Resumo (200 palavras) Podem-se encontrar diferentes conceitos na história da Ética. Esse artigo lida com a ideia que se deve identificar um conceito de Ética para se discutir sobre sua relação com Educação. Moral é um conceito que aparece quando se pensa sobre Ética. Por isso uma discussão sobre o conceito de Moral e sua relação com Ética é apresentado. Discutir Ética significa entender o conceito na sociedade porque Ética não pode acontecer a uma pessoa sozinha. Pessoas se relacionam na (...) sociedade e Ética é o fundamento básico da vida social. Antes que se possa observar Ética na sociedade como um conjunto, é possível descobrir que Ética começa na vida da família. A escola é o lugar específico na sociedade que ajuda a família a construir a relação entre Ética e Educação. Filósofos e educadores concordam sobre a importância de educar crianças para serem cidadãos éticos, mas os conceitos de Ética que eles possam usar são de algum modo diferente. Ética Relativa e Ética Universal são os principais grupos de conceitos encontrados na literatura. Concluímos que para se tornar inteiramente um ser humano, cada pessoa precisa se sentir integrada à humanidade e isto somente é possível por meio de conceitos universais de ética. Palavras chaves – ética – educação – moral – família - escola - sociedade (200 words) We can find different concepts in history of Ethics. This article deals with the idea that it is necessary to identify a concept of Ethics in order to discuss about its relation to Education. Moral is a concept that comes to mind when we think about Ethics. Because of this a discussion about this concept and its relation to Ethics is presented. To discuss Ethics means to understand it in society because it can’t happen to a person alone. People relate themselves in society and Ethics is the basic foundation to social life. Before we can observe Ethics in society as a whole it is possible to discover that Ethics begins in family life. School is the specific place in society that helps family to build the relation between Ethics and Education. Philosophers and educators agree about the importance of educating children to be ethical citizens but concepts of Ethics they may use are somehow different. Relative Ethics and Universal Ethics are the major groups of concepts that we can find in literature. We conclude that to become a whole human being each person needs to feel integrated to humankind and this is only possible through universal concepts of Ethics. Keywords – ethics – education – moral – family – school - society  . (shrink)

This article focuses on scientific integrity and the identification of predisposing factors to scientific misconduct in Brazil. Brazilian scientific production has increased in the last ten years, but the quality of the articles has decreased. Pressure on researchers and students for increasing scientific production may contribute to scientific misconduct. Cases of misconduct in science have been recently denounced in the country. Brazil has important institutions for controlling ethical and safety aspects of human research, but there is a lack of specific (...) offices to investigate suspected cases of misconduct and policies to deal with scientific dishonesty. (shrink)

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language processing (NLP) researchers model and annotate arguments in court decisions and the way legal experts understand and analyze legal argumentation. While computational approaches typically simplify arguments into generic premises and claims, arguments in legal research usually exhibit a rich typology that is important for gaining insights (...) into the particular case and applications of law in general. We address this problem and make several substantial contributions to move the field forward. First, we design a new annotation scheme for legal arguments in proceedings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) that is deeply rooted in the theory and practice of legal argumentation research. Second, we compile and annotate a large corpus of 373 court decisions (2.3M tokens and 15k annotated argument spans). Finally, we train an argument mining model that outperforms state-of-the-art models in the legal NLP domain and provide a thorough expert-based evaluation. All datasets and source codes are available under open lincenses at https://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments. (shrink)

Describing actions entails that relations between objects are discovered. A pervasively neural account of this process requires that fundamental problems are solved: the neural pointer problem, the binding problem, and the problem of generating discrete processing steps from time-continuous neural processes. We present a prototypical solution to these problems in a neural dynamic model that comprises dynamic neural fields holding representations close to sensorimotor surfaces as well as dynamic neural nodes holding discrete, language-like representations. Making the connection between these two (...) types of representations enables the model to describe actions as well as to perceptually ground movement phrases—all based on real visual input. We demonstrate how the dynamic neural processes autonomously generate the processing steps required to describe or ground object-oriented actions. By solving the fundamental problems of neural pointing, binding, and emergent discrete processing, the model may be a first but critical step toward a systematic neural processing account of higher cognition. (shrink)

Este artigo buscou problematizar dados de uma pesquisa de viés socioantropológico, realizada em uma comunidade indígena Pataxó localizada na cidade de Itapecerica- MG, acerca da educação intercultural. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que utilizou a revisão de literatura, entrevistas narrativas, bem como análise documental como método de pesquisa. Apoiando em estudos sobre interculturalidade, e em uma coletânea das histórias indígenas contadas na comunidade em questão, foi possível entrecruzar as vozes da comunidade indígena, constatando que a educação intercultural é uma maneira (...) de legitimar direitos às minorias indígenas e um modo de fortalecer suas tradições culturais. Através das histórias indígenas e de outras ferramentas educativas utilizadas na escola da aldeia Muã Mimatxi, a comunidade indígena se mostra como agente ciente da própria educação, em diálogo constante com outros conhecimentos e tradições, a fim de construir seus projetos de futuro. (shrink)

This paper explores the meaning of interpretation in the works of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Glenn Gould, the Canadian pianist and intellectual. As a performing art, music illustrates the cognitive and practical dimensions of interpretation. While emphasizing the pre-interpreted character of musical reception and performance, both authors point to the fact that difference, alterity, and negativity lie at the heart of creative interpretation, cultivation and self-knowledge. The notion of ecstasy, understood as a type of self-forgetfulness that represents a radical form of (...) encounter with alterity, provides the basis for a conception of subjectivity as grounded on linguistic, historical and cultural conditions, albeit not reducible to them. I maintain that the notion of ecstatic subjects is a powerful alternative to both the self-centred notion of subjectivity and its anti-humanistic counterpart in accounting for human agency. (shrink)

No momento em que oposições seculares – tais como real versus imaginário, razão versus mito, inteligível versus sensível, vida mental versus vida material – se encurtam e o poder passa a ser exercido não só pela coerção material, mas também pela dominação simbólica, percebe-se que, cada vez mais, procura-se conciliar razão e imaginário. Entende-se, assim, que a tradição é mantida através dos mitos e das lendas. O que se deseja, realmente, é manter-se o passado dentro do futuro. A sociedade tem, (...) como objetivo, o futuro. Entretanto, ela se mantém sob as regras do passado. O imaginário é sempre, em certa medida, imitação do passado, mas é uma imitação deformada pelo próprio mecanismo de projeção, que mais não pode fazer a não ser transformar os preceitos, as estruturas adquiridas pelas aprendizagens adaptativas, suprimindo-lhes outros preceitos e outras estruturas, condicionando-os a tornarem-se, sem apelo nem agravo, diferentes daquilo que são. A criança não está livre desse processo. Constantemente ela é bombardeada pelas imagens publicitárias, cinematográficas e televisionada, além das várias modalidades de Literatura que permeiam o seu cotidiano. Palavras-chave: Literatura fantástica; Infância; Imaginário e religião. ABSTRACT In a moment when secular oppositions curtail (such as the real versus the imaginary, reason versus myth, the intelligible versus the sensitive, mental life versus material life) and power comes to be exerted not only through material coercion but also through symbolical domination, one notices a growing tendency towards conciliating reason and the imaginary. Thus, tradition is kept through myths and legends, as the aim is really to hold the past inside the future. Society aims at the future. However, it keeps the rules of the past. In a way, the imaginary is always an imitation of the past, but an imitation deformed by its own projection mechanism, which cannot but transform precepts and frameworks acquired through adaptive learning, suppressing other precepts and frameworks and conditioning them to become different from what they are. The child is not free from that process, being constantly exposed to publicity, cinema and television images, besides the various kinds of literature that permeate his daily life. Key words: Fantastic literature; Childhood; The imaginary and religion. (shrink)

Recent theological anthropology emphasizes a dynamic and integral understanding of the human being, which is also related to Karl Rahner's idea of active self-transcendence and to the imago Dei doctrine. The recent neuroscientific discovery of the “visual word form area” for reading, regarded in light of the concept of cultural neural reuse, will produce fresh implications for the interrelation of brain biology and human culture. The theological and neuroscientific parts are shown in their mutual connections thus articulating the notion that (...) human beings shape and transcend themselves both at the biological and at the cultural level. This will have relevant implications for the timely topic of human uniqueness in science and theology, and in proposing a new research perspective in which theology may consider culture along with its biological import, but not necessarily in strictly evolutionary terms alone. (shrink)

This article establishes a dialogue between the philosopher Axel Honneth and the feminist scholars Silvia Federici and Nancy Fraser. The aim is to emphasize the limits of Honneth’s philosophical reflections on the normative dimension of the family developed in Freedom’s Right. First, I present his ideas on how a normative expectation of social freedom permeates familial relations. According to him, after women entered the labour market, a normative notion of symmetrical participation in the family was produced. I aim to defend (...) here that, whether normative or not, this idea of family is not only limited but also false, since it does not consider the dilemmas of social reproduction whose consequences contradict social freedom. Next, I develop Federici’s and Fraser’s analyses of how families have always faced conflicts concerning the requirements of social reproduction and have produced diverse forms of subjugation that go against the very idea of the family as an unquestioned sphere of freedom. It is necessary to analyse how families produce new forms of subjugation to transform familial relations into truly possible ways of being socially free – and this requires making visible some figures who structure the family, such as nannies, friends and grandparents. (shrink)

Статтю присвячено дослідженню радянської політики щодо німецьких релігійних конфесій на території Криму в 20-30-ті рр. ХХ ст. Проаналізовано законодавство, висвітлено етапи ліквідації церкви, антирелігійну пропаганду, поведінку німців у нових історичних реаліях.

Epistemicists claim that if it is vague whether p, it is unknowable whether p. Some contest this on epistemic grounds: vague intuitions about vague matters need not fully preclude knowledge, if those intuitions are response-dependent in some special sense of enabling vague knowledge. This paper defends the epistemicist principle that vagueness entails ignorance against such objections. I argue that not only is response-dependence an implausible characterization of actual vague matters, its mere possibility poses no threat to epistemicism and is properly (...) accounted for by the epistemicist’s own principles. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta algumas das principais idéias de Winnicott sobre a agressividade, particularmente no que diz respeito às suas raízes e à relação entre agressividade e fase intermediária do desenvolvimento emocional. Enfatiza o papel do meio ambiente na transformação do impulso agressivo natural em destrutividade ou em criatividade. É utilizada, como ilustração clínica, a mudança das atitudes destrutivas em atividades construtivas de Boaz, um adolescente de 16 anos, personagem de Caixa preta, livro do escritor israelense Amós Oz.This paper presents some (...) of Winnicott's ideas on aggressiveness, with special attention to its roots and to the relationship between aggression and the intermediate stage of the emotional development. It emphasizes the role of the environment in transforming the natural aggressive impulse into destructibility or creativity. Boaz's - the sixteen-year-old character in "Black Box", a romance by the Israeli writer Amós Oz - change from destructive attitudes to constructive activities is used as a clinical illustration. (shrink)

Procura-se neste artigo refletir sobre o papel da filosofia de John Dewey na educação sem contudo fazer a história de sua presença no Brasil. Sendo impossível analisar todas as suas ideias, o autor selecionou alguns temas básicos da obra de Dewey: experiência e criatividade, papel do professor, sociedade e democracia. Discute-se a importância, para os educadores, do retorno à teoria de Dewey nos tempos atuais, bem como a necessidade de uma reflexão profunda sobre suas ideias. Como conclusão, pergunta-se qual a (...) contribuição do pensamento de Dewey para a prática educacional, hoje, nas escolas brasileiras. (shrink)

Do ponto de vista teórico, o trabalho ressalta a originalidade de uma visão das doenças psicossomáticas que aponta, não apenas para os aspectos negativos da cisão psique/soma, mas que leva em conta, igualmente, seus aspectos positivos. Da biografia e da ficção de Samuel Beckett são retirados os elementos para uma ilustração da teoria do adoecer psicossomático e dos bloqueios da criatividade causados por falhas ambientais. Falhas precoces dos cuidados maternos são relacionadas às experiências que se encontram na origem tanto de (...) uma dissociação entre a psique e o corpo, como de uma deficiência no estabelecimento de uma área intermediária de experiência, lugar da criatividade. A noção de espaço potencial como lugar de criatividade e de experiências restauradoras aponta para a originalidade de uma clínica que não se limita à análise das representações do mundo interno do paciente.From the theoretic standpoint, the work points out the originality of a vision of the psychosomatic illnesses that not only points to the negative aspects of the psychic/soma scission, but that also takes into account, equally, its positive aspects. The elements for the illustration of the psychosomatic illness theory and of the creativity block onset by environmental failures are taken from maternal care are related to the experiences found in the origin of a disassociation between the psychic and the body, as well as of a deficiency in the establishment of an intermediate area of experience, the location of creativity. The notion of the potential space as a location of creativity and of restoring experiences points to the originality of a clinic that is not limited to the analysis of the representation of the patient's internal world. (shrink)

O Equador sobressai na América Latina pela intensidade do indigenismo. A Confederação de Nacionalidades Indígenas do Equador e o Movimento de Unidade Plurinacional Pachakutik – Novo País são pilares desse destaque. Concebido como história do tempo presente, o artigo examina a trajetória desse indigenismo, discutindo alguns dos seus principais resultados, como a inclusão da referência à plurinacionalidade e interculturalidade do Estado e da sociedade na Constituição do país. Utilizando fontes orais, com testemunhos vivos, o estudo ocupa-se de uma história em (...) construção e em devir, e mostra que esse indigenismo enfrenta desafios que clamam por equacionamento. (shrink)

A psicanálise começa com a interpretação dos sonhos, quando Freud dá razão, contra a psiquiatria organicista, aos oniromantes. Para Winnicott, os sonhos, antes de serem objetos de interpretação, são objetos de experiências de . Esse modo de conceber os sonhos é retomado e desenvolvido por Masud Khan.Psychoanalysis begins with the interpretation of dreams, when Freud, in opposition to organicist psychiatry, defends the oneirocritics. For Winnicott, rather than objects of interpretation, dreams are objects of experiences of the self. This way of (...) looking at dreams is then adopted and developed by Masud Khan. (shrink)

O presente trabalho examina uma perspectiva hermenêutica do político presente no pensamento de Chantal Mouffe, cujo empreendimento se dá com o seu postulado em torno do que denomina por democracia radical e plural e da resultante desse postulado dentro de uma ordem cosmopolita da política e o reflexo do empreendimento dos direitos nesse sentido. A chave de leitura que orienta esta perspectiva advém da concepção do político realizada pela autora, em que o antagonismo é nuclear na formação da identidade plural (...) como forma de radicalização do político no contexto das diferenças entre o Eu e o Outro no plano político global. Aqui, os direitos devem ser considerados não do ponto de vista universal, mas das relações que são e devem ser sempre ressignificadas. Neste sentido, o político assume um caráter plural, inerente a condição mesma do social e se contrapõe ao projeto liberal de caráter universalista, racionalista e individualista, que não alcança as diferenças e com isso impossibilita uma leitura aberta do social enquanto modo de ressignificação do político. Por conseguinte, a possibilidade de sua ressignificação quanto à reinterpretação do social e também dos direitos, a partir das novas posições de sujeitos, está sempre aberta. Esse propósito tem o sentido de refletir o debate democrático em torno da relação entre o sujeito político do ponto de vista da universalidade dos direitos e a importância das diferenças nesta perspectiva. Tem-se em vista a proposta do projeto multipolar de Mouffe na construção das posições de sujeitos no âmbito cosmopolita, que não pode ser encarado de modo universal, mas da compreensão quanto a importância do antagonismo constitutivo das novas identidades. (shrink)

Introduction Illegal practice of medicine by medical students is a worldwide problem. In Brazil, information about this issue is scarce.Objective To describe the perception of illegal practice of medicine by medical students.Methods A cross-sectional study in a stratified random sample of 130 medical students in the 6th to 12th semesters from a private faculty of medicine in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil, from September to October 2011. Students responded to a standardised questionnaire about the illegal practice of medicine by medical (...) students.Results Knowing medical students who practised medical activities without supervision was reported by 86% of the respondents, and 93.8% had heard about someone who performed such practices. Medical specialties most often associated with illegal practice were general medicine and occupational health . Illegal practice of medicine was more common in peripheral cities/towns than in the State capital, Salvador City . Only 10.5% of illegal activities were reported to the authorities. Unsupervised medical practice was more often reported in the 8th–9th semester and 10th–11th semester of medical school.Conclusions Illegal practice of medicine was commonly reported by the medical students questioned. The high frequency of reported illegal practice for financial reasons highlights the need for greater availability of paid internships for medical students. Educational institutions represent the social control responsible for supervising the activities of academics. (shrink)

A comparação entre Freud e Winnicott, quanto ao término da análise, faz-se na ótica das relações entre o feminino e o masculino. Explora-se o diferencial de conceituação no entendimento dos processos pulsional e identificatório, da natureza da dissociação observada na clínica e da eficácia dos meios terapêuticos utilizados. A contribuição de Winnicott, de uma relação puramente feminina ao seio, dá-se no prolongamento da reflexão freudiana sobre o narcisismo primário, constituindo um instigante deslocamento no que diz respeito às idéias e às (...) práticas da psicanálise clássica. Ressalta-se uma nova visão dos opostos masculino/feminino: ao invés de designarem predicados do sujeito ou de suas condutas, indicam a complementaridade entre dois tipos de relações, levando-se em conta o tempo e o espaço onde elas se dão.This article makes a comparison between Freud and Winnicott, talking about the end of a psicoanalysis process, taking into consideration the relationship between male and female aspects. It explains how to understand the following conceptual differences: driven and identification process; the nature of the dissociation as observed in the clinical practice; the efficiency of the applied therapeutic resources. Winnicott's contribution - the unique connection between a mother and the infant - derives from a reflexion on Freud's primary narcissism, setting up a new approach on the ideas and practices of classic psicoanalysis. It emphasizes a new vision on the male/female opposition, stating that male/female is complementary to each other considering when and where it happens and not only personal qualities or attitudes. (shrink)

A autora examina a relação entre a auto-imagem na terceira idade e a construção de uma identidade pessoal. O papel de espelho da mãe, da família e da sociedade em sentido mais amplo adquire, em determinada etapa do amadurecimento, uma importância relevante na construção de um si-mesmo autêntico e singular. Depoimentos pessoais de duas cineastas e relato clínico são utilizados na aplicação das proposições teóricas de D. W. Winnicott sobre a relação entre ser e ser visto.The author examines the relationship (...) between self-image in old age and the construction of personal identity. The role of mirror played by the mother, the family and the society acquires, in large part, in a certain phase of maturity, an important role in the construction of an authentic and singular I. Personal accounts of two filmmakers and clinical reports are utilized in the application of the theoretical proposals of D. W. Winnicott regarding the relation between being and being seen. (shrink)

How do we come to like the things that we do? Each one of us starts from a relatively similar state at birth, yet we end up with vastly different sets of aesthetic preferences. These preferences go on to define us both as individuals and as members of our cultures. Therefore, it is important to understand how aesthetic preferences form over our lifetimes. This poses a challenging problem: to understand this process, one must account for the many factors at play (...) in the formation of aesthetic values and how these factors influence each other over time. A general framework based on basic neuroscientific principles that can also account for this process is needed. Here, we present such a framework and illustrate it through a model that accounts for the trajectories of aesthetic values over time. Our framework is inspired by meta-analytic data of neuroimaging studies of aesthetic appraisal. This framework incorporates effects of sensory inputs, rewards, and motivational states. Crucially, each one of these effects is probabilistic. We model their interactions under a reinforcement-learning circuitry. Simulations of this model and mathematical analysis of the framework lead to three main findings. First, different people may develop distinct weighing of aesthetic variables because of individual variability in motivation. Second, individuals from different cultures and environments may develop different aesthetic values because of unique sensory inputs and social rewards. Third, because learning is stochastic stemming from probabilistic sensory inputs, motivations, and rewards, aesthetic values vary in time. These three theoretical findings account for different lines of empirical research. Through our study, we hope to provide a general and unifying framework for understanding the various aspects involved in the formation of aesthetic values over time. (shrink)

We use this editorial essay as a call for a more effective use of new technologies, such as mobile apps and Web 2.0 tools, to educate students and other relevant stakeholders on business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability topics. We identify three overarching reasons that justify the need for new ways of teaching that further incorporate technology to foster the innovative thinking needed to tackle imminent societal grand challenges such as climate change and increasing inequality. First, we are facing (...) a new generation of millennials and Generation Z students who are digital natives and more likely to search for educational content on their electronic devices. Second, new technologies offer opportunities to reach students globally, helping to democratize education. Third, we posit that the intrinsic characteristics of societal grand challenges, which are complex, uncertain, and evaluative, can benefit from technology as an effective translator of multilayered concepts into more digestible action items. Our essay ends with a brief summary of the four essays included in the thematic symposium: “There is an App for that! The Use of New Technologies and Apps in Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Education.”. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende expor a Filosofia de Eric Weil a partir da relação intrínseca, tanto da categoria Sentido, como do conceito de retomada, presentes em todo o seu corpo filosófico. O texto apresenta, ainda, o próprio conceito de retomada como elemento teórico que permite a abertura do sistema weiliano e uma forma privilegiada de aplicação da cate­goria Sentido. Assim, Filosofia, Sentido e Retomada são compreendidos enquanto termos entrelaçados que permitem a apreensão da história humana como algo sensato.

This study investigated teachers' views of forgiveness and institutional pardon for conflict resolution at schools. We asked, "Should teachers endorse student resolution of interpersonal conflicts at school by asking for forgiveness and forgiving?" "Considering that students' conflict led to behaviours that violated norms in the school, should schools pardon students' misconduct if students effectively used forgiveness for interpersonal conflict resolution?" Finally, "Is an internal and autonomous orientation for forgiveness related to social harmony or interpersonal ethics of care?" Fifty-three participants answered (...) a background information questionnaire and two dilemmas. Findings showed that teachers endorse forgiveness as social expectation, a humanitarian, moral response to conflicts at conventional levels. Teachers do not endorse institutional pardon because they do not perceive forgiveness as being related to resolving social issues. Opposition to forgiveness and pardon was supported by authoritarian, discipli narian views of education. (shrink)

This article examines Schopenhauer’s influence on Nietzsche’s work. It considers how Nietzsche adopted some of his central ideas from Schopenhauer, how he exploited some of Schopenhauer’s positions to suit his own purposes, and how he developed some of his ideas as alternatives to Schopenhauerian positions. Nietzsche’s first published book, The Birth of Tragedy, is based on a Schopenhauerian metaphysical framework. Schopenhauer’s principle of individuation applicable to the world of representations is the key element in Nietzsche’s concept of the Apollonian and (...) Schopenhauer’s principle of the undifferentiated nature of ultimate reality of the will is the key element in Nietzsche’s concept of the Dionysian. (shrink)