Companies increasingly recognize the importance of communicating corporate social responsibility including their engagement toward employees, the community, the environment and other stakeholder groups to attract applicants. The positive findings on the effect of CSR on applicants’ reactions are commonly based on the assumption that companies send a clear signal about their commitment to CSR. However, communication is always contextualized and has become more ambiguous through the increased availability of information online. External stakeholders including actual and potential applicants are confronted with (...) inconsistencies between the way companies communicate CSR activities and their overall CSR performance. Drawing on signaling theory, this article raises the question of how the interaction between strong CSR communication and low CSR performance influences organizational attractiveness. We propose that low CSR performance dampens the effect of CSR communication on organizational attractiveness. Hence, the inconsistency between CSR communication and CSR performance decreases organizational attractiveness. To test our hypotheses, we scraped 67,189 posts published on corporate Facebook career pages by 58 Fortune 500 companies from the time they began their respective career page until June 2018. Surprisingly, our results show that a low CSR performance strengthens the effect of CSR communication on organizational attractiveness. Thus, inconsistencies between CSR communication and CSR performance seem to lead to positive evaluations among applicants. (shrink)

Individuals are more likely to remember emotional than neutral information, but this benefit does not always extend to the surrounding background information. This memory narrowing is theorised to be linked to the availability of attentional resources at encoding. In contrast to the predictions of this theoretical account, altering participants' attentional resources at encoding by dividing attention did not affect emotion-induced memory narrowing. Attention was divided using three separate manipulations: a digit ordering task (Experiment 1), an arithmetic task (Experiment 2) and (...) an auditory discrimination task (Experiment 3). Across all three experiments, divided attention decreased memory across the board but did not affect the degree of memory narrowing. These findings suggest that theories to explain memory narrowing must be expanded to include other potential mechanisms beyond the limitations of attentional resources. (shrink)

In this article I argue for a transdisciplinary approach to the human or social sciences. There is little ontological or epistemological justification for a division among these disciplines. I recommend that sociology stop worrying about policing its disciplinary boundaries and begin to encourage various forms of intellectual transculturation. I then analyze barriers to transdisciplinarity by comparing disciplines to states and comparing the relations among disciplines to different sorts of imperial practice, or interstate relations. The most common interdisciplinary strategies are analogous (...) to the informal, nonterritorial imperialism practiced globally by the United States. Three other forms of interdisciplinarity are discussed: the annexation of one discipline by another — a situation that is analogous to colonialism; nonhegemonized systems of equal disciplines (analogous to the Westphalian state system); and nonimperial `traveling' and transculturation among disciplines (analogous to the practices of members of weak or declining imperial states). (shrink)

The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences provides a remarkable comparative assessment of the variations of positivism and alternative epistemologies in the contemporary human sciences. Often declared obsolete, positivism is alive and well in a number of the fields; in others, its influence is significantly diminished. The essays in this collection investigate its mutations in form and degree across the social science disciplines. Looking at methodological assumptions field by field, individual essays address anthropology, area studies, economics, history, the philosophy (...) of science, political science and political theory, and sociology. Essayists trace disciplinary developments through the long twentieth century, focusing on the decades since World War II. Contributors explore and contrast some of the major alternatives to positivist epistemologies, including Marxism, psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, narrative theory, and actor-network theory. Almost all the essays are written by well-known practitioners of the fields discussed. Some essayists approach positivism and anti-positivism via close readings of texts influential in their respective disciplines. Some engage in ethnographies of the present-day human sciences; others are more historical in method. All of them critique contemporary social scientific practice. Together, they trace a trajectory of thought and method running from the past through the present and pointing toward possible futures. Contributors. Andrew Abbott, Daniel Breslau, Michael Burawoy, Andrew Collier , Michael Dutton, Geoff Eley, Anthony Elliott, Stephen Engelmann, Sandra Harding, Emily Hauptmann, Webb Keane, Tony Lawson, Sophia Mihic, Philip Mirowski, Timothy Mitchell, William H. Sewell Jr., Margaret R. Somers, George Steinmetz, Elizabeth Wingrove. (shrink)

According to the scenario of cosmological artificial selection and artificial cosmogenesis, our universe was created and possibly even fine-tuned by cosmic engineers in another universe. This approach shall be compared to other explanations, and some far-reaching problems of it shall be discussed.

Kosmologie im weiten Sinn von Naturwissenschaft und -philosophie hat Karl Popper am meisten fasziniert. Auch die physikalische Kosmologie im engeren Sinn verfolgte er kritisch. In der aktuellen Kosmologie sind seine wissenschafts- und erkenntnistheoretischen Einsichten weiterhin wichtig … oder sollten es sein – besonders im Kontext spekulativer Hypothesen, etwa zu anderen Universen.

One of the century's greatest philosophers, without whom there would be no Sartre, no Foucault, no Frankfurt School, Martin Heidegger was also a man of great failures and flaws, a Faustus who made a pact with the devil of his time, Adolf Hitler. The story of Heidegger's life and philosophy, a quintessentially German story in which good and evil, brilliance and blindness are inextricably entwined and the passions and disasters of a whole century come into play, is told in this (...) brilliant biography. Heidegger grew up in Catholic Germany where, for a chance at pursuing a life of learning, he pledged himself to the priesthood. Soon he turned apostate and sought a university position, which set him on the path to becoming the star of German philosophy in the 1920s. Rüdiger Safranski chronicles Heidegger's rise along with the thought he honed on the way, with its debt to Heraclitus, Plato, and Kant, and its tragic susceptibility to the conservatism that emerged out of the nightmare of Germany's loss in World War I. A chronicle of ideas and of personal commitments and betrayals, Safranski's biography combines clear accounts of the philosophy that won Heidegger eternal renown with the fascinating details of the loves and lapses that tripped up this powerful intellectual. The best intellectual biography of Heidegger ever written and a best-seller in Germany, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil does not shy away from full coverage of Heidegger's shameful transformation into a propagandist for the National Socialist regime; nor does it allow this aspect of his career to obscure his accomplishments. Written by a master of Heidegger's philosophy, the book is one of the best introductions to the thought and to the life and times of the greatest German philosopher of the century. (shrink)

So we stand more or less on our own when trying to make sense of a specifically transcendental way of argumentation. Fortunately we are not all that alone, since independently of a direct Kantian influence the problem of transcendental arguments has stimulated a considerable debate among analytical philosophers. And we still have Kant’s own text. We shall start, therefore, by reminding ourselves of this debate and then go back to Kant. We shall deliberately not proceed the other way round in (...) order to avoid as much as possible what one may call a Kantian bias. The representatives chosen for analytical philosophy are Wittgenstein, Quine, and Strawson. We shall then consider the Kantian account of the meaning of the term "transcendental". After this preparation we are in a position to examine the claim of a ‘transcendental deduction,’ which is one of the most controversial issues arising from the Critique of Pure Reason. (shrink)

The paper deals with some of the developments in analysis against the background of Hilbert's contributions to the Calculus of Variations. As a starting point the transformation is chosen that took place at the end of the 19th century in the Calculus of Variations, and emphasis is placed on the influence of Dirichlet's principle. The proof of the principle (the resuscitation ) led Hilbert to questions arising in the 19th and 20th problems of his famous Paris address in 1900: theexistence (...) in a generalized sense, and theregularity of solutions of elliptic partial differential equations. By this new concept Hilbert pointed out two very important issues the history of which is closely tied up with the rise of modern analysis. Further on, Hilbert'stheorem of independence of the Calculus of Variations, an important contribution to its formal apparatus as well as to its field theory, is briefly discussed. But even as Hilbert published his first essential results, he was turning his attention to another area of mathematics that differs in an important respect from the Calculus of Variations:integral equations. Hilbert did so because he recognized that in this branch by its flexibility he was coming closer to his goal of an unifying methodological approach to analysis. (shrink)

Seit Menschengedenken und lange vor den evidenzbasierten, methodisch reflektierten Naturwissenschaften haben Menschen über das hinausgedacht, was ihnen unmittelbar durch die Sinneserfahrungen erscheint – Spekulationen über den unsichtbaren Mikro- und Makrokosmos eingeschlossen. Dieser Prozess ist noch nicht am Ende. Galt das Universum bislang per definitionem als einzigartig, mehren sich inzwischen die Indizien aus Kosmologie und Fundamentalphysik, dass es viele andere Universen geben könnte. Sie sind von unserem durch Raum, Zeit oder Extradimensionen getrennt – und haben vielleicht doch bizarre Auswirkungen. Mit der (...) Annahme eines solchen Multiversums sollen außerdem viele grundlegende Fragen beantwortet werden: zum Beispiel nach der Ursache des Urknalls, der Richtung der Zeit und den scheinbar extrem genauen „Feinabstimmungen“ der Naturkonstanten, ohne die Leben, wie wir es kennen, unmöglich wäre. Welchen explanatorischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Status können solche Hypothesen oder Spekulationen legitimerweise beanspruchen? Haben sie überhaupt einen Erklärungswert? Oder sind sie, wenn beziehungsweise weil nicht widerlegbar, nicht eher ein Gegenstand der Metaphysik (was nichts Verwerfliches wäre) oder aber ein Beispiel für Pseudowissenschaft (was intellektuell unredlich wäre)? (shrink)

The selection of ‘good’ pictures has increasingly become a crucial factor when transmitting news to the recipients. Every day thousands of events are happening and millions of pictures are taken. By choosing photographs for newspapers and magazines, photographic editorial departments want to attract the recipients' attention, evoke emotions and get them to read their stories. But what exactly is a good picture that meets these expectations? Which criteria are decisive for selecting pictures and what effects of this selection can be (...) measured on the recipients' side? This article presents the results of a research project carried out at the University of Erfurt in 2008 and conducted in collaboration with the German weekly magazine stern. It deals with the selection and impact of press photography by introducing the concept ‘photo news factors’. Applying the traditional news value theory to pictures, photo news factors are defined as selection criteria that, on the part of the communicator, decide whether the press photos are worth publishing. Furthermore, they are assumed to exert an influence on the intensity of attention that a picture arouses. (shrink)

With Ernst Christoph von Manteuffel and Luise Adelgunde Victorie Gottsched, two people come into contact with each other who are unique in the early Enlightenment. After relinquishing his high political functions, Imperial Count Manteuffel devoted his energy to promoting enlightened ideas characteristic of the Leibniz-Wolff tradition. In the field of tension between the bourgeoisie, the nobility and the Enlightenment, his work has its own weight. The exceptional position of L. A. V. Gottsched among female authors in the second third of (...) the 18 th century has always been recognized. In her dealings with Manteuffel, her position as a satirist, as yet barely perceived, also unfolds, and her contributions touch the nerve of the politically explosive conflicts between Wolffianism and traditional theological positions. The Gottschedin-Manteuffel correspondence shows two sovereign actors connected in mutual respect. (shrink)

Complexity and life as we know it depend crucially on the laws and constants of nature as well as the boundary conditions, which seem at least partly “fine-tuned.” That deserves an explanation: Why are they the way they are? This essay discusses and systematizes the main options for answering these foundational questions. Fine-tuning might just be an illusion, or a result of irreducible chance, or nonexistent because nature could not have been otherwise (which might be shown within a fundamental theory (...) if some constants or laws could be reduced to boundary conditions or boundary conditions to laws), or it might be a product of selection: either observational selection (weak anthropic principle) within a vast multiverse of many different realizations of physical parameters, or a kind of cosmological natural selection making the measured parameter values quite likely within a multiverse of many different values, or even a teleological or intentional selection or a coevolutionary development, depending on a more or less goal-directed participatory contribution of life and intelligence. In contrast to observational selection, which is not predictive, an observer-independent selection mechanism must generate unequal reproduction rates of universes, a peaked probability distribution, or another kind of differential frequency, resulting in a stronger explanatory power. The hypothesis of Cosmological Artificial Selection (CAS) even suggests that our universe may be a vast computer simulation or could have been created and transcended by one. If so, this would be a far-reaching answer – within a naturalistic framework! – of fundamental questions such as: Why did the big bang and fine-tunings occur, what is the role of intelligence in the universe, and how can it escape cosmic doomsday? This essay critically discusses some of the premises and implications of CAS and related problems, both with the proposal itself and its possible physical realization: Does CAS deserve to be considered as a convincing explanation of cosmic fine-tuning? Is life incidental, or does CAS revalue it? And are life and intelligence ultimately doomed, or might CAS rescue them? (shrink)

Corporate sustainability reports are supposed to provide a complete and balanced picture of corporate sustainability performance. They are, however, usually voluntary and thus prone to interpretation and even greenwashing tendencies. To overcome this problem, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provides standardized reporting guidelines challenging companies to report positive and negative aspects of an organization’s sustainability performance. However, the reporting of “negative aspects” in particular can endanger corporate legitimacy if perceived by the stakeholders as not being in line with societal norms (...) and values. Starting from the theoretical lenses of economics-based disclosure theories and socio-political theories of disclosure, the focus of this study therefore was to analyze the communicative legitimation strategies companies use to report “negative aspects,” i.e., negative ecological and social impact caused by corporate activity. Using qualitative content analysis of GRI-oriented sustainability reports from companies listed on the US Dow Jones Industrial Average Index and on the German DAX Index, we identified six legitimation strategies. We discuss these strategies regarding to symbolic and substantial management of legitimacy. We show that symbolic legitimation strategies aiming at modifying the perception of legitimizing stakeholders dominate in the reports at hand. Such persuasion, however, does not meet the requirement of impartiality as postulated by the GRI guidelines. Building upon this conclusion we propose a concise characterization of “negative aspects” and develop a GRI-compliant schema of reporting about them. In doing so, we offer a way to improve the overall “balance” of sustainability reporting contributing to a true and fair view in sustainability disclosure. (shrink)

Germany is considered to be a pioneer of social security systems; nonetheless, globalization and demographic changes have put enormous pressure on them. A solution is not yet in sight as the debate on the future of the German social security systems still lacks consensus. We argue that ideas matter and that the debate can benefit from a deeper reflection on the concept of social security. This objective is pursued along two lines. First, we take a historical perspective and reconstruct the (...) development of Germany's social security systems. Second, we scrutinize from a theoretical perspective how social security is conceptualized in public and theoretical debates. Behind the various positions, we identify four basic ideal types. We then analyze how these ideal types account for the benefits of social security systems and what role they assign to corporations in providing social security. While two ultimately reinforce potential conflicts between different groups in society, the other two ideal types reveal possible benefits for all. The last ideal type actually conceptualizes social security systems as insurance that fosters risky but overall productive investments in human and other forms of capital. Therefore, it can be shown that social security systems are not necessarily threatened by globalization and that incentives exist for corporations to invest in the provision of social security. (shrink)

For certain classes of Dedekind domains S we want to characterize S-modules U such that Ext=0 for some module SMQ. We shall call these modules M-Whitehead modules. On the one hand we will show that assuming all M-Whitehead modules U are S0-free, i.e. US0 is a free S0-module where S0 is the nucleus of M. On the other hand if there is a ladder system on a stationary subset of ω1 that satisfies 2-uniformization, then there exists a non-S0-free M-Whitehead module. (...) Conversely, we will show that in the special case of Abelian groups the existence of a non-S0-free R-Whitehead group–here R is a rational group–implies that there is a ladder system on a stationary subset of ω1 that satisfies 2-uniformization. (shrink)

Matthias Schramm, a well-known historian of science and professor at the University of Tübingen from 1966 to 1996, died in Dusslingen near Tübingen on 24 January 2005, shortly before his 77th birthday. He was born on 6 February 1928 in Paris as a child of painters. Due to wartime difficulties, most of his education was acquired at home. In spite of this, he passed the examination of a high-school prior to his matriculation. Although Schramm's school had a pure classical orientation, (...) he read on his own initiative Euclid in Greek. (shrink)

Die Vorstellung von einer Ewigen Wiederkehr des Gleichen ist uralt. Friedrich Nietzsche hat sie übernommen, radikalisiert und ihre anthropologischen, psychologischen und existenziellen Aspekte ausgelotet, im Nachlass aber auch als naturwissenschaftliche Hypothese formuliert. Nachdem das physikalische Weltbild der Statistischen Mechanik die Ewige Wiederkehr noch zu Nietzsches Lebzeiten denkbar oder sogar wahrscheinlich machte – allerdings unter anderen Prämissen –, geriet sie in der Kosmologie mit der Entdeckung der Expansion und Evolution des Alls spätestens seit den 1960er-Jahren in Misskredit, weil sie mit der (...) Urknall-Hypothese kaum zu vereinbaren schien. Umso überraschender ist es daher, dass in der aktuellen Quantenkosmologie eine zeitliche und/oder räumliche Ewige Wiederkehr erneut unvermeidlich erscheint – jedenfalls im Rahmen mehrerer unabhängiger und überdies konkurrierender kosmologischer Modelle, die die Urknall-Theorie erweitern. (shrink)

In der Erkenntnistheorie führt das von Hans Albert so genannte Münchhausen-Trilemma an die Grenzen von Begründungen und Rechtfertigungen. Da diese immer in einen infiniten Regress, Zirkel oder Abbruch münden, ist absolut sicheres, letztbegründetes Wissen nicht möglich. Neuere Entwicklungen in der Erkenntnistheorie zeigen jedoch, dass sich die Rechtfertigungen unserer Überzeugungen vielleicht doch tiefer fundieren lassen als bislang gedacht, und dass die Erkenntnisgrenzen erweitert und im Hinblick auf skeptische Argumente genauer bestimmt werden können, wenn der epistemologische Internalismus eingeschränkt werden muss. Die Kosmologie (...) und Metaphysik stoßen aufgrund des Münchhausen-Trilemmas ebenfalls an Grenzen. Dies lässt sich an zwei besonders brisanten Fragen kritisch illustrieren (auch wenn die zahlreichen Antwortversuche und Argumente hier nicht im Detail dargestellt werden können): Wie kam es zum Urknall? Und warum ist etwas und nicht vielmehr nichts? Dabei markiert das Münchhausen-Trilemma nicht nur die explanatorischen Probleme, sondern auch die physikalischen und metaphysischen Möglichkeiten: Der infinite Regress entspricht einem ewigen Kosmos (mit womöglich unendlich vielen Urknall-Ereignissen ohne einen allerersten) beziehungsweise einer unaufhörlichen Kontingenz; der Abbruch entspricht einem absoluten Anfang beziehungsweise einem fundamentalen, unhintergehbaren, womöglich metaphysisch notwendigen Prinzip oder einem unerklärlichen Zufall; und der Zirkel entspricht einem kosmologischen Zeitschleifen-Modell beziehungsweise spekulativen metaphysischen Selbstfundierungsprinzipien. Einerseits sind diese Alternativen letztlich alle unbefriedigend, andererseits stellt die undogmatische epistemische Bescheidenheit, die daraus resultieren sollte, zugleich eine wichtige Einsicht dar, die die beste Voraussetzung ist für weitere Forschungen und somit für einen Fortschritt in der wissenschaftlichen und philosophischen Erkundung unserer Welt und unserer Wissensgrenzen. (shrink)

Human beings are masters of deception if they want to appear superior to others and to suggest that they have everything under control (see, e.g., Fingarette 2000, Mele 2000). Such self-delusions might be advantageous, because those are the most successful liars who believe their own lies. Although it seems paradoxical at first (for he who does not tell the untruth intentionally is, strictly speaking, not a liar at all), it rests upon a much more radical self-deception which is quite useful (...) – a systematic and continuous illusion regarding ourselves. Higher-order forms of self-consciousness, namely I-consciousness, are based on a feature which is called a self-model. This is an episodically active representational entity (e.g. a complex activation pattern in a human brain), the contents of which are properties of the system itself. It is embedded and constantly updated in a global model of the world, based on perceptions, memories, innate information etc. (Metzinger 1993). But because self-models cannot represent their own representations as their own representations as their own representations and so on ad infinitum, they are semantically transparent, i.e. on the level of their content they do not contain the information that they are models. Thus, such systems are not able to recognize their self-model as a self-model (Van Gulick 1988). The result is an ego-illusion, which is stable, coherent, and cannot be transcended on the level of conscious experience itself. (shrink)

Die Vorstellung von einer Ewigen Wiederkehr des Gleichen ist uralt. FriedrichNietzsche hat sie übernommen, radikalisiert und vor allem ihre anthropologi-schen, psychologischen und existenziellen Aspekte ausgelotet, im Nachlass aberauch als physikalische Hypothese formuliert. Nachdem das physikalischeWeltbild der Statistischen Mechanik die Ewige Wiederkehr noch zu NietzschesLebzeiten denkbar oder sogar wahrscheinlich machte – allerdings unter anderenPrämissen –, geriet sie in der Kosmologie mit der Entdeckung der Expansionund Evolution des Alls spätestens seit den 1960er-Jahren in Misskredit, weil siemit der Urknall-Hypothese kaum zu vereinbaren schien. (...) Umso überraschenderist es daher, dass in der aktuellen physikalischen Kosmologie eine zeitliche und /oder räumliche Ewige Wiederkehr erneut unvermeidlich erscheint – jedenfallsim Rahmen mehrerer unabhängiger und überdies konkurrierender kosmologi-scher Modelle, die die Urknall-Theorie erweitern. Dies bedeutet auch eine neueAktualität Nietzsches: Der ,Ewige-Wiederkunfts-Gedanke‘ und seine Implika-tionen sind wichtiger denn je für ein Verständnis der Welt, in der wir leben. (shrink)

Wahn und Wirklichkeit lassen sich bekanntlich nicht immer leicht unterscheiden – und ähneln sich bisweilen sogar erschreckend. Auch der Glaube an Verschwörungen ist weit verbreitet und geriert sich gerne als besonders aufgeklärt und skeptisch. Mit dem radikalen Zweifel in der Philosophie hat er aber wenig gemeinsam. Die Interessen sind sogar ganz gegensätzlich. Eine kritische Reflexion von Wert und Wirkung dieser Haltungen ist daher aufschlussreich. Weil Begründungen immer in einen infiniten Regress, Zirkel oder Abbruch münden, ist absolut sicheres Wissen nicht möglich. (...) Neuere Entwicklungen in der Erkenntnistheorie zeigen jedoch, dass sich die Rechtfertigungen unserer Überzeugungen vielleicht doch tiefer fundieren lassen, und dass die Erkenntnisgrenzen erweitert und im Hinblick auf skeptische Argumente genauer bestimmt werden können. Die undogmatische epistemische Bescheidenheit, die daraus resultieren sollte, stellt zugleich eine wichtige Einsicht dar, die die beste Voraussetzung ist für weitere Forschungen und somit für einen Fortschritt in der wissenschaftlichen und philosophischen Erkundung unserer Welt und unserer Wissensgrenzen. (shrink)

Der Band geht zurück auf die Tagung „Der aufrechte Gang im windschiefen Kapitalismus“, die im Januar 2016 in Weimar stattgefunden hat. Ihr Ziel war es, unterschiedliche Traditionen zusammenzuführen, Modelle kritischen Denkens zu vergegenwärtigen und neue Perspektiven der Gesellschaftstheorie zu eröffnen. Die Beiträge widmen sich der Standortbestimmung kritischer Theorien. Sie reflektieren auf ihre Ursprünge, loten ihr zeitdiagnostisches Potential aus und dokumentieren ihren interdisziplinären Charakter. Der „aufrechte Gang“ im Denken bedeutet, sich von der Übermacht des Bestehenden nicht einschüchtern zu lassen, konformistischer Akzeptanz (...) wie irrationaler Sinngebung zu widerstehen und die Möglichkeit des Neuen, die Utopie, wach zu halten. (shrink)

Von Diltheys Konzeption der Geisteswissenschaften als dem philosophischen Bezugspunkt für Literatur und Geistesgeschichte aus zeigen sich Gesichtspunkte, die für aktuelle Fragestellungen wieder interessant sein können. In Diltheys erstem Entwurf stand die Absetzung der Geisteswissenschaften von der Naturwissenschaft im Mittelpunkt. Man kann die Unterschiede, die er hervorhebt, auch als positive Beschreibung der geisteswissenschaftlichen Arbeit auffassen: Geisteswissenschaften sind danach in ihrer Bestimmung auf naturwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen bezogen und für sie offen. Im Unterschied zur Methode der Naturwissenschaft stellen sie aber eine Vielzahl von Vorgehensweisen (...) dar, die im praktischen Leben einer Gesellschaft wurzeln. In diesem Zusammenhang kann man für heutige ›Humanities‹ zum Beispiel Diltheys Hinweise auf ›Verfahren‹ aufnehmen, die der ›Methode‹ in einem praxeologischen Sinne zugrunde liegen und vorausgehen. (shrink)

The first United Nations Millennium Development Goal calls for a distinct reduction of worldwide poverty. It is now widely accepted that the private sector is a crucial partner in achieving this ambitious target. Building on this insight, the ‹Bottom of the Pyramid’ concept provides a framework that highlights the untapped opportunities with the ‹poorest of the poor’, while at the same time acknowledging the abilities and resources of private enterprises for poverty alleviation. This article connects the idea of business with (...) the poor to sustainable development and especially to the notions of inter- and intragenerational justice. These principles of justice can be linked with the ‹Bottom of the Pyramid’ approach directly through the Rawlsian principles to foster holistic thinking. On this basis, the article offers a normative-ethical reasoning of corporations’ possible responsibilities for the poorest of the poor. Today’s state of worldwide inequalities is likely to generate future tensions between the privileged western world and the uncounted mass of poor (let alone the ethical dubiousness of this status). However, it is at the same time problematic if not even impossible to improve the situation of the poor by simply copying the resource intensive western way of living to the ‹Bottom of the Pyramid’ due to the limited carrying capacity of the earth. After highlighting possible moral dilemmas which may occur through such a potential trade off, this article concludes with an outlook on how the concepts ‹Bottom of the Pyramid’ and sustainable development could be combined. (shrink)

'Toward a science of consciousness' conference Skovde, Sweden, August 6-11, 2001.

The influence of the Platonic theory of forms is to be found in nearly all periods in the history of Western philosophy. Much less well known is the fact that in all ages Arabic philosophers also discussed Platonic forms in their written works, although they had no access to Plato s Dialogues. This study analyses how this conception was given doctrinal content without recourse to Plato s works, and presents the relevant Arabic works in German translation for the first time. (...) They offer a first insight into a branch of the reception of Platonism that has not yet been researched, but which is often clearly influenced by Islam.". (shrink)