The heterogeneity of transcranial direct current stimulation protocols and clinical profiles may explain variable results in modulating excitability in the motor cortex after stroke. However, the cortical electrical effects induced by different tDCS protocols remain unclear. Here, we aimed to compare rhythm changes in electroencephalography induced by three tDCS position protocols and the association between tDCS effects and clinical factors in stroke. Nineteen patients with chronic ischemic stroke underwent four experimental sessions with three tDCS protocols [anodal, cathodal, and bilateral ] (...) and a sham protocol, according to a single-blind randomized crossover design. Resting-state EEG was acquired before and after each protocol. First, a paired-sample t-test was used to examine the difference in spectral power between pre- and post-stimulation. Then, linear and quadratic regression models were used separately to describe the association between the clinical factors of stroke and changes in spectral power which was significantly different between pre- and post-tDCS. Finally, repeated measures analysis of variance with lesion hemisphere, stimulation protocol, and the location was performed to investigate the effects of tDCS over time. The induced effect of tDCS was mainly reflected in the alpha rhythms. The alpha power was increased by atDCS, especially low-alpha, in localized areas of the central and distant areas of the frontal and parietal lobes. Bi-tDCS also affected alpha power but in a smaller area that mainly focused on high-alpha rhythms. However, ctDCS and sham had no significant effects on any EEG rhythm. The clinical factors of time since stroke and motor impairment level were related to the change in high-alpha induced by atDCS and bi-tDCS following quadratic regression models. The above-mentioned modulation effect lasted for 20 min without attenuation. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that the alpha rhythm of EEG is modulated differently by different tDCS protocols and that high alpha is affected by clinical characteristics such as post-stroke time and motor deficits, which is of great significance for understanding the modulation effect of different tDCS protocols on stroke and the guidance of protocols to promote motor recovery following stroke. (shrink)

A diffusive predator-prey system with both the additive Allee effect and the fear effect in the prey subject to Neumann boundary conditions is considered in this paper. Firstly, non-negative and non-trivial solution a priori estimations are shown. Furthermore, for specific parameter ranges, the absence of non-constant positive solutions is demonstrated. Secondly, we use the linearized theory to investigate the stability of non-negative constant solutions. The spatially homogeneous and non-homogeneous periodic solutions, as well as non-constant steady state solutions, are next investigated (...) by using Allee effect parameters as the bifurcation parameter. Finally, numerical simulation is used to illustrate some theoretical results. (shrink)

The number of edges in a shortest walk from one vertex to another vertex of a connected graph G is known as the distance between them. For a vertex x and an edge e = a b in G, the minimum number from distances of x with a and b is said to be the distance between x and e. A vertex x is said to distinguish two distinct edges e 1 and e 2 if the distance between x and (...) e 1 is different from the distance between x and e 2. A set X of vertices in a connected graph G is an edge metric generator for G if every two edges of G are distinguished by some vertex in X. The number of vertices in such a smallest set X is known as the edge metric dimension of G. In this article, we solve the edge metric dimension problem for certain classes of planar graphs. (shrink)

The gradation of know-how is a prominent challenge to intellectualism. Know-how is prima facie gradable, whereas know-that is not, so the former is unlikely to be a species of the latter. Recently, Pavese refuted this challenge by explaining the gradation of know-how as concerning either the quantity or the quality of practical answers one knows to a question. Know-how per se remains absolute. This paper argues, however, that in addition to the quantity and quality of practical answers, know-how also differs (...) in how reliably the agent is supposed to fulfil the task given her default constitution. Intellectualism is still troubled by the gradability challenge. (shrink)

张奎良(1937- ),辽宁新民人,中国马克思主义学会常务理事,东北地区马哲史学会会长等.

本书包括四大部分:甲部,哲学史前提的不完备性;乙部,语言的权限;丙部,记忆的承诺;丁部,偶在论。.

本书收录了作者的《问题与思路——一种“注意链”的现象描述》、《语言空间》、《解释学的边界性》等12篇有关研究语言哲学的论文。.

Residents are important participants and stakeholders in destination development. Identifying factors that assist in predicting resident pro-environmental behavior (PEB) may contribute to enhanced sustainability. Based on a traditional Chinese culture, this research constructed a model of resident PEB by introducing pro-environmental destination image (PEDI) and Confucianism as the independent and moderating variables, respectively. The structural equation modeling for 402 residents indicated the model had a satisfactory level of predictive power for PEB. The results showed that: (1) PEDI positively affected residents’ (...) environmental identity, pro-environmental attitudes, and PEB; (2) environmental identity and pro-environmental attitudes completely mediated the impact of PEDI on residents’ PEB; and (3) Confucian culture had a positive U-shaped moderating effect in the relationships among these four variables. Overall, these findings advance the understanding of the formation of PEB in Confucian culture and provide theoretical and practical implications for fostering residents’ PEB. (shrink)

本书采用一图配一文的方式,用白话简明扼要地介绍了孔子及七十二弟子的言行事迹、身份、成就等。.

本书阐述了思想政治工作是一门治党治国的科学、思想政治工作是推动社会生产力发展的可靠保证、思想政治工作的基本任务是培养社会主义新人和调动人们的积极性等10个方面的新课题。.

国家社会科学基金项目中国社会科学院哲学研究所重点项目中国社会科学院哲学研究所出版基金资助项目.

This article assumes that a profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntarily organized to earn a living by openly serving a moral ideal in a morally-permissible way beyond what law, market, morality, and public opinion would otherwise require. Our question is whether the concept of profession may have a far wider range than the term, so that, for example, pointing out that a certain language lacks a word for “profession” in our sense, is not enough to (...) show that those who speak the language also lack the concept. We believe the survey of 71 Chinese reported here begins to answer that question. This article has four parts. The first describes who was interviewed, how, when, and so on. The second describes some important features of the survey’s questions, explaining how the questions track the concept of profession. The third part reports and interprets the results relevant to our question. The forth defends a tentative answer to the question with which we began—arguing the survey supports the claim that China has a profession of engineering. This article should serve as a “proof of concept”, that is, a model for similar studies around the world both of engineering and of other occupations thought to be professions. (shrink)

The Cartesian thesis that some justifications are infallible faces a gradation puzzle. On the one hand, infallible justification tolerates absolutely no possibility for error. On the other hand, infallible justifications can vary in evidential force: e.g. two persons can both be infallible regarding their pains while the one with stronger pain is nevertheless more justified. However, if a type of justification is gradable in strength, why can it always be absolute? This paper explores the potential of this gradation challenge by (...) rejecting Fumerton's recent ‘semantic decision' solution. On Fumerton's suggestion, the putative gradation of infallible justifications is essentially semantic. It concerns only how we use the relevant term but not how well we perceive the truth. Regardless of its intuitive appeal, Fumerton's solution does not cover all the related situations. There is an irreducibly epistemic sense in which infallible justifications vary in degrees. (shrink)

Two sources of possible disagreement in bioethics may be associated with pessimism about what bioethics can achieve. First, pluralism implies that bioethics engages with interlocutors who hold divergent moral beliefs. Pessimists might believe that these disagreements significantly limit the extent to which bioethics can provide normatively robust guidance in relevant areas. Second, the interdisciplinary nature of bioethics suggests that interlocutors may hold divergent views on the nature of bioethics itself—particularly its practicality. Pessimists may suppose that interdisciplinary disagreements could frustrate the (...) goals of bioethics. In this article, I explore how wonder may alleviate the concerns of the first group of pessimists regarding problems associated with pluralism, provided that we are willing to accept some interdisciplinary frustrations. Then, I invite readers of this issue of The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy to test these intuitions by considering the role of wonder in these articles. (shrink)

Ratio, Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 303-311, December 2021.

Screen time has become a hot button issue in psychology with researchers fiercely debating its mental effects. If we want to understand the psychological dynamics of technology use, however, a numerical conceptualization of screen time will lead us to gloss over crucial distinctions. To make this point, the present article takes a hermeneutic approach to a negative form of screen time known as ‘phubbing’, which is the practice of snubbing conversational partners in favor of one’s phone. Using interview data, it (...) is demonstrated that whether or not phone use amounts to phubbing, that is, whether or not it tips over and becomes harmful, depends on a host of contextual factors such as relation (who), content (what), purpose (why), timing (when), and communication (how). These findings demonstrate that not all screen time is created equal: what is harmful and inappropriate in one context is benign in another, and vice versa. Simply put, screen time is not a numerical entity whose causal effects we can measure and explain, but a meaningful activity that we must try to understand. (shrink)

张立文(1935~ ),浙江温州人,中国人民大学哲学系教授、博士生导师,中国传统文化与经济发展研究所所长.

Truth pluralism is the view that there is more than one truth property. The strong version of it (i.e. strong pluralism) further contends that no truth property is shared by all true propositions. In this paper, I help strong pluralism solve two pressing problems concerning mixed discourse: the problem of mixed inferences (PI) and the problem of mixed compounds (PC). According to PI, strong pluralism is incompatible with the truth- preservation notion of validity; according to PC, strong pluralists cannot find (...) any appropriate truth property for mixed compound propositions, whose atomic constituents are from different domains of discourse (e.g., <sky is blue and chocolate is tasty>). I argue that the strong pluralist is motivated to take the truth predicate in truth-involving universal statements to be deflationary to avoid the two pressing problems. Such a move entails that the truth predicate in the platitude of validity (V) for any argument, it is valid if and only if necessarily its conclusion is true when its premises are all true does not denote any substantive truth property. Instead, it is merely an expressive device to help people generalize instances of (V) to (V). Analogous stories hold for the truth predicate in the platitudes of compound (e.g., conjunction). The upshot is that, the strong pluralist can solve PI and PC by further conceding that mixed compounds are true/false in a deflationary way. (shrink)

Unethical research practices are prevalent in China, but little research has focused on the causes of these practices. Drawing on the criminology literature on organisational deviance, as well as the concept of cengceng jiama, which illustrates the increase of pressure in the process of policy implementation within a top-down bureaucratic hierarchy, this article develops an institutional analysis of research misconduct in Chinese universities. It examines both universities and the policy environment of Chinese universities as contexts for research misconduct. Specifically, this (...) article focuses on China’s Double First-Class University Initiative and its impact on elite universities that respond to the policy by generating new incentive structures to promote research quality and productivity as well as granting faculties and departments greater flexibility in terms of setting high promotion criteria concerning research productivity. This generates enormous institutional tensions and strains, encouraging and sometimes even compelling individual researchers who wish to survive to decouple their daily research activities from ethical research norms. This article is written based on empirical data collected from three elite universities as well as a review of policy documents, universities’ internal documents, and news articles. (shrink)

本书收30多篇文章,共分6部分:“中西哲学会通篇”、“审美意识新论篇”、“语言的哲学思考篇”、“人生境界解析篇”、“杂感琐谈篇”和“学术自述篇”。.

本書共分七章，主要是對中國儒家思想的自然觀與日本德川思想界的氣論、自然觀做比較。作者先以橫向的角度，將中國的老莊、王充、孟子、朱子及王陽明，和日本以氣反理的德川儒者做深入的分析與探討；接著再專就日本儒 學思想中「忠」與「孝」的思維典型做耙梳，並以當中的衝突與合一為研究重點，指明陽明學者與兵學者之忠、孝思維的異同。本書秉持「取道日本，回到中國」的精神，為國內學術圈中仍欠缺對話的日本思想史領域，開啟一扇 窗。.

本书从创造和思想两方面,勾勒出西方一段艺术审美的演进过程,并说明这一演进的主导轨迹。内容包括古典时期的艺术与哲学、多元文化下的艺术审美、艺术哲学的体系建构以及艺术走向现代的分流四部分。.

本书研究了和合哲学,内容包括爱智之旅、和合起来、和合历史哲学、和合语言哲学、和合价值哲学、和合艺术哲学、和合哲学的逻辑结构。.

本书探索了民事证据的有关问题。全书介绍了证据适格及证据排除原理、证据裁判主义原理、证据方法原理、证明责任原理、证据规则原理、司法认知原理及民事自认原理等内容。.