Si Casque d’or est avant tout une tragédie amoureuse, c’est aussi un chef-d’œuvre de mise en scène dosant dialogues et silences, économisant les mouvements de caméra, instaurant une esthétique qui lui est propre et qui fera date. Non dénuée de critique sociale , le film se distingue d’abord par le réquisitoire lancé en faveur du bonheur contre le tragique de la vie, mettant à ce titre en scène le jeu d’une certaine fatalité.Le présent ouvrage se propose, en explorant les recoins (...) de ce film mythique, d’en sonder philosophiquement la beauté et le sens. (shrink)

Il semble tout autant irrecevable de comprendre l’Esthétique à l’aune de la Logique que de mettre sur le même plan les écrits des différentes périodes de Kant : on nie par là même le sens positif de l’Esthétique, puisque, en expliquant ce passage en rapport à ce qui suit, on en gomme la spécificité. C’est alors l’irréductibilité de la passivité et la signification véritable de l’espace et du temps qui se trouvent anéanties. Or cette passivité est pourtant attestée par l’expression (...) selon laquelle espace et temps sont des grandeurs infinies données : elles ne sont pas construites et ne relèvent pas d’une synthèse. Aussi faut-il distinguer ces grandeurs des grandeurs extensives et de celles intensives qui apparaissent dans l’Analytique des principes. Il faudra, dans cet effort pour soutenir le sens positif de l’Esthétique, s’appuyer sur la note litigieuse du paragraphe 26, afin de distinguer l’espace et le temps comme intuitions pures, donc comme quanta proprement originaires, des concepts de l’espace et du temps qui sont construits à partir de l’application des catégories à la forme de l’intuition. Pour ne parler que de l’espace, cela signifie qu’il faut distinguer deux plans: l’espace de l’Esthétique forme le sous-bassement à partir duquel sont construits les concepts mathématiques d’espace – par exemple l’espace de la géométrie euclidienne. Une telle thèse a l’avantage, comme le soulignait Joseph Moreau, qui dissocie. (shrink)

Le regain d'interet pour la philosophie kantienne est ne en Allemagne vers 1860 et provient essentiellement d'un declin de l'idealisme hegelien, d'une reaction au materialisme, et d'un climat politique qui favorise un abandon des questions morales et politiques pour retourner a des problemes theoriques. De sorte que ce qui caracterise tous les neokantiens est leur volonte de redonner a la philosophie son statut scientifique au titre de theorie de la connaissance. Mais comment construire cette theorie de la connaissance est une (...) question qui donne lieu a des oppositions entre des auteurs qui se reclament pourtant tous de Kant. Or c'est precisement la subtilite des differences entre les ecoles de Heidelberg, de Marbourg, ou encore entre les pensees de Cohen, de Natorp, de Lask ou de Rickert, que nous permet de saisir cet ouvrage en nous offrant un eclairage essentiel. (shrink)

Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915) est le fondateur de l'ecole de Heidelberg, l'autre grand courant neokantien qui apparait au meme moment que l'ecole de Marbourg, et dont Heinrich Rickert et Emil Lask furent des representants eminents. C'est Windelband qui pose les fondements de la philosophie des valeurs qui caracterise le neokantisme de Heidelberg. Ce volume presente un choix d'opuscules, qui relevent essentiellement de la philosophie de la connaissance, fondement de toute investigation philosophique pour les neokantiens. C'est en effet sur une analyse logique (...) des processus cognitifs que sont fondes non seulement l'assimilation de la verite a une valeur - sans pour autant que la verite se dissolve, car Windelband et les autres membres son ecole cherchent a fonder la transcendance de la valeur et donc a sauvegarder la verite comme telle -, mais aussi la theorie de la science qui distigue la methode nomothetique des sciences exactes de la methode idiographique propre a l'histoire. (shrink)

Ce livre presente les films de Lynch en montrant que ce qui deja apparait dans Eraserhead trouve son prolongement et sa cle dans Inland Empire (en passant bien sur par les autres oeuvres et tout particulierement Lost Highway et Mulholland Drive). A savoir que, comme dans le premier chapitre de Matiere et memoire de Bergson, le monde est image, de sorte que la matiere se resout dans son image et que ce sont les images qui, par leur agencement, creent le (...) monde dans sa solidite et sa fixite. Avec cette difference toutefois: les films de Lynch fonctionnent sur un desenchainement des images qui, d'abord, donne une matiere a l'image, et, ensuite, a pour consequence que ces images entrent sans cesse dans de nouvelles series. Ces series produisent non seulement des mondes possibles qui annulent le privilege d'un monde reel (parce que celui-ci devient un monde possible au meme titre que les autres), mais elles entremelent aussi differentes temporalites ou la linearite passe-present-futur disparait. (shrink)

Cette etude, la premiere en France sur la philosophie de Natorp (1854-1924), met en evidence sa specificite et son evolution. Sa specificite: Natorp est le seul des neokantiens de l'ecole de Marbourg a batir, au sein de la theorie de la connaissance, une psychologie dont la version definitive, intitulee Psychologie generale, parait en 1912. Il s'agit d'en etablir la configuration, de montrer comment elle se situe relativement a la psychologie scientifique en plein essor et de mettre en evidence l'importance qu'elle (...) a eue dans la constitution de la phenomenologie. La psychologie critique de Natorp est d'abord une methodologie qui s'interroge sur les conditions d'une connaissance scientifique des processus cognitifs. Elle est ensuite une methode, la methode de reconstruction du subjectif a partir de ses objectivations, qui s'oppose a la reduction husserlienne pretendant s'appuyer sur une donation et retrouver une immediatete subjective pourtant definitivement perdue. Son evolution: Natorp se detourne en effet apres la premiere guerre mondiale de la philosophie marbourgeoise, parce que celle-ci construit sa theorie de la connaissance sur des presupposes ininterroges et reduit le donne a la pensee du donne. Il en vient a considerer, avec ses derniers textes et dans une perspective qui influencera Heidegger, que la question fondamentale est celle de l'etre. C'est pourquoi il construit une ontologie ou logique de l'etre qui tente de penser l'alterite dans son immanence au logos. (shrink)

Une interrogation sur la musique suivie de textes D'E.-T. Hoffman et de L. Wittgenstein.

Cette étude prend pour objet Le monde comme volonté et comme représentation et La naissance de la tragédie. Le but est de montrer que, si Nietzsche reprend la métaphysique de Schopenhauer, il forge une métaphysique de la musique différente de celle de son maître, en sorte que ce n'est pas dans le même sens que la musique est, pour tous deux, une reproduction de la volonté originaire. This review deals with The World as Will and as Representation and The Birth (...) of Tragedy. Its aim is to show that, if Nietzsche takes over Schopenhauer's metaphysic ideas, he however builds up a metaphysic of music that differs from his master's, so that they both claim that music is the expression of will, but with a different meaning. (shrink)

Patients with a life-threatening illness can be confronted with various types of loneliness, one of which is existential loneliness (EL). Since the experience of EL is extremely disruptive, the issue of EL is relevant for the practice of end-of-life care. Still, the literature on EL has generated little discussion and empirical substantiation and has never been systematically reviewed. In order to systematically review the literature, we (1) identified the existential loneliness literature; (2) established an organising framework for the review; (3) (...) conducted a conceptual analysis of existential loneliness; and (4) discussed its relevance for end-of-life care. We found that the EL concept is profoundly unclear. Distinguishing between three dimensions of EL—as a condition, as an experience, and as a process of inner growth—leads to some conceptual clarification. Analysis of these dimensions on the basis of their respective key notions—everpresent, feeling, defence; death, awareness, difficult communication; and inner growth, giving meaning, authenticity—further clarifies the concept. Although none of the key notions are unambiguous, they may function as a starting point for the development of care strategies on EL at the end of life. (shrink)

Here we question the mechanisms underlying the emergence of the feeling of control that can be modulated even when the feeling of being the author of one’s own action is intact. With a haptic robot, participants made series of vertical pointing actions on a virtual surface, which was sometimes postponed by a small temporal delay (15 or 65 ms). Subjects then evaluated their subjective feeling of control. Results showed that after temporal distortions, the hand-trajectories were adapted effectively but that the (...) feeling of control decreased significantly. This was observed even in the case of subliminal distortions for which subjects did not consciously detect the presence of a distortion. Our findings suggest that both supraliminal and subliminal temporal distortions that occur within a healthy perceptual–motor system impact the conscious experience of the feeling of control of self-initiated motor actions. (shrink)

Susan Schneider (2019) has proposed two new tests for consciousness in AI (artificial intelligence) systems, the AI Consciousness Test and the Chip Test. On their face, the two tests seem to have the virtue of proving satisfactory to a wide range of consciousness theorists holding divergent theoretical positions, rather than narrowly relying on the truth of any particular theory of consciousness. Unfortunately, both tests are undermined in having an ‘audience problem’: Those theorists with the kind of architectural worries that motivate (...) the need for such tests should, on similar grounds, doubt that the tests establish the existence of genuine consciousness in the AI in question. Nonetheless, the proposed tests constitute progress, as they could find use by some theorists holding fitting views about consciousness and perhaps in conjunction with other tests for AI consciousness. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Une mise en lumière de la spécificité du cinéma en trois parties : le cinéma et l'image, le cinéma et le langage, le cinéma et le montage. Deux textes de G. Deleuze et N. Burch complètent l'ensemble.

English summary: Michael Haneke social criticism in his cinematographic work leaves no one indifferent. His films shed cruel light on the pathologies violence, medias, genres of neoliberal society. Each of his films examines the gaze he brings upon his subjects, one that places him in the very world he critiques. French description: Pourquoi l'oeuvre cinematographique de Michael Haneke ne laisse-t-elle aucun de nous indifferent? Parce qu'il y pratique a l'envi, et de maniere frontale, la critique sociale. Ses films mettent cruellement (...) au jour ces figures du mal qui fondent les pathologies de la societe neoliberale - la violence, les medias, les genres, etc. Prend-il pour autant quelque facile position de surplomb? Pas du tout. Chacun de ses films interroge le regard meme qu'il porte sur son objet - la critique a beau etre radicale, en effet, son auteur fait bel et bien partie du monde qu'il met en question. (shrink)

Pour justifier leur activité, les premiers mercantilistes anglais présentent le commerce comme une activité naturelle, qui favorise la paix entre les nations et contribue au progrès de la civilisation. Ils ont en particulier recours à la lex mercatoria, notion héritée du Moyen Âge. L’idée d’un commerce mutuel de l’humanité, mise en avant dans les écrits de marchands, mais également chez un auteur comme Grotius, contraste ainsi avec les théories de la souveraineté liée à un territoire national chez des penseurs politiques (...) comme Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes et William Petty, ou à certains égards chez un juriste comme John Selden. Paradoxalement, alors que la constitution des empires coloniaux coïncide avec l’essor du grand négoce international, la liberté du commerce (free trade) est présentée par ses défenseurs comme une alternative à l’antagonisme entre les États et à la logique de domination induite par les théories modernes de l’imperium. Cette apparente contradiction entre la logique étatique et l’humanisme marchand – ou ce qui se présente comme tel – semble subsister dans les résurgences modernes de la lex mercatoria au XXe siècle. Pourtant, l’idée d’une source du droit indépendante de l’État et s’enracinant dans l’ancienneté des coutumes, l’uniformité des pratiques marchandes ou encore le jus gentium, relève en grande partie de la fable, et d’une construction idéologique visant à dissimuler la réalité des pratiques commerciales. De ce point de vue, la fable de la lex mercatoria joue très certainement un rôle important dans la constitution du topos du doux commerce et la promotion de la liberté des échanges par ceux qui en sont, directement ou indirectement, les principaux bénéficiaires. (shrink)

Humans have long been characterized as poor probabilistic reasoners when presented with explicit numerical information. Bayesian word problems provide a well-known example of this, where even highly educated and cognitively skilled individuals fail to adhere to mathematical norms. It is widely agreed that natural frequencies can facilitate Bayesian reasoning relative to normalized formats (e.g. probabilities, percentages), both by clarifying logical set-subset relations and by simplifying numerical calculations. Nevertheless, between-study performance on “transparent” Bayesian problems varies widely, and generally remains rather unimpressive. (...) We suggest there has been an over-focus on this representational facilitator (i.e. transparent problem structures) at the expense of the specific logical and numerical processing requirements and the corresponding individual abilities and skills necessary for providing Bayesian-like output given specific verbal and numerical input. We further suggest that understanding this task-individual pair could benefit from considerations from the literature on mathematical cognition, which emphasizes text comprehension and problem solving, along with contributions of online executive working memory, metacognitive regulation, and relevant stored knowledge and skills. We conclude by offering avenues for future research aimed at identifying the stages in problem solving at which correct versus incorrect reasoners depart, and how individual difference might influence this time point. (shrink)

This article examines Harold Ramis’s 2005 noir comedy _The Ice Harvest_ as the critically dystopian counter-panel to his beloved 1993 film _Groundhog Day_, a film frequently discussed within the paradigm of utopia. While starkly different in genre, tone, and reception, the two films comprise a dialectical dyad that registers the historical transition from the utopian cultural effervescence of the early 1990s to the tragic foreclosure of imaginative horizons and the dystopian transformation of economic, political, and social landscapes in the new (...) millennium. In _The Ice Harvest_, the author argues, this is achieved through a strategic reactivation of film noir as a variant of the critical dystopia. (shrink)

This paper defends Plotinus’ reading ofSophist248e-249d as an expression of the togetherness or unity-in-duality of intellect and intelligible being. Throughout the dialogues Plato consistently presents knowledge as a togetherness of knower and known, expressing this through the myth of recollection and through metaphors of grasping, eating, and sexual union. He indicates that an intelligible paradigm is in the thought that apprehends it, and regularly regards the forms not as extrinsic “objects” but as the contents of living intelligence. A meticulous reading (...) ofSophist248e-249d shows that the “motion” attributed to intelligible being is not temporal change but the activity of intellectual apprehension. Aristotle’s doctrines of knowledge as identity of intellect and the intelligible, and of divine intellect as thinking itself, are therefore in continuity with Plato, and Plotinus’ doctrine of intellect and being is continuous with both Plato and Aristotle. (shrink)

Living labs are interdisciplinary and participatory initiatives aimed at bringing research closer to practice by involving stakeholders in all stages of research. Living labs align with the principles of participatory research methods as well as recent insights about how participatory ways of generating knowledge help to change practices in concrete settings with respect to specific problems. The participatory, open, and discussion‐oriented nature of living labs could be ideally suited to accompany ethical reflection and changes ensuing from reflection. To our knowledge, (...) living labs have not been explicitly trialed and reported in ethics literature. In this discussion paper, we report and discuss four initial issues that marked the process of setting up a living lab in ethics: (1) determining the goals and expected outcomes of an ethics living lab; (2) establishing operational procedures; (3) selecting communities and defining pilot projects; and (4) adopting a lens to tackle emerging questions and challenges. We explain these four issues and present the paths taken based on the novel and specific orientation, that is, living ethics, at the basis of this project. In alignment with living ethics and É‐LABO, we approach challenges as learning opportunities to ask not only “how” questions but also “why” questions. We hope that this discussion paper informed by our experience helps to clarify the theoretical, methodological, and practical approaches necessary to successfully adopt and employ living labs in ethics. (shrink)

The role of followers in financial statement fraud has not been widely examined, even though these frauds typically involve collusion between followers and destructive leaders. In a study with 140 MBA students in the role of followers, we examined whether two follower personality traits were associated with behavioral intentions to comply with the demands of an unethical chief executive officer to be complicit in committing financial statement fraud. These personality traits are self-sacrificing self-enhancement, a form of maladaptive narcissism characterized by (...) seemingly altruistic behaviors that are actually intended to boost self-esteem and proactivity, a trait characterized by behaviors reflecting efforts to positively change one’s environment. As predicted, follower SSSE was positively associated with follower behavioral intentions to comply with CEO pressure to commit fraud, while follower proactivity was negatively associated with fraud compliance intentions. Also as predicted, follower SSSE interacted with follower proactivity, such that followers high in SSSE and high in proactivity reported greater intentions to resist pressure from the unethical CEO to commit fraud compared to low-SSSE followers. Implications for future research and corporate governance are discussed. (shrink)

Objective: There are benefits and risks of giving patients more granular control of their personal health information in electronic health record (EHR) systems. When designing EHR systems and policies, informaticists and system developers must balance these benefits and risks. Ethical considerations should be an explicit part of this balancing. Our objective was to develop a structured ethics framework to accomplish this. -/- Methods: We reviewed existing literature on the ethical and policy issues, developed an ethics framework called a “Points to (...) Consider” (P2C) document, and convened a national expert panel to review and critique the P2C. -/- Results: We developed the P2C to aid informaticists designing an advanced query tool for an electronic health record (EHR) system in Indianapolis. The P2C consists of six questions (“Points”) that frame important ethical issues, apply accepted principles of bioethics and Fair Information Practices, comment on how questions might be answered, and address implications for patient care. -/- Discussion: The P2C is intended to clarify whatis at stake when designers try to accommodate potentially competing ethical commitments and logistical realities. The P2C was developed to guide informaticists who were designing a query tool in an existing EHR that would permit patient granular control. While consideration of ethical issues is coming to the forefront of medical informatics design and development practices, more reflection is needed to facilitate optimal collaboration between designers and ethicists. This report contributes to that discussion. (shrink)

In their article, Char et al. have created a model intended to tidy up the messy landscape of ethical concerns arising from machine-learning health care applications. The novel con...