Globally, mortality and fertility rates generally fall as resource abundance increases. This pattern represents an evolutionary paradox insofar as resource-rich ecological contexts can support higher numbers of offspring, a component of biological fitness. This paradox has not been resolved, in part because the relationships between fertility, life history strategies, reproductive behavior, and socioeconomic conditions are complex and cultural-historically contingent. We aim to understand how we might make sense of this paradox in the specific context of late-twentieth-century, mid–demographic transition Chile. We (...) use distribution-specific generalized linear models to analyze associations between fertility-related life-history traits—number of offspring, ages at first and last reproduction, average interbirth interval, and average number of live births per reproductive span year—and socioeconomic position (SEP) using data from a cohort of 6,802 Chilean women born between 1961 and 1970. We show that Chilean women of higher SEP have shorter average interbirth intervals, more births per reproductive span year, later age at first reproduction, earlier ages at last reproduction, and, ultimately, fewer children than women of lower SEP. Chilean women of higher SEP consolidate childbearing over a relatively short time span in the middle of their reproductive careers, whereas women of lower SEP tend to reproduce over the entirety of their reproductive lifespans. These patterns may indicate that different SEP groups follow different pathways toward declining fertility during the demographic transition, reflecting different life-history trade-offs in the process. (shrink)

Perú es indiscutiblemente un país multilingüe, con 48 lenguas habladas en diferentes grados de uso y dominio. En Ayacucho, uno de los departamentos de Perú, se hablan tanto el quechua como el español, lo que resulta en un alto grado de bilingüismo en la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la estrategia de la gramática contrastiva quechua-castellano en los niveles fonológicos, morfológicos, sintácticos y semánticos en la población de Ayacucho. Para ello, se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo y se (...) utilizaron técnicas de entrevista y revisión documental. Los resultados indican que la gramática contrastiva entre el quechua y el castellano a nivel fonológico, morfológico, sintáctico y semántico es altamente efectiva para el aprendizaje tanto de la primera como de la segunda lengua. (shrink)

This paper seeks to highlight the French philosopher Michel Foucault's contributions regarding his analysis of power. In this sense, the text proposes a conceptual transition around the ideas that could have interested the author within a digital context, integrating some notes and examples from the 2019 Chilean mobilizations.The article has an initial section that exposes genealogy as a way of approaching social reality. Then, it shows the social behaviors anticipation possibilities and their relationship with the information available on the web. (...) Later, it renders an account of the algorithmic governmentality notion as a key to reading it in both normative structure and a political possibility to final state reflections. (shrink)

This paper demonstrates the central role of the Socratic elenchus in the Sophist. In the first part, I defend the position that the Stranger describes the Socratic elenchus in the sixth division of the Sophist. In the second part, I show that the Socratic elenchus is actually used when the Stranger scrutinizes the accounts of being put forward by his predecessors. In the final part, I explain the function of the Socratic elenchus in the argument of the dialogue. By contrast (...) with standard scholarly interpretations, this way of reading the text provides all the puzzles about being (241c4–251a4) with a definite function in the dialogue. It also reveals that Plato’s methodology includes a plurality of method and is more continuous than what is often believed. (shrink)

Nicolas Weill propose une lecture stimulante de ces textes qui constituent une des découvertes philosophiques les plus importantes de ces dernières années. La publication des "Cahiers" redonne une actualité brûlante à la question qui divise épigones et détracteurs du penseur allemand : comment continuer à philosopher avec Heidegger sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle contamination de cette philosophie par l'idéologie nazie? Par une analyse sans concession des "Cahiers", en se concentrant sur les Réflexions (tenues par Heidegger de 1931 à 1941) mais (...) tout en cherchant à en dégager les éléments proprement philosophiques, cet ouvrage invite à une approche équilibrée, quitte à "penser avec Heidegger, contre Heidegger", comme le suggérait Jürgen Habermas dès le début des années 1950. Il montre notamment comment l'auteur d'Etre et temps, en inventant une nouvelle forme de philosopher, a poursuivi et prolongé dans ces carnets la critique de la modernité telle qu'elle a été formulée par la "révolution conservatrice" allemande et par Oswald Spengler, le théoricien du déclin de l'Occident. (shrink)

With aims to both increase organ supply and better reflect individual donation preferences, many nations worldwide have shifted from ‘opt‐in’ to ‘opt‐out’ systems for post‐mortem organ donation (PMOD). In such countries, while a prospective donor's willingness to donate their organs/tissues for PMOD was previously ascertained—at least partially—by their having recorded positive donation preferences on an official register prior to death, this willingness is now presumed or inferred—at least partially—from their not having recorded an objection to PMOD—on an official organ donation (...) register. Using evidence regarding the presence and prevalence of selective donation preferences, and via exploration of how appeals to donation preferences are used to both motivate and legitimate shifts to opt‐out frameworks, this paper draws attention to a set of previously unexplored problems for opt‐out organ donation arising in contexts where: (a) individuals demonstrate selective post‐mortem organ/tissue donation preferences, (b) legislation provides prospective donors with the opportunity to selectively permit/refuse the donation of certain organs/tissues in line with these preferences. While selective preferences pose few problems for opt‐in systems where a selective occasion is built into the process of signing the donor register, this is not the case for opt‐out systems. The loss of this selective occasion can cause significant problems where appeals to preferences motivate/legitimate shifts to opt‐out but evidence regarding variable preferences does not feed into determinations regarding organ/tissue exclusions. The nature of these problems depends on how the authorization aspect of ‘opt‐out’ systems is framed (e.g. as presumed consent, deemed consent or, given the role of familial consent in many jurisdictions as consent in name only). (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo consiste en un comentario del ensayo Ser justo con Freud: La historia de la locura en la era del psicoanálisis de Derrida con el objeto de rastrear lo que no puede ser reapropiado por la presuposición del marco del debate entre Derrida y Foucault. Al analizar la pregunta “¿quién anuncia el no-recurso?”, exploraré la forma en que la escritura de Derrida es afectada por la necesidad e imposibilidad de no reprimir la sinrazón. Argumentaré que Derrida compulsivamente escribe (...) los efectos de dicha resistencia a no reprimir la sinrazón a través de la repetición de la búsqueda Foucaultiana de un más allá de la razón. Esta “compulsión de repetición’ no solamente reabre una y otra vez el debate, sino que desencadena el retorno de la sinrazón en la forma de un desarreglo de los principios de identidad y tiempo lineal, desestabilizando todo forma de autoría sobre la historia de la locura en general y cada una de sus críticas. Este artículo se aproxima a los intercambios entre Derrida y Foucault deconstruyendo la premisa de la posibilidad de un debate sobre la historia de la locura. (shrink)

El fin de esta investigación teórica es analizar y explicar la contribución de las relaciones públicas en el diálogo intercultural dentro de las organizaciones sociales. Para ello, se recurrió a investigar los conflictos sociales ocurridos durante el año 2020; así como a describir de qué manera la utilización de las herramientas comunicativas, en particular la del diálogo intercultural, puede fomentar la comprensión y empatía frente a las diferentes problemáticas sociales. La gestión comunicativa que debe llevar a cabo un profesional de (...) relaciones públicas mediante una comunicación eficaz ha de tener como fin la comprensión mutua entre gobierno y ciudadanos, enfatizando la participación activa de la comunidad y el valor que representa el debate continuo entre los ciudadanos y sus instituciones. Para los profesionales de relaciones públicas constituye un desafío llevar a cabo una comunicación intercultural con el propósito de resolver los graves problemas de diálogo y falta de entendimiento, reconociendo así la importancia de mantener una comunicación organizacional estratégica, en donde los mensajes sean bidireccionales, generando de ese modo una mayor interacción y, sobre todo, la resolución de los conflictos sociales. (shrink)

This book is the first extensive treatment of Husserl's phenomenology of time-consciousness. Nicolas de Warren uses detailed analysis of texts by Husserl, some only recently published in German, to examine Husserl's treatment of time-consciousness and its significance for his conception of subjectivity. He traces the development of Husserl's thinking on the problem of time from Franz Brentano's descriptive psychology, and situates it in the framework of his transcendental project as a whole. Particular discussions include the significance of time-consciousness for other (...) phenomenological themes: perceptual experience, the imagination, remembrance, self-consciousness, embodiment, and the consciousness of others. The result is an illuminating exploration of how and why Husserl considered the question of time-consciousness to be the most difficult, yet also the most central, of all the challenges facing his unique philosophical enterprise"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

In his recent article, ‘A Gift to Theology? Jean-Luc Marion's ‘Saturated Phenomena’ in Christological Perspective’, Brian Robinette has critiqued Marion's phenomenology for confining theology to a one-sided approach to Christology, one that stresses only the passive, mystical reception of Christ. To correct this imbalance, Robinette brings Marion into dialogue with those more active Christologies or ‘prophetical-ethical’ liberation theologies of Gustavo Gutierrez, Johann Baptist Metz and others that stress a life-praxis focused on confronting evil and suffering. In this essay I am (...) arguing that Robinette has not fully developed the ‘logic’ of Marion's phenomenology of the ‘call and the gifted’, in which both a passive and an active element are operative. I explore more fully that very dynamic phenomenological process of the call-and-the-gifted as developed in Marion's work Being Given: Toward a Phenomenology of Givenness. Once viewed in Christological perspective, and especially in light of Christ's death and resurrection, Marion's phenomenology entails an ethical trope consistent with the mission of Christ as rendered in Scriptural revelation, and thus the gap between Marion's work and the prophetical-ethical theologies of Gutierrez and Baptist Metz becomes narrowed. (shrink)

abstract The possibility that organ sales by living adults might be made legal is morally distressing to many of us. However, powerful arguments have been provided recently supporting legalisation (I consider two of those arguments: the Consequentialist Argument and the Autonomy Argument). Is our instinctive reaction against a market of organs irrational then? The aim of this paper is not to prove that legalization would be immoral, all things considered, but rather to show, first, that there are some kinds of (...) arguments, offered in favour of legalisation, that are, in an important sense, illegitimate, and second, that even if legalisation might not be wrong all things considered, there are good reasons for our negative moral intuitions. Moreover, identifying these reasons will help highlight some features of moral decisions in non‐ideal situations, which in turn might be relevant to some other moral or policy choices. (shrink)

Edited by Ivette Fred-Rivera and Jessica Leech. What is the relationship between ontology and modality: between what there is, and what there could be, must be, or might have been? Throughout a distinguished career, Bob Hale’s work has addressed this question on a number of fronts, through the development of a Fregean approach to ontology, an essentialist theory of modality, and in his work on neo-logicism in the philosophy of mathematics. This collection of new essays engages with these themes (...) in Hale’s work in order to make further progress in our understanding of ontology, modality, and the relations between them. Some essays directly address questions in modal metaphysics, drawing on ontological concerns. Others raise questions in modal epistemology and its links to matters of ontology, such as the challenge to give an epistemology of essence. There are also several essays engaging with questions of what might be called ‘modal ontology’: the study of whether and what things exist necessarily or contingently. Such issues can be raised and addressed directly, but they also have an important bearing on the kinds of semantic commitments engendered in logic and mathematics, e.g., to the existence of sets, or numbers, or properties, and so on. It is thus explored in some chapters to what extent one’s ontology—and indeed, one’s ontology of necessary beings—interacts with other plausible assumptions and commitments. (shrink)

Genetic research in human beings poses deep ethical problems, one being the problem of distributive justice. If we suppose that genetic technologies are able to produce visible benefits for the well being of people, and that these benefits are affordable to only a favored portion of society, then the consequence is obvious. We are introducing a new source of inequality. In the first section of this paper, I attempt to justify some concern for the distributive consequences of applying genetics to (...) human beings. This concern transcends a mere preoccupation for material equality. I argue that genetic inequality can undermine the very basis of social cooperation, at least regarding health care. The second section is more practical. My aim is to defend how, at least in some legal and cultural frameworks , the undesired distributive consequences of genetics are more likely to arise and more difficult to avoid. (shrink)

How to reciprocate a precious gift? In this case the gift was given to us twice. First, in the shape of Paget Henry’s pioneering reinvention of René Ménil’s “Aesthetic Marxism.” Through it, second, we’re led to rediscover the fantastic world of Ménil’s hitherto ignored but crucial contribution to contemporary philosophy: his systematization of the poetics of revolt. Our debt with Ménil and Henry is unpayable. Our humble response in this essay is to offer readers a map to the treasure that (...) is Ménil’s thought. We aim to offer a path across and beyond the sedimentation and pacifying effects of given frames of judgment and the imagination in today’s post-classical public sphere. We call it “fantastic critique,” largely inspired by our wider reading of Ménil’s work and specifically his original concept of the “velocity of the spirit.” It renews the Hegelo-Marxian revolutionary formula. Here. Keep it with you. It’s a precious gift. (shrink)

In this paper the author reflects upon the past, the present and the future of philosophical education within the framework of a democratic mode of living, integrating three levels of argumentation: an autobiographic level, triggered by the encounter with an old school notebook that belonged to the author’s father; a conceptual level, in which the author recalls John Dewey’s pragmatist approach to philosophy; and a descriptive and proactive level, in which the author examines recent developments concerning the teaching of philosophy (...) and proposes a perspective on philosophical education in tune with these. The author underscores the importance of different displacements and transformations undergone by the practice of teaching philosophy during the last century, and sets up a contrast between the old practices, intended to provide a “correct view of the world”, and the urge for philosophy to provide a critique of society and knowledge. In this way, the author draws on Dewey’s ideal, according to which philosophy should carry out both a critique and a reconstruction of present experience. Finally, the author sets forth ten challenges for future philosophical education. (shrink)

This article examines a specific case of lying, at the same time judicial and mediatic, promoted from the highest levels of political power, the Leon Trotsky case, from the perspective of the work done by the International Commission of Investigation chaired by the American philosopher John Dewey. After a general justification and contextualization of the subject, and a historical account of the events that surrounded the “Moscow Trials” and the constitution of the Dewey Commission, some of the reasons why the (...) commission concluded that such processes had been judicial assemblies are reported. It closes with a reference to the way Dewey later denounced the media falsification of these events through the book Mission to Moscow. (shrink)

Resumen: La problematización de la relación entre individuo y sociedad ha atravesado la historia de las ciencias sociales. El objetivo de este escrito es mostrar la originalidad de los planteamientos de Freud sobre el tópico, a través de un análisis comparativo con las aproximaciones propias de las corrientes socioantropológicas de la escuela de Cultura y Personalidad y de la Sociología Francesa. Nuestra investigación se basó en un análisis bibliográfico tanto de algunos textos socioantropológicos claves sobre dicho debate, como de la (...) producción freudiana pertinente. La interpretación del material freudiano se organizó según tres tópicos: a) la afirmación de la determinación simbólica del síntoma, b) la borradura metodológica de la distinción individuo sociedad, y c) la teorización de una eficacia mítica, transindividual y transhistórica. Concluimos subrayando los aportes del pensamiento de Freud a la discusión: la afirmación de la determinación simbólica ofrece las condiciones para la superación de la relación de externalidad entre el polo del individuo y el de la sociedad, y el consecuente rechazo a una relación especular entre ambos. (shrink)

Resumen: La problematización de la relación entre individuo y sociedad ha atravesado la historia de las ciencias sociales. El objetivo de este escrito es mostrar la originalidad de los planteamientos de Freud sobre el tópico, a través de un análisis comparativo con las aproximaciones propias de las corrientes socioantropológicas de la escuela de Cultura y Personalidad y de la Sociología Francesa. Nuestra investigación se basó en un análisis bibliográfico tanto de algunos textos socioantropológicos claves sobre dicho debate, como de la (...) producción freudiana pertinente. La interpretación del material freudiano se organizó según tres tópicos: a) la afirmación de la determinación simbólica del síntoma, b) la borradura metodológica de la distinción individuo sociedad, y c) la teorización de una eficacia mítica, transindividual y transhistórica. Concluimos subrayando los aportes del pensamiento de Freud a la discusión: la afirmación de la determinación simbólica ofrece las condiciones para la superación de la relación de externalidad entre el polo del individuo y el de la sociedad, y el consecuente rechazo a una relación especular entre ambos.: The relation between individual and society has been a main topic across the history of social sciences. The aim of this paper is to show the originality of Sigmund Freud's ideas about the topic, through a comparative analysis with the approaches of the socio-anthropological currents of the school of Culture and Personality and of French Sociology. Our research was based on a bibliographical analysis of some key socio-anthropological texts on this debate, as well as the relevant Freudian production. The interpretation of the Freudian material was organized according to three topics: a) the affirmation of the symbolic determination of symptoms, b) the methodological erasure of the individual society distinction, and c) the theorization of a mythical, transindividual and transhistorical efficacy. We conclude by emphasizing the contributions of Freud's thought to the discussion: the affirmation of symbolic determination offers the conditions for overcoming the externality relation between the pole of the individual and that of society, and the consequent rejection of a specular relationship between the two. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, se sostiene que el actual escenario internacional se ha caracterizado por una profunda interrelación, y la integración emerge como una estrategia de inserción global de relevancia, especialmente para países como Chile. Esta integración no es sólo económica sino que también incluye el movimiento de personas. No obstante, la integración y la movilidad de personas se ven afectadas por los prejuicios y las desconfianzas, lo que se ha reflejado en el fenómeno migratorio peruano en Chile. Desde esta (...) perspectiva, la construcción de un marco institucional para alcanzar mayores grados de integración de los inmigrantes peruanos en Chile, no sólo requiere avances en el ámbito económico-laboral, sino que también en el área educacional-cultural, promoviendo una educación basada en la interculturalidad, capaz de marcar el camino hacia una mayor tolerancia e integración entre ambas sociedades, y así superar quiebres históricos, como lo fue la Guerra del Pacifico. (shrink)

El artículo, de intención didáctica, intenta ser una presentación alternativa a la concepción del método en Hegel. Parte de la premisa de que ésta es tomada como una estrategia para reconciliar la modernidad ilustrada, particular-mente tras el evento de la Revolución Francesa de 1789, tanto con el proyecto fundacional epistémico de la modernidad temprana como con su pasado antagónico: La concepción de la racionalidad retórica y hermenéutica, tal y como ésta procede de Platón y Aristóteles. El método de Hegel se (...) inscribiría en un afán por fusionar los aspectos omnipotentes de las narrativas ilustradas con los métodos premodernos de vinculación finita y fragmentaria con el sentido de la realidad. El texto sugiere la caducidad del proyecto, ante la ostensible inviabilidad contemporánea ante el optimismo ilustrado que lo inspira. (shrink)

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

Written in the shape of a letter to a friend and long-time collaborator, this piece focuses on Drucilla Cornell’s most crucial lessons on a critical theory for the future: the intertwinement of aesthetics and politics; the need to figure and reconfigure techniques of liberation; the clarification that the decolonial turn is an ontological turn; the relationship between justice and negotiations; the reformulation of the feminine within sexual difference; and the impact of temporal naturalism. Together, they help us move beyond received (...) views in phenomenology and existentialism, toward gravitational thinking and the priority of imaging over the understanding if we are to rekindle the revolutionary spirit of public imagination. (shrink)

In this article, we discuss how we used institutional ethnography (Institutional ethnography as practice, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD and 2006) to map out powerful ruling relations that organize nurses’ wound care work. In recent years, the growing number of people living with wounds that heal slowly or not at all has presented substantial challenges for those managing the demands on Canada's publicly insured health‐care system. In efforts to address this burden, Canadian health‐care administrators and policy‐makers rely on scientific evidence (...) about how wounds heal and what treatments are most effective. Advanced wound care exemplifies the growing authorization of particular forms of evidence that change the ways in which nurses come to know about and conduct their work. The focus of this paper's nursing inquiry is a critique of registered nurses’ wound work as it arises within the established uptake of scientific evidence. (shrink)

En la filosofía política aristotélica, la definición biológica del hombre como “animal político” funciona como justificación para la creación de la polis. Aristóteles clasifica al hombre como un animal caracterizado por su habilidad racional y comunicativa, capacidades que lo determinan a formar comunidades con miras a la “vida buena”. Esta definición de la naturaleza humana supone la creación de la polis; el único espacio donde el hombre puede desarrollar sus virtudes y vivir una vida plena y feliz. Dentro de esta (...) polis, Aristóteles le otorga participación política solo a los individuos que cum-plen con esta descripción. A partir de esto surge la pregunta: ¿Quiénes quedan al margen de la polis? Fuera de este espacio político quedan todos los que hacen posible la vida en la polis: las mujeres, los trabajadores y los esclavos. Más allá de estas redes económicas y sociales queda el propósito de este artículo, la “bestia”: los seres humanos caracterizados por su carencia de disposición política tanto en instancias desarrolladas como la polis y las más primitivas como la aldea o el hogar. De esta manera, los hombres bestiales son inútiles para la vida en comunidad ya que no cumplen con su función como animales políticos y sus acciones no están guiadas por un bien común. Se argumentará que a partir de esto que la bestia padece una triple exclusión: la política, al negársele la posibilidad de ciudadanía; la social, al prohibirle la partici-pación en la comunidad que sustenta económicamente a la polis y, por último, la biológica al ser excluido del conjunto conceptual de los hombres. (shrink)

La crisis del Covid-19 ha tenido un impacto en la docencia y costará mucho tiempo poder comprender y describir el alcance de este. La presencialidad en cualquier actividad humana se ha visto afectada desde muchos puntos de vista. Pero, sin duda, la educación ha sido una de las áreas sobre las que más se ha publicado dada la trascendencia que tiene sobre el ser humano. El objetivo del artículo es describir qué ha sucedido en materia de educación universitaria durante los (...) primeros momentos de la pandemia y como se ha desarrollado posteriormente, así como los aspectos esperables a largo plazo. (shrink)

This is an entry into a collective journal of the twenty-first century years of plague. It introduces the notion of ‘lawfare’ by way of the contemporary case concerning Lula da Silva and Brazil’s fall from grace. The latter is presented as an instance of violence in the international context, the managerial attitude to global disasters and, indeed, a plague. It chronicles the social struggles around the case and on that basis builds a somewhat playful manifesto for a new relationship between (...) legal scholarship, the law school and the imaginary of permanent catastrophe and plague. (shrink)