITION OF THIS TEXTBOOK ON INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH WAS PUBLISHED WITH AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS IN 2022. Check out that version here and a PDF of its ToC and Introduction, as this first edition (AUP 2016) is no longer available. [This book (128 pp.) serves as an introduction and manual to guide students through the interdisciplinary research process. We are becoming increasingly aware that, as a result of technological developments and globalisation, problems are becoming so complex that they (...) can only be solved through cooperation between multiple disciplines. Healthcare, climate change, food security, energy, financial markets and quality of life are just a few examples of issues that require scientists and academics to work in a crossdisciplinary way. As a result of these developments, an interdisciplinary approach is becoming increasingly popular in higher education and must be considered an absolute necessity. Young academics are being called on to step beyond the boundaries of traditional disciplines in order to contribute to addressing fundamental problems and solving challenges facing society. There is a need for people who are not afraid to ask critical questions, who can work together well and can look beyond the boundaries of their own field. This means students need to learn more about how they can integrate and apply knowledge, methods and skills from different fields. Interdisciplinary research projects and practical training courses offer students more than one perspective on the same subject. Comparing and contrasting, connecting, adding and adapting concepts, theories and methodologies from different disciplines ultimately results in new insights and better answers to complex problems.]. (shrink)

Automated technologies and robots make decisions that cannot always be fully controlled or predicted. In addition to that, they cannot respond to punishment and blame in the ways humans do. Therefore, when automated cars harm or kill people, for example, this gives rise to concerns about responsibility-gaps and retribution-gaps. According to Sven Nyholm, however, automated cars do not pose a challenge on human responsibility, as long as humans can control them and update them. He argues that the agency exercised in (...) automated cars should be understood in terms of human–robot collaborations. This brief note focuses on the problem that arises when there are multiple people involved, but there is no obvious shared collaboration among them. Building on John Danaher’s discussion of command responsibility, it is argued that, although Nyholm might be right that autonomous cars cannot be regarded as acting on their own, independently of any human beings, worries about responsibility-gaps and retribution-gaps are still justified, because it often remains unclear how to allocate or distribute responsibility satisfactorily among the key humans involved after they have been successfully identified. (shrink)

In Brazil, the CNPq provides grants, funds and fellowships to productive scientists to support their investigations. They are ranked and categorized into four hierarchical levels ranging from PQ 1A to PQ 1D. Few studies, however, report and analyse scientific productivity in different sub-fields of Biomedical Sciences, e.g., Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biophysics and Physiology. In fact, systematic comparisons of productivity among the PQ 1 categories within the above sub-fields are lacking in the literature. Here, the scientific productivity of 323 investigators receiving PQ (...) 1 fellowships in these sub-fields of BS was investigated. The Scopus database was used to compile the total number of articles, citations, h-index values and authorship positions in the most cited papers by researchers granted CNPq fellowships. We found that researchers from Pharmacology had the best performance for all of the parameters analysed, followed by those in Biochemistry. There was great variability in scientific productivity within the PQ 1A level in all of the sub-fields of BS, but not within the other levels. Analysis of the most cited papers of PQ 1 researchers in Pharmacology revealed that the citations of researchers in the 1C and 1D levels were associated with publications with their senior supervisors, whereas those in the 1B level were less connected with their supervisors in comparison to those in 1A. Taken together, these findings suggest that the scientific performance of PQ 1A researchers in BS is not homogenous. In our opinion, parameters such as the most cited papers without the involvement of Ph.D. and/or post-doctoral supervisors should be used to make decisions regarding any given researcher’s fellowship award level. (shrink)

Coping with stress has been primarily investigated as an individual-level phenomenon. In work settings, however, an individual’s exposure to demands is often shared with co-workers, and the process of dealing with these demands takes place in the interaction with them. Coping, therefore, may be conceptualized as a multilevel construct. This paper introduces the team coping concept and shows that including coping as a higher-level team property may help explain individual-level outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the effects of exposure to danger during (...) deployment on burnout symptoms in military service members and examined to what extent this relationship was moderated by individual-level and team-level functional coping. We hypothesized that the relationship between individuals’ exposure to danger and burnout is contingent on both. In line with our predictions, we found that service members who were highly exposed to danger, and did not engage in much functional coping, suffered most from burnout symptoms, but only when their teammates did not engage in much functional coping either. When their teammates did engage in much functional coping, the effect of exposure to danger on burnout was buffered. Hence, team members’ coping efforts functioned as a resilience resource for these service members. (shrink)

O presente trabalho busca investigar a formação propagada pelos cursos de Direito do Estado de Alagoas, objetivando avaliar se atendem aos postulados da Educação em Direitos Humanos. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que ainda preponderam o dogmatismo e o olhar legalista na formação dos futuros bacharéis, deixando em segundo plano a formação humanística, adotou-se como opção teórico-metodológica a abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com ênfase na revisão de literatura e na análise dos 18 currículos dos cursos de Direito ofertados em Alagoas. Para (...) a análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, elegendo como categorias a presença da disciplina “Direitos Humanos” nos currículos dos cursos de Direito e a proporção de disciplinas de Formação Humanística em relação às técnico-jurídicas. A fim de compreender como a educação em direitos humanos pode influenciar a formação do estudante de Direito, foram analisados os resultados do Enade nos anos de 2006, 2009, 2012 e 2015, nas questões que abordaram, de forma direta ou indireta, os direitos humanos. O referencial teórico pauta-se por autores como: Tardif, Apple, Giroux, Tomaz Tadeu, Barbosa, dentre outros. Palavras-chave: Educação em Direitos Humanos. Cursos Jurídicos. Currículos. Enade. Alagoas. (shrink)

This paper seeks to examine the significance of Derrida's work for an understanding of the basic tenets of phenomenology. Specifically, via an analysis of his understanding of the subject's relation to the future, we will see that Derrida enhances the phenomenological understanding of temporality and intentionality, thereby moving the project of phenomenology forward in a unique way. This, in turn, suggests that future phenomenological research will have to account for an essential (rather than merely a secondary) role for both linguistic (...) mediation and cultural and political factors within the phenomenological subject itself. (shrink)

Este estudo buscou analisar como os currículos se originaram, estabelecendo como ponto de partida a tradição romana e sua arqueologia do saber jurídico, para, em seguida, adentrar nas reflexões em torno da ciência e da técnica na modernidade, desnudando aspectos valiosos a fim de se (re)pensar uma pauta humanista nessa seara. Como opção teórico-metodológica, adotou-se a abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com ênfase na revisão de literatura. Como resultado, ficou evidente a necessidade concreta de um modelo de educação jurídica que possa (...) romper com a configuração socioeducacional atual e que seja capaz de assegurar a junção equilibrada entre o Humanismo, a Ciência, a Técnica, as Artes. (shrink)

Através da inquirição filosófica, objetiva-se estabelecer contornos nítidos entre definições precedentes ao Behaviorismo Radical, através de incursões conceituais nesse campo do saber. Evidenciam-se os pressupostos filosóficos que alicerçam o campo conceitual da filosofia da ciência do comportamento.

El artículo analiza el desarrollo de la interseccionalidad como concepto presente en el proceso de juzgar con perspectiva de género, en particular, su impacto en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH). La metodología utilizada es cualitativa, principalmente, revisión de sentencias de la Corte IDH. De las 13 sentencias seleccionadas en el período 2015-2022 se concluye que la Corte IDH ha incorporado progresivamente la perspectiva interseccional y la ha usada como categoría analítica para estudiar, entender y (...) hacer frente a las discriminaciones que constituyen una forma agravada de discriminación y barreras de acceso a la justicia. (shrink)

The sociology of literature, in the first of many paradoxes, elicits negations before assertions. It is not an established field or academic discipline. The concept as such lacks both intellectual and institutional clarity. Yet none of these limitations affects the vitality and rigor of the larger enterprise. We use the sociology of literature here to refer to the cluster of intellectual ventures that originate in one overriding conviction: the conviction that literature and society necessarily explain each other. Scholars and critics (...) of all kinds congregate under this outsize umbrella only to differ greatly in their sense of what they do and what sociology of literature does. They subscribe to a wide range of theories and methods. Many would not accept the sociology of literature as an appropriate label for their own work; other would refuse it to their colleagues. Nevertheless, every advocate agrees that a sociological practice is essential to literature. For the sociology of literature does not constitute just one more approach to literature. Because it insists upon a sociology of literary knowledge and literary practice within the study of literature, the sociology of literature raises questions basic to all intellectual inquiry.The sociology of literature begins in diversity. The way that is combines the ancient traditions of art with the modern practices of social science makes the very term something of an oxymoron. There is not one sociology of literature, there are many sociological practices of literature, each of which operates within a particular intellectual tradition and specific institutional context. These practices cross basic divisions within the contemporary intellectual field, especially within the university. Inherently interdisciplinary, the sociology of literature is subject to constant reformulation as scholars re-evaluate their disciplines. In consequence, disciplinary boundaries seem less rigid, less logical, and, hence, less authoritative than ever before. Even so—and this is another paradox of the sociology of literature—any sociological conception of literature is best situated in terms of an original discipline and its institutional setting. However frequently individual scholars cross over disciplinary lines, the fundamental divisions retain their force. Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson is professor of French at the University of Illinois at Chicago; she is author of Literary France: The Making of a Culture. Philippe Desan, whose Naissance de la method: Machiavelle, la Ramée, Bodin, Montaigne, Descartes was published in 1987, is an assistant professor at the University of Chicago. Wendy Griswold, associate professor of sociology at the University of Chicago, recently published Renaissance Revivals: City Comedy and Revenge Tragedy in the London Theatre, 1576-1980. (shrink)

La dialectique entre art et engagement interroge la possibilité et les moyens d’esthétisation des sujets politiques et sociaux. En Allemagne, un genre artistique explore particulièrement cette problématique : le théâtre documentaire dont les formes contemporaines montrent la nette évolution des médias de masse et de leur rôle dans notre société. Cette approche documentaire soulève plusieurs questionnements quant à la véracité des faits et théories exposés, aux limites floues entre fiction et réalité, mais aussi quant à la pseudo-objectivité des propos diffusés. (...) Par ailleurs, l’intrication de l’emploi esthétique de médias divers et d’une volonté de popularisation de discours politiques rapproche de facto l’art documentaire d’un art de la propagande non-officielle et interroge sur les motivations des dramaturges impliqués, entre détournement distancié et manipulation du public. Les expressions contemporaines héritées du théâtre documentaire se retrouvent dans des cadres dépassant la scène, prenant plutôt la forme de « projets » multi-supports et plurimédiaux présentés par des collectifs artistiques tels Zentrum für politische Schönheit (Centre pour la beauté politique) ou The International Institute for Political Murder de Milo Rau. Ceux-ci interrogent les utilisations contemporaines des médias dans une société du spectacle poussée à l’extrême et jouent du concept de fake news pour continuer d’interpeller leur public sur des problématiques politiques et citoyennes dans un contexte d’une nouvelle remontée des fascismes. Dans ce contexte, jusqu’où peut mener une telle spectacularisation du politique? (shrink)

The forensic speechs are excellent source for the knowledge of Athenian law. The laws were used in the speeches to make them more persuasive. The Demosthenes’s speech Against Meidias is an example of the persuasive use of the law. The orator uses the laws to guarantee a legal base for the process and to characterize he and his enemy as good and bad citizens, respectively. The text will analyse the different uses of law made by Demosthenes in the referred speech.

El presente artículo analiza sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos para detectar si en ellas se ha realizado una interpretación intercultural que pudiera salvar aquellas críticas referidas al etnocentrismo de estos derechos. La reflexión se sitúa desde la filosofía hermenéutica y desarrolla una metodología cualitativa de investigación que como técnica utiliza la revisión documental. Se concluye que existe una interpretación intercultural y un diálogo interpretativo entre los textos de derechos humanos y la cosmovisión de las culturas indígenas, aun (...) cuando se requiere de un mayor desarrollo para advertir un criterio general de interculturalidad. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende retomar a interpretação que pode ser chamada de tradicional das três condições do ato propriamente virtuoso expostas em EN II 4, i.e., o conhecimento, escolher deliberadamente o ato por ele mesmo e seguir-se de uma disposição firme e não hesitante. A atenção da análise será voltada à primeira e à terceira condição. Buscar-se-á mostrar que a condição do conhecimento pode ser compreendida como conhecimento das circunstâncias, do ato ele mesmo como virtuoso e das técnicas ou ofícios que (...) podem ser por ele requeridos. Buscar-se-á igualmente justificar a introdução do termo ‘disposição’ na tradução apresentada, já que o termo grego ‘hexis’ não consta na passagem analisada. Um apontamento será feito, por fim, no sentido de oferecer uma justificativa mais ampla para a interpretação aqui defendida na medida em que a localiza como um posicionamento contrário à concepção intelectualista socrática. (shrink)

Buscando apresentar uma interpretação para EN I 4 1095a31-b13, este artigo defende que a digressão nela feita por Aristóteles pretende caracterizar a investigação recém iniciada como promissora, opondo-a, ainda que não explicitamente, ao modo rígido socrático-platônico de fazer Ética ou Política. Para tanto, propõe-se uma interpretação pouco usual do termo que como o princípio buscado e não como ponto de partida da investigação. Recusa-se igualmente ver na passagem mencionada uma referência ao modo ou etapas de aquisição de virtude moral ou (...) prudência, mas de um corpo preciso de conhecimento ou ciência, a Ética ou Política. (shrink)

This study aims to characterize the different types of certification in the Brazilian citriculture as well as analyze the major changes in the market. The paper also has the objective to discuss how social and environmental factors influence the demand for food certifications and the sustainability and ethics aspects in the field. Therefore, a literature review on the subject was carried out as well as a qualitative research using interviews with certifiers, governmental institutions, farmers, cooperatives and producer associations. The certification (...) is becoming mandatory for those working in foreign markets and for those working nationally; it can be a competitive differential. The organic certification in citriculture shows the highest number of growers. Companies with large areas of citrus and the orange juice processing industry are adhering to this certification in order to maintain themselves competitive in the market. There is an enormous potential of Brazilian citriculture certification, because the certified area is still less than 6 % of the total area. Certification reduces the asymmetry of information and consists of an important step towards sustainability although incapable of solely guaranteeing it. (shrink)

Early in the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle claims that the goal pursued by that work is not knowledge but action; a bit later he says that reading / studying the lessons therein contained would be useless if it did not serve to somehow make us better. The aim of this paper is to present what I take as being the practical understanding that Aristotle requires from the reader / student of the NE , as opposed to a purely theoretical understanding of (...) the issues addressed by that work. One can read the NE as a purely theoretical treatise, considering irrelevant the question of whether or not we are motivated to pursue a virtuous life. But one should not read it that way, according to Aristotle. To understand that the virtuous life is the best means to pursue that life. As I intend to show, the Aristotelian requirement that students of the NE have been educated in good habits in order to follow its lessons properly is a strong indication supporting the idea above. Aristotle had in mind the fact that it is only in a mature character that moral arguments, even if very general ones such as those in the NE, can motivate action. (shrink)