본 논문은 칸트가 『순수이성비판』초판 A99~110에 간단히 기술만 하고 더 이상 파고들지 않은 ‘인식의 삼중적 종합(dreifache Synthese von Erkenntnis, KrV A99~110)’ 체계에 주목하며, 칸트가 비판서 이전부터 전제한 시간의 구성적 의미를 「교수취임논문」을 통해 규명한다. 그리고 시적 직관 속에 구체화된 시간의 반추를 통해서 시에 현시된 내적 시간 의미를 ‘직관에서의 각지의 종합(Synthesis der Apprehension in der Anschauung)’ 관점에서 재구성하고 재해석한다.BR 본론 앞부분에는 시간 개념의 출현과 관련하여 외재적 시간에 대한 문제제기를 한다. “변화라는 개념[도] 오직 경험에서만 얻을 수 있는 개념”이기 때문이다. 본론 두 번째 절은 내적으로 (...) 연결되는 표상들의 시간에 관해 고찰한다. 이 절에는 칸트가 말한 단일한 시간의 “내적이고도 실재적인 형식”을 정현종의 시적 직관 속에 재경험해 보는 시도를 한다. 끝으로 본고는 단일하면서도 임의적인 시간 의미를 고은(高銀)의 시 한편을 빌려와 풀어보고자 한다. 마지막 절에서는 고정되어 있지 않은 임의적 시간이 뜻하는 바에 관하여, 이를테면 시간의 끝없는 생성에 관하여 시적 상상력을 접목해본다.BR 칸트에 따르면, “세계 내 관찰가능한 모든 사건들, 모든 운동들, 모든 내적 변화들”(Diss. §14-6)과 매 순간 공간적이든, 비공간적이든 동시적으로 우리 앞에 펼쳐지는 수많은 것들은 시간의 문을 반드시 거친다. 시간은 “모든 감각에 앞서서 표상되는 직관의 형식이며, 동시에 모든 감각 가능한 것들에 나타나는 관계들의 조건들”(Diss. III, §14-3)로 파악된다. 다른 말로 하면, 시간은 어떤 대상의 현존을 통해서 내감에 촉발된 표상들에 나타나는 관계들의 조건이다.BR 칸트가 뜻하는 시간 관계의 조건에는 두 가지가 있다. 다양한 내용들을 직각적(intuitiv) 으로 포괄하는 동시적 관계조건(혹은 병렬 형식, co-ordinatio, Diss. I, §1)과 “우연적인 것 까지도 통틀어”(Diss. III, §15, Folgesatz) 상이한 내용들이 차례로 잇따르는 계기적 관계조건(순차적 형식, successio, Diss. I, §1)이다. 동시적이거나 잇따르는 시간의 형식 속에서 다양한 내용들은 서로 연결되고 정립됨으로써 일정 꼴을 띄고 개념에도 테두리가 생긴다. 그러므로 이런 의미에서 직관에서의 각지의 종합은 시간의 근원적 질서를 전제한다. 마치 우리가 정현종 시인과 고은 시인의 시를 통해서 그 안에 다양한 ‘시작’을 보고 ‘하나’의 시작에 대해 다시 생각해볼 수 있는 계기의 시간을 이어가는 것, 시간의 이러한 국면은 우리에게 언제 어디서나 새로운 인식의 바탕을 제공한다. (shrink)

본 연구는 칸트가 『순수이성비판』 초판에 짧게 개략만 하고 더 이상 연구를 진척시키지 않은 “직관에서의 각지의 종합(Synthesis der Apprehension in der Anschauung)”에 주목하며, ｢교수취임논문｣에서부터 전제한 ‘표상들의 관계조건’으로서의 시간 의미를 규명한다.BR 지금까지 직관에서의 각지 종합에 대한 국내 연구는 적은 수를 차지한다. 시간의 관점에서 해명한 논문도 드물 것으로 생각된다. 더욱이 1770년 논문에 대한 연구 역시 국내⋅외로 아직까지 소수이며, 그중 시간론을 독립적으로 다룬 논문은 찾기 어렵다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는, 사유의 한 과정으로 구성되는 각지의 종합과 그에 함축된 시간의 의미를 취임논문과의 연계 속에 분석하는 한편, (...) 개념의 현시적 측면에서 논리적 개념어가 재현할 수 없는 시간의 내적 직관을 시 예시를 통해 구체적으로 고찰한다.BR 『순수이성비판』 초판 초월 감성론의 시간 편은 “선험적 개념들의 객관적 타당성”을 입증하는 데 주력한 반면, 취임논문은 공상을 포함한 상상과 경험 가능한 모든 표상내용을 시간 영역 안에 포함시켰다. 그런데 1770년 논문이 의미하는 대로 계기적 시간이 ‘표상들의 관계 조건’으로서 규정된다면, 시간의 범위는 무한정 폭넓어진다. 왜냐하면 1770년 논문의 시간론에는 표상내용이 무엇이 되었든, 어떻게 상이한 표상들의 틈 사이로 또 다른 표상이 잇따라 관계 맺을 수 있는지가 관건이기 때문이다. 따라서 본고는 취임논문의 시간론을 고찰함에 있어, 다양한 표상들에 대한 시간의 순수 관계 논리가 무엇인지를 정초함과 동시에, 각지의 종합 내용을 시간 관점에서 재구성하고 취임논문을 바탕으로 논구한다.BR 본 논문에서, 시적 반추를 통한 시간론 연구는 간학문적 철학연구이다. 이는 단순 논리적 이해를 넘어, 칸트가 포착한 직관의 통일성을 시의 직접적 직관 속에 재현하고 재경험하는 단초를 제공한다. 특히 박주택 시인의 ｢배경들｣은 칸트가 더 이상 파고들지 않은 생산적이며 점층적인 시간(successio) 개념을 ‘열려있는 계기적 시간의 지평’ 관점으로 확장하는 매개점이 되어준다. 또한 ‘근원적 표상으로서 시간’의 의미를 성찰하게 하는 고은의 ｢무제 456｣ 시편은, 한 개념에 함축된 다양한 의미를 개관하게 한다. 프로스트의 ｢가지 않은 길｣ 역시 우리로 하여금 선형적 시간에 대한 새로운 의미를 모색하게 하는 계기가 되어줄 것이다. (shrink)

Vigorous debate over the moral propriety of cognitive enhancement exists, but the views of the public have been largely absent from the discussion. To address this gap in our knowledge, four experiments were carried out with contrastive vignettes in order to obtain quantitative data on public attitudes towards cognitive enhancement. The data collected suggest that the public is sensitive to and capable of understanding the four cardinal concerns identified by neuroethicists, and tend to cautiously accept cognitive enhancement even as they (...) recognize its potential perils. The public is biopolitically moderate, endorses both meritocratic principles and the intrinsic value of hard work, and appears to be sensitive to the salient moral issues raised in the debate. Taken together, these data suggest that public attitudes toward enhancement are sufficiently sophisticated to merit inclusion in policy deliberations, especially if we seek to align public sentiment and policy. (shrink)

One in three university students experiences mental health problems during their study. A similar percentage leaves higher education without obtaining the degree for which they enrolled. Research suggests that both mental health problems and academic underperformance could be caused by students lacking control and purpose while they are adjusting to tertiary education. Currently, universities are not designed to cater to all the personal needs and mental health problems of large numbers of students at the start of their studies. Within the (...) literature aimed at preventing mental health problems among students (e.g., anxiety or depression), digital forms of therapy recently have been suggested as potentially scalable solutions to address these problems. Integrative psychological artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of a chatbot, for example, shows great potential as an evidence-based solution. At the same time, within the literature aimed at improving academic success, the online life-crafting intervention in which students write about values and passions, goals, and goal-attainment plans has shown to improve the academic performance and retention rates of students. Because the life-crafting intervention is delivered through the curriculum and doesn’t bear the stigma that is associated with therapy, it can reach larger populations of students. But life-crafting lacks the means for follow-up or the interactiveness that online AI-guided therapy can offer. In this paper, we propose to integrate the current literature on chatbot interventions aimed at the mental health of students with research about a life-crafting intervention that uses an inclusive curriculum-wide approach. When a chatbot asks students to prioritize both academic as well as social and health-related goals and provides personalized follow-up coaching, this can prevent -often interrelated- academic and mental health problems. Right on-time delivery, and personalized follow-up questions enhance the effects of both -originally separated- intervention types. Research on this new combination of interventions should use design principles that increase user-friendliness and monitor the technology acceptance of its participants. (shrink)

Research on multinational inter-organizational relationships has demonstrated that the capabilities of small and medium sized enterprises can be developed via partnerships, but at present, we lack studies that relate the development of such capabilities to the management of business governance structure. This study provides a new perspective on internationalized SME marketing strategies in the global context. Using a dynamic capability view of firms, the study develops hierarchical regression models linking global dynamic capabilities and governance structure. This study empirically verifies the (...) research framework from 206 internationalized SME Taiwanese firms. The results confirm previous studies that indicate positive correlations between market orientation, learning orientation, and global dynamic capabilities. The results also indicate that the development of global dynamic capabilities impacts the choice of governance structure in firms. Our study suggests that internationalized SMEs strategically manage their autonomy and strategic options by choosing combinations of different relationship types while they decide to develop global marketing capabilities and global design capability, or both. The study also found that market orientation and learning orientation act as enabling mechanisms for building global dynamic capabilities. (shrink)

An extensive body of literature in sociology and anthropology has shown that different societies have developed different structures for exchange of items such as goods, status and information. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how social exchange theory can help illuminate many of the underlying bases of different ethical perspectives in debates about social exchanges. Social exchange theory is applied to three common types of knowledge exchange – R&D joint ventures, commercial intellectual property exchange and academic exchange. Two (...) key factors that underlie different ethical perspectives are shown to be differences in structures for social exchange and differences in views of the alienability of knowledge from its originator. (shrink)

This paper posits that differences in corporate governance structure partly result from differences in institutional arrangements linked to business systems. We developed a new international triad of business systems: the Anglo-American, the Communitarian and the Emerging system, building on the frameworks of Choi et al. (British Academy of Management (Kynoch Birmingham) 1996, Management International Review 39, 257–279, 1999). A common factor determining the success of a corporate governance structure is the extent to which it is transparent to market forces. Such (...) transparency is more than pure financial transparency; as it can also be based on factors such as governmental, banking and other types of institutional transparency mechanism. There may also be a choice for firms to adopt voluntary corporate disclosure in situations where mandatory disclosure is not established. The Asian financial crisis of 1997–1999 and the more recent corporate governance scandals such as Enron, Andersen and Worldcom in the United States and Ahold and Parmalat in Europe show that corporate governance and business ethics issues exist throughout the world. As an illustration we focus on Asia’s emerging1 markets, as, both in view of the pressure of globalization and taking into account the institutional arrangements peculiar to the emerging business system, these issues are important there. Particularly for those who have to find an accommodation between the corporate governance structures and disclosure standards of the Emerging system and those of the Anglo-American and Communitarian systems. (shrink)

Phenomenographic research about teachers’ conception of teaching has consistently revealed that teachers’ conception of teaching influence their classroom practices, which in turn shape students’ learning experiences. This paper reports teachers’ conceptions of teaching with regards to the use of interactive spherical video-based virtual reality in Chinese descriptive composition writing. Twenty-one secondary teachers in Hong Kong involved in an ISV-VR-supported Chinese descriptive writing program participated in this phenomenographic study. Analyses of the semi-structured interviews establish seven conception categories that are specifically related (...) to the use of ISV-VR for descriptive Chinese composition writing: offering students more observational opportunities; improving students’ writing skills; promoting students’ learning participation and motivation; shifting learning from teacher-centric to student-centric, enhancing collaborative learning among students; cultivating students’ positive values and moral character, and shaping students’ self-identity as “writers.” The concurrent and convenient access to the ISV-VR resources was for the teachers an enriched and supportive environment for them to cultivate students’ writer identity. In addition, it was discovered that the structural relationships of the conceptions may be better organized along three axes of continuum: conception’s orientation, teaching attention locus, and understanding of writing. These categories form a hierarchy from skill-oriented to community-oriented, and finally to identity-oriented conception. The findings may provide researchers and practitioners with novel insight into the teaching of composition writing in the contexts of L1 acquisition supported by virtual reality technology. (shrink)

This paper inquires into the nature of intertheoretic relations between psychology and neuroscience. This relationship has been characterized by some as one in which psychological explanations eventually will fall away as otiose, overthrown completely by neurobiological ones. Against this view it will be argued that it squares poorly with scientific practices and empirical developments in the cognitive neurosciences. We analyse a case from research on visual perception, which suggests a much more subtle and complex interplay between psychology and neuroscience than (...) a complete take-over of the former by the latter. In the case of vision, cross-theory influences between psychology and neuroscience go back and forth, resulting in refinement in both disciplines. We interpret this case study as showing that: (1) Mutual co-evolution of psychological and neurobiological theories, exemplifying persisting top-down influences from psychology, is a more empirically adequate way to describe psychoneural theory relations than a view on co-evolution, favoured by reductionists, which regards the cross-theory contributions from psychology as merely heuristically useful with no enduring influence on neurobiological theorizing; (2) In research on vision, discovering (or hypothesizing) the neural basis of functions vindicates psychological approaches, it does not eliminate them; (3) Current work on vision shows that many perceptual phenomena must be understood in terms of dynamical interactions between an observer and his/her environment. Therefore, we argue that internalist characterizations of the visual system must be supplemented with externalist accounts that address these reciprocal observer-environment interactions involved in vision. Such processes seem quite different from (internal) cellular and molecular ones, and as such seem to lie outside the scope of neuroscientific inquiry. We conclude that psychoneural reduction or elimination is implausible as a meta-theoretical prediction of theory choice in empirical work. Instead, this case study of vision shows that both psychology and neuroscience contribute to, and complement one another in the study of visual perception. (shrink)

Despite the importance of the co-evolution approach in various branches of research, such as strategy, organisation theory, complexity, population ecology, technology and innovation (Lewin et al., 1999; March, 1991), co-evolution has been relatively neglected in international business and ethics research (Madhok and Phene, 2001). The purpose of this article is to show how co-evolution theory provides a theoretical framework within which some issues of ethics research are addressed. Our analysis is in the context of the contrasts between business systems (North, (...) 1990), and in particular the distinction between informal systems and those systems where institutions are formalised in law. This complements the growing research on comparative corporate governance and capitalisms (Chandler and Hikino, 1990; Choi et al., 1999; Whitley, 1994). The synthesis of co-evolution and analysis of divergent institutional environments in ethics research can also complement the globalisation and MNE approaches to international business research. (shrink)

Pain and posttraumatic stress disorder frequently co-occur but underlying mechanisms are not clear. This study aimed to test the development and maintenance of pain and PTSD symptom clusters, i.e., intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The longitudinal study included 216 adults with burns. PTSD symptom clusters, indexed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and pain, using a graphic numerical rating scale, were measured during hospitalization, 3 and 6 months post-burn. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to test the relationships between pain and PTSD (...) symptom clusters. Cross-lagged results showed that in-hospital intrusions predicted pain and avoidance 3 months post-burn. In-hospital pain predicted intrusions and avoidance 3 months post-burn and a trend was found for hyperarousal. In the second wave, intrusions predicted pain and hyperarousal. Pain predicted hyperarousal. This study provides support for an entangled relationship between pain and PTSD symptoms, and particularly subscribes the role of intrusions in this bidirectional relationship. To a lesser extent, hyperarousal was unidirectionally related to pain. These results may subscribe the driving role of PTSD, particularly intrusions, which partly supports the Perpetual Avoidance Model. (shrink)

BackgroundCRISPR-Cas9, a technology enabling modification of the human genome, is developing rapidly. There have been calls for public debate to discuss its ethics, societal implications, and governance. So far, however, little is known about public attitudes on CRISPR-Cas9. This study contributes to a better understanding of public perspectives by exploring the various holistic perspectives Dutch citizens have on CRISPR-Cas9.MethodsThis study used Q methodology to identify different perspectives of Dutch citizens (N = 30) on the use of CRISPR-Cas9. The Q-sort method (...) aims at segmenting audiences based on the structural characteristics of their perspectives. Participants individually ranked 32 statements about CRISPR-Cas9 and discussed their rankings in small groups. By-person factor analysis was performed using PQMethod. Participants’ contributions to the discussions were used to further make sense of the audience segments identified.ResultsFive perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 were identified: (1) pragmatic optimism (2) concerned scepticism; (3) normative optimism; (4) enthusiastic support; and (5) benevolent generalism. Each perspective represents a unique position motivated by different ranking rationales. Sorting rationales included improving health, preventing negative impacts on society, and fear of a slippery slope. Overall, there is broad, but not universal support for medical uses of CRISPR-Cas9.ConclusionsResearch on CRISPR-Cas9 should prioritise the broadly supported applications of the technology. Research and public debates on CRISPR-Cas9, its uses, its broader implications, and the governance of CRISPR-Cas9 are recommended. A discourse that includes all perspectives can contribute to the embedding of future uses of CRISPR-Cas9 in society. This study shows that Q methodology followed by group discussions enables citizens to contribute meaningfully to discourses about research. (shrink)

Alcohol displays on Facebook are ever present and can be socially desirable for college students. Because problematic drinking is a concern for college students, this research sought to understand how different types of information on a Facebook page influence first year college student likelihood to drink. Telephone interviews were conducted with 338 incoming college freshmen from two large national universities. Data were obtained from a vignette prompt that presented a scenario in which a senior college student’s Facebook profile displayed wall (...) posts, pictures, and status updates that were drinking related or prosocial in nature. Participants were asked to report intention to drink alcohol with that student if they were together at a party. Findings supported the following hypotheses: Wall posts were most influential (the stickiest), followed by pictures, followed by status updates. Findings provide additional empirical support for established online impression formation patterns, and also provide evidence that virtual cues are being ingrained as schemas in interpersonal communication. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of sticky cues in impression formation. (shrink)

It is evident, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic that has physicians confronting death and dying at unprecedented levels along with growing data suggesting that physicians who care for dying patients face complex emotional, psychological and behavioural effects, that there is a need for their better understanding and the implementation of supportive measures. Taking into account data positing that effects of caring for dying patients may impact a physician’s concept of personhood, or “what makes you, ‘you’”, we adopt Radha (...) Krishna’s Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) to scrutinise the experiences of physicians working in intensive care units (ICU) using a fictional scenario that was inspired by real events. The impact of death and dying, its catalysts, internal constituents, external factors, dyssynchrony, and buffers, specific to ICU physicians, were identified and explored. Such a framework allows for ramifications to be considered holistically and facilitates the curation of strategies for conflict resolution. This evaluation of the RToP acknowledges the experience and wide-ranging effects it has on ICU physicians. As such, our findings provide insight into their specific needs and highlight the importance of support on a personal and organisational level. Although further research needs to be conducted, the RToP could serve as the basis for a longitudinal assessment tool supported by the use of portfolios or mentorship due to their provision of personalised, appropriate, specific, timely, accessible and long-term support. (shrink)

Research on self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of the internalization of motivation as a crucial factor for determining the quality of motivation. Hence, intrinsic motivation is deemed as an important predictor of learning. Research on epistemic beliefs, on the other hand, focuses on the nature of knowledge, and learning with more sophisticated epistemic beliefs associated with more adaptive outcomes. While learning and achievement are multiply determined, a more comprehensive theoretical model that takes into account both motivational quality and epistemic beliefs (...) is needed. Hence, this study aims to examine the role of intrinsic and instrumental motivation alongside epistemic beliefs in predicting students’ achievement in science. Data were drawn from the PISA 2015 survey. We focused on four of the top-performing societies. Two were Eastern societies – Singapore and Hong Kong, and the other two were Western societies: Canada and Finland. We found both common and specific patterns among the four societies. Regarding the common patterns, we found that intrinsic motivation and epistemic beliefs had direct positive effects on science achievement. As for the regionally-specific findings, instrumental motivation positively predicted achievement only in Western societies, but not in Eastern societies. The interaction effect between motivation and epistemic beliefs also demonstrated different patterns across the four societies. Implications for the role of motivation and epistemic beliefs in optimizing student learning and achievement are discussed. (shrink)

Academic internships are increasingly common in other disciplines, but have not been discussed or implemented widely in the discipline of philosophy. This article fills this gap by discussing the potential benefits of philosophy internships and addressing two important questions: whether there is something different about philosophy—possibly its abstractness, versatility, or what I refer to as “pluripotency”—that renders the benefits of internships out of reach for many philosophy students, and whether philosophy faculty should be responsible for developing and implementing philosophy internships. (...) In this article, I argue that there is nothing about the discipline itself that prevents philosophy majors from experiencing the benefits of academic internships and that, among the different possible internship coordinators, philosophy faculty bear primary responsibility for developing academic internships in philosophy and assisting philosophy students as they transition from college to professional career. (shrink)

Academic internships are increasingly common in other disciplines, but have not been discussed or implemented widely in the discipline of philosophy. This article fills this gap by discussing the potential benefits of philosophy internships and addressing two important questions: whether there is something different about philosophy—possibly its abstractness, versatility, or what I refer to as “pluripotency”—that renders the benefits of internships out of reach for many philosophy students, and whether philosophy faculty should be responsible for developing and implementing philosophy internships. (...) In this article, I argue that there is nothing about the discipline itself that prevents philosophy majors from experiencing the benefits of academic internships and that, among the different possible internship coordinators, philosophy faculty bear primary responsibility for developing academic internships in philosophy and assisting philosophy students as they transition from college to professional career. (shrink)

철학은 인생의 근원적 학문이며 특히 문학과는 밀접하여 철학이 없는 문학문학이 없는 철학은 둘다 온전한 학문이 아님을 주창한 원로 철학교수의 저술.

정의란 무엇인지를 철학자 6인의 글로 싣고, 정의를 상징하는 세계 여러나라의 조각을 통해 정의의 의미 를 조명한 법학 교수의 저서.