La figura de Solón es crucial en el desarrollo del pensamiento político griego. Este fue capaz de desarrollar una teoría política extraída a partir de su experiencia de gobierno, de su análisis de la realidad social y de su actuación como arconte con amplios poderes en una situación crítica durante los inicios del siglo seis a. e. c. Tomando esto como punto de partida, el propósito de este trabajo es presentar unas conclusiones con relación al análisis que Solón realiza de (...) las circunstancias históricas y sociales en las que desempeñó su responsabilidad política. El mismo le llevó a desarrollar unas ideas que configuraron su teoría política, quizá la primera en la historia del pensamiento, que sirvió para fundamentar sus leyes y justificar sus decisiones como personaje público y responsable del gobierno de Atenas. Todo ello está recogido en sus poemas y en los testimonios posteriores que poseemos de él. (shrink)

In this article the author writes about Leonardo Polo's juridical thought. He studied in School of Law before he began to work on philosophy. In the paper the author expresses some of Leonardo Polo�s ideas on law: a) What is the definition of law?; b) Is a person's posession of a thing the fundation of his rights? c) The practical function of law in society.

Las Comunidades de Castilla, como movimiento social y político, pueden caracterizarse como una tentativa de renovación de la monarquía carolina como forma de gobierno. El creciente conocimiento sobre la circulación de ideas políticas que informaron el corpus doctrinal comunero permite precisar conceptual y terminológicamente un debate revisitado con frecuencia sobre la naturaleza revolucionaria o no de tal proceso. Acudir a los textos de los principales sustentadores teóricos de las Comunidades, tanto como a los documentos de sus reivindicaciones, y no solo (...) a una interpretación de síntesis ex post, contribuye a perfilar el alcance sobre sus pretensiones de reforma respecto a la forma del Estado o a la forma del gobierno, sobre la base de la participación y la igualdad. Apoyarse en las nociones de régimen político y sistema político a la luz de tales textos permite una mejor comprensión del movimiento como reformista más que como revolucionario. (shrink)

The pandemic has clearly affected higher education institutions through the transition of its learning modality to online. Furthermore, this study investigates the relationship between social support and burnout among college students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing descriptive-correlational design, the result of the statistical analysis indicated that social support and academic burnout has a significant relationship (r=0.158). Implications of the study were discussed and recommendations for future research were suggested.

L'éducation est dans ce livre envisagée comme un geste anthropologique intégral par lequel chaque personne s'achemine vers la plénitude de son être, dans le respect de sa destination naturelle et surnaturelle. À la lumière de cette mystique éducative qui nous fait entrer au coeur de la réalité humaine, l'existence se trouve intensifiée, parce que vécue avec un maximum de profondeur. Encore trop méconnu, l'apport d'Edith Stein en matière d'éducation méritait d'être enfin présenté sous une forme synthétique et accessible. La question (...) éducative occupe une place centrale dans la pensée d'Edith Stein, sans toutefois faire l'objet d'une mise en forme systématique. Cela justifie amplement le projet d'une reconstitution de son architecture d'ensemble. (shrink)

El deseo de modificar artificialmente la conciencia es un hecho tan antiguo como la humanidad pero no es hasta muy recientemente cuando surge el interés científico y social entorno a la relación entre enfermedad mental y drogas. En las últimas décadas esta preocupación se ha avivado vistos los efectos devastadores del consumo de algunas sustancia, la aparición de nuevas drogas y a los avances en la organización del saber en torno a la psicopatología. Entrar a fondo en el tema ser (...) ía largo, supondría exponer las definiciones y límites de los conceptos "enfermedad mental" y "toxicomanía" así como las interacciones entre ambos problemas que dan como resultado complejos entrecruzamientos intercmbios. (shrink)

One hundred eighty trauma-focused dissertations published in the United States were examined to determine the variation in risk language used in the informed consents. Level of risk proposed in the informed consents was poorly related to ratings of risk by graduate coders and virtually unrelated to vulnerability factors such as the age of participants and clinical or nonclinical status. Risk language in the informed consents was markedly elevated over that rated by the coders, with more than one third of the (...) dissertations presenting the risk of participation as severe (i.e., associated with substantial risk of reactivity and lasting discomfort). These statements are not in keeping with the literature and raise ethical concerns in relation to (a) nocebo effects, (b) distortion of correlational findings, and (c) discouragement of participants from disclosing trauma in other settings. (shrink)

Este artigo faz um debate conceptual de terrorismo, extremismo, radicalismo e radicalização com o objectivo de produzir distinções que enriqueçam o debate teórico sobre o fenómeno terrorista, pois assume que há armadilhas retóricas que é preciso esclarecer e ultrapassar para melhorar o debate e teorização sobre o terrorismo. Para o efeito, a principal metodologia usada foi uma abordagem qualitativa, com apoio das técnicas bibliográfica e documental, através das quais foi consultada a principal literatura sobre os conceitos, bem como documentos de (...) instituições e organizações nacionais e internacionais que lidam com os fenómenos em análise. A principal conclusão produzida é de que estes quatro conceitos são distintos entre si porquanto o terrorismo é essencialmente uma acção violenta levada a cabo por indivíduos, grupos, ou até mesmo pelos Estados, contra determinados alvos civis com a pretensão de atingir uma audiência maior do que as vítimas imediatas, visando um objectivo político determinado; por sua vez, o extremismo refere-se à uma intolerância violenta ou não violenta aos outros baseada na convicção da assertividade das suas crenças e consequente tentativa de coartar a liberdade de pensar e agir dos demais; enquanto o radicalismo representa um pensamento progressista que consiste na luta por direitos e liberdades de grupos tradicionalmente excluídos e; finalmente, a radicalização é o processo pelo qual um indivíduo passa até a decisão de cometer actos terroristas. Com isso, o extremismo insere-se no processo de radicalização e o terrorismo é uma acção consequente da radicalização. O radicalismo é um conceito mais distante dos demais pela sua conotação positiva na transformação social. (shrink)

Computational models have an increasing impact in social and historical sciences. In this paper, I will focus on a specific type of modelling developed in computational social sciences, an agent-based model. My inquiry will aim to identify the sort of explanatory virtues that such a model could have. I will discuss the suggested possibility of causal explanations but also the recent proposal advanced by Grüne-Yanoff that sees them as potential functional explanations. In the last part I shall make some suggestions (...) on how to advance our inquiry. These will point to the need of a more consistent explanatory context drawing on the way social scientists make use of such models. The other will point to the need of considering a cognitive process that is closely related to the explanatory one - understanding. (shrink)

Once a central topic of philosophy of science, scientific explanation attracted less attention in the last two decades. My aim in this paper is to argue for a newsort of approach towards scientific explanation. In a first step I propose a classification of different approaches through a set of dichotomic characteristics. Taken into account the tendencies in actual philosophy of science I see a local, dynamic and non-theory driven approach as a plausible one. Considering models as bearers of explanations will (...) provide a proper frame for such an approach. In the second part I make some suggestions for a working agenda that will further articulate a sketchy account of explanation through models proposed by Hartmann and Frigg. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to argue that it is more plausible to approach understanding from a special type of model—the ABS/IBMs models—as a non-explanatory form following some suggestions advanced by Lipton. I will first look to the type of explanation that some authors claimed is disclosed by these models: Weisberg’s analysis of IBMs in ecology and Grüne-Yanoff’s analysis of the Anasazi model. I argue that their analyses fail to show that these models qualify as explanatory understandings. This brings (...) us to Strevens’ “simple view,” which claims the existence of a correct explanation behind any understanding, and his strategy of dismissing the challenges posed by non-explanatory forms. I argue that this strategy incurs damaging costs on his view. In the last part we turn to Khalifa’s critique on Lipton’s proposals and argue that it is based on an unjustified construal of Lipton’s framework. I show how Khalifa’s “argumentative strategy” fails to establish the superiority of actual understanding over possible explanation. (shrink)

Scientific understanding was a rather neglected topic in philosophy of science, despite its association with the well-known explanation subject. The classical position on explanation considered an approach on understanding to be redundant on one on explanation. Besides, the dominant view promoted by the unificationist approach on explanation conceived understanding as a “global affair”, as Friedman called it, of scientific knowledge. The recent developments in philosophy of science redirected the research to more local aspects of science and scientific inquiry. This new (...) context calls for a reconsideration of the possibility of approaching understanding under different perspectives than the old one. I will try to identify some points of this reconsideration using as reference the frame of an influential tendency in today’s philosophy of science - the modelistic view. (shrink)

This article develops a theory of border subjectivity that considers the cybernetic role of narrative structures and mediation in political advocacy aimed at dreamers and DACA recipients. "Cybersujetos” are border subjects who are racialized by cybernetic systems and media narratives, but can resist control by repurposing cultural technologies. In assessing the limitations of journalism, literature, and film as outlets for political advocacy, this article finds that remediated representations of undocumented youth that attempt to expand their political agency can further alienate (...) them. Outdated stereotypes in representation are substituted with a proliferation of diverse but still racialized figures meant to demarcate "exceptional" candidates for naturalization, thus failing to challenge the normative parameters of citizenship itself and the militarized position of the US on the global stage. (shrink)

Es indudable el hecho que el mundo está viviendo una crisis sanitaria (pandemia) de magnitudes catastróficas, en la cual todas las medidas de contención, parecen no ser graves, pues el número de bajas por los efectos devastadores de este virus, conocido como Coronavirus (COVID-19 para la comunidad científica), no para crecer, abandonando a la humanidad en la desesperanza, dolor, luto y pérdida, es por eso, que considero que todos los seres humanos de la forma de pensar que sea, ideología política, (...) tendencia de pensamiento, religión, creencias, área de experticia, etc., competimos con nuestro informe y sentar una opinión en torno a un tema que es de vida o muerte para la humanidad en estos momentos y los filósofos, pesar que muchas veces se muestran como seres alejados del mundo en el ensueño de las elucubraciones y “fantasías” maniqueas, no están exentos del problema y le afectan de la misma forma que cualquiera, pues vive en este mundo y está o no, sumergido en el mismo, debe por ello “llenarse” del presente y la realidad actual y efectiva de los problemas que afectan al mundo aquí y ahora. (shrink)

In this study we examine (1) how a manager’s risk behavior is influenced by developing success (or failure) as an impending settling up deadline to report performance approaches, (2) how willingness to provide transparent accountability is negatively affected by perceived risk and eroding trust, and (3) how others interpret and respond to reduced transparency. As perceptions of high levels of risks suggest a lack of environmental control of a firm’s destiny in contemporary settings, we adopt a historical approach to examine (...) these issues. In this respect we draw on primary sources found in library archives in Spain and Argentina. Our focal case refers to the contract signed and executed between the South Sea Company and Captain José de Salinas (1731–1735) to walk 408 Negroes from Buenos Aires to Potosí and sell them en route or at destination. Drawing on this evidence, we examine how bring about unethical conduct featured by increasingly risky business practices, and how eroding trust conditions lead to only summary record-keeping and delayed reporting. In turn, diminished accountability further undermined trust. Our findings have implications for further research in this area as well as for contemporary cases of accounting failures. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Neuroethics, the study of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying ethical decision-making, is a growing field of study. In this review, we identify and discuss four themes emerging from neuroethics research. First, ethical decision-making appears to be distinct from other types of decision-making processes. Second, ethical decision-making entails more than just conscious reasoning. Third, emotion plays a critical role in ethical decision-making, at least under certain circumstances. Lastly, normative approaches to morality have distinct, underlying neural mechanisms. On the basis of (...) these themes, we draw implications for research in business ethics and the practice of ethics training. (shrink)

What is the relationship between Thailand’s human rights crisis during Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra’s leadership and the USA-led post-9/11 war on terror? Why did the human rights situation dramatically deteriorate after the Thaksin regime publicly supported the Bush administration’s war on terror and consequently received US counterterror assistance? This article offers two conceptual arguments that jointly demonstrate a constitutive theoretical explanation, which shows that counterterror and militaristic transnational and national discursive structures enabled the strategy of state repression in Thailand under (...) Thaksin. The first concept refers to strategic localization, which refers to how the Bush administration’s global war on terror—and its consequent overarching emphasis on military security—provided an opportunity for the Thaksin administration to strategically localize the global threat of terrorism in ways that could seem relevant to the local Thai context. The second concept pertains to resource mobilization, which shows how converging US and Thai discourses on military security facilitated Thaksin’s strategy of increased state repression that led to the proliferation of state-led human rights abuses. This research article contributes to the human rights literature in two ways: by highlighting how foreign aid programs and its constitutive political discourses shape recipient countries’ domestic human rights situation and by tracing the macro-political factors that lead to the eventual democratic decay of contemporary Thailand. (shrink)

Mediante la discusión de un artículo del musicólogo Carlos Villanueva, tomado como paradigma de un determinado tipo de discurso, problematizamos la noción de interpretación histórica para confrontar al historicismo sonoro no una lúcida crítica presentista sino un enfoque actualista capaz de contraponerse con solidez filosófica y artística a las prácticas museísticas del historicismo musicológico típicamente basado en una pretensión de objetivismo sonoro supuestamente respaldada por las disciplinas historiográficas. Esta expansión hermenéuticamente actualista, tanto de la noción de autenticidad como de fidelidad (...) a la intención del compositor, fundamentaría prácticas interpretativas que acercasen mejor el repertorio histórico al oyente actual sin el lastre del canon estético típicamente imperante en las salas de concierto. Porque, ¿y si mediante un enfoque actualizador novedoso la labor interpretativa del repertorio histórico musical lograse comunicar mejor a la idiosincrasia social actual las grandes obras del pasado sin renunciar a un rigor de adecuación estilística ni traicionar, o incluso preservando mejor aún, la intención del compositor? (shrink)

Los almohades utilizaron sus monedas para difundir sus mensajes religiosos e ideológicos, no constituyendo una excepción en este aspecto. La nueva forma cuadrada, la metrología y las leyendas de la numismática almohade reflejan la situación histórica y sus posicionamientos sociales y políticos. La forma cuadrada equipara la moneda con su correspondiente dineral y fue un elemento de identificación política. Las leyendas religiosas proclaman la teología almohade de la unicidad de Dios y el lema de la dinastía. Las leyendas genealógicas tuvieron (...) gran importancia para evidenciar la legitimidad dinástica del soberano. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent to which allowing for individuals to be indifferent among alternatives may alter the qualitative results that are obtained in social choice theory when domain restrictions are defined on profiles of linear orders. The general message is that indifferences require attention and careful treatment, because the translation of results from a world without indifferences to another where agents may be indifferent among some alternatives is not always a straightforward exercise. But the (...) warning is not one-directional: sometimes indifferences complicate the statement of results, but preserve their essential message. Sometimes, they help to create domains where some rules work better than in the presence of linear orders. In other cases, however, their presence destroys the positive results that would apply in their absence. I provide examples of these three situations. (shrink)

Extant research notes a tendency to propound the idea that female managers are secondary to men. Gender differences constitute an ethical issue and the discursive constructions of gender management are central to research in business ethics. Drawing on evidence gathered from a time–space intersection that has been widely neglected by research in this area, we address whether female business leaders develop gender-stereotypic management styles as well as their propensity to adopt masculine management patterns such as making risky decisions and implementing (...) formal management systems. Our findings suggest that gender-stereotypic management styles are chosen strategically and target-driven, which implies a selective use of masculine and feminine management styles. Furthermore, as part of the masculine approach, female business owners adopt risk-taking decisions and implement formal management systems. Our results provide support for the argument that gender is context dependent and, hence, the findings of this study may be useful for contemporary jurisdictions featuring male-dominated societies and a strong intervention by the State in the economy. (shrink)

The main objective of performance sport is to obtain achievements at the highest level through the adequate development of the athlete. The scientific literature demonstrates the fundamental role played by the inclusion of certain psychological variables in the training plan. This study examined the psychological profile of kayak polo players through the variables of burnout, optimism, and mood in the hours prior to the competition, relating these to each other and to some sociodemographic data. A sample of 86 canoeists, 60 (...) men and 26 women, with an age measurement of 24.4 ± 9.1 years belonging to the first male and female kayak polo division, completed the POMS-29, the LOT-R, and the IBD-R. Athletes' levels of optimism were found to be significantly correlated with mood. Optimism also influenced emotional exhaustion. In addition, seniority and internationality were decisive factors in the level of optimism and mood achieved. (shrink)