Este trabajo se centra en cómo en la España de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII con motivo de la reforma de los estudios teológicos tanto en los Seminarios –necesaria para la mejora de la formación de uno de los principales agentes del propugnado y urgente cambio religioso– como en las Universidades –en las que se quería sustituir la influencia jesuítica por otra más de acorde con las ideas regalistas– se impulsó la creación de las cátedras De locis theologicis, muchas (...) de las cuales debían seguir el tratado de Melchor Cano y otras seguir a otros tratadistas, pero teniendo presente en sus explicaciones la docta obra de Melchor Cano. También se estudiará en la reforma del Plan de Estudios de la Orden de Frailes Predicadores, así como el rechazo que de todo ello tuvo el importante ilustrado valenciano Gregorio Mayans y Ciscar. The work is about how in the Spain of the second half of the 18th century owing to the theological studies reform as much in Seminaries-necessary to the education improvement of one of the main agents of the proposed and urgent religious change-as in Universities-in which it was wanted to substitute the Jesuitical influence for another more appropriate to the regalist ideas– the creation of the Locis theologicis chairs, many of which had to follow Melchor Cano’s treatise, and other chairs had to follow other authors, was promoted; but bearing in mind in their explanations Melchior Cano’s erudite work. Such treatise will also be studied in the reform of the Order of Preacher’ curriculum, as well as the rejection of all that by the important learned Gregorio Mayans y Ciscar, native of Valencia. (shrink)

Este trabajo se centra en cómo en la España de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII con motivo de la reforma de los estudios teológicos tanto en los Seminarios –necesaria para la mejora de la formación de uno de los principales agentes del propugnado y urgente cambio religioso– como en las Universidades –en las que se quería sustituir la influencia jesuítica por otra más de acorde con las ideas regalistas– se impulsó la creación de las cátedras De locis theologicis, muchas (...) de las cuales debían seguir el tratado de Melchor Cano y otras seguir a otros tratadistas, pero teniendo presente en sus explicaciones la docta obra de Melchor Cano. También se estudiará en la reforma del Plan de Estudios de la Orden de Frailes Predicadores, así como el rechazo que de todo ello tuvo el importante ilustrado valenciano Gregorio Mayans y Ciscar. The work is about how in the Spain of the second half of the 18th century owing to the theological studies reform as much in Seminaries-necessary to the education improvement of one of the main agents of the proposed and urgent religious change-as in Universities-in which it was wanted to substitute the Jesuitical influence for another more appropriate to the regalist ideas– the creation of the Locis theologicis chairs, many of which had to follow Melchor Cano’s treatise, and other chairs had to follow other authors, was promoted; but bearing in mind in their explanations Melchior Cano’s erudite work. Such treatise will also be studied in the reform of the Order of Preacher’ curriculum, as well as the rejection of all that by the important learned Gregorio Mayans y Ciscar, native of Valencia. (shrink)

Self-control is deemed crucial for reasons-responsive agency and a key contributor to long-term wellbeing. But recent studies suggest that effortfully resisting one’s temptations does not contribute to long-term goal attainment, and can even be harmful. So how does self-control improve our lives? Finding an answer requires revising the role that overcoming temptation plays in self-control. This paper distinguishes two forms of self-control problems: temptation (the presence of a strong wayward motivation) and apathy (the lack of commitment-advancing motivation). This distinction makes (...) it possible to separate negative self-control (aimed at overcoming temptation) from positive self-control (aimed at overcoming lack of motivation). The paper argues that temptation should not play a central role in our conception of self-control, since overcoming temptation is neither necessary nor sufficient for successful self-control. (shrink)

Although there is increasing recognition that theory and practice in science are often inseparably intertwined, discussions of scientific controversies often continue to focus on theory, and not practice or methodologies. As a contribution to constructing a framework towards understanding controversies linked to scientific practices, we introduce the notion of borrowed epistemic credibility, to describe the situation in which scientists exploit fallacious similarities between accepted tenets in other fields to garner support for a given position in their own field. Our proposal (...) is based on the analysis of a recent controversy in phylogeography, a biological subdiscipline concerned with the study of the historical causes of variation in genetic diversity within species in concrete biogeographical locations. Through a review of the arguments that support the two conflicting phylogeographic schools, we show that ‘theory’ plays essentially no role as a foundation of the controversy, whereas both sides borrow epistemic credibility from sources such as formal logic, similarity of results to those in other scientific areas, the authority of prominent scientists, or the presumed superiority of quantitative vs. verbal reasoning. Our case study underscores the indivisibility of theory and practice and provide a means to re-examine important philosophical issues such as the meaning of inference, rationality, justification, and objectivity in scientific practice. (shrink)

Surely, I persist through time; thus, I must be identical to something that persists through time. But, what is identical to me, which persists through time? First, I argue that we should take reductive materialism and the Lockean view of personal identity seriously. But, these positions appear in tension. Second, I argue a plausible way to reconcile them is to embrace a novel kind of animalism that I call neural animalism. This says that I am identical to my properly functioning (...) brain. (shrink)

“Situational Analysis” (SA) constitutes Popper’s methodological proposal for the social sciences. We argue that notwithstanding Popper’s claim that SA is an attempt to extend the methodology of neoclassical economics to the rest of the social sciences, the former is better interpreted as an extension of his view of the “method” of history to the “theoretical” social sciences. The reason is that, unlike neoclassical economics, Popper’s formulation of SA presupposes that social scientists exhibit a “more complete” view of the “logic of (...) the situation” than individual actors do, on average, which implies that the latter’s knowledge is “partially wrong” or “incomplete.”. (shrink)

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

Obra estructurada en cinco ponencias: la primera acerca de aspectos básicos para el posterior desarrollo de las relaciones ciencia-trascendencia; la segunda sobre la difícil consideración acerca del tiempo; la tercera sobre el papel que desempeña la neurocienca; la cuarta sobre las relaciones de la trascendencia ética con lo científico, y la quinta sobre el sentido de la religión y del cristianismo desde el punto de vista de la ciencia.

The present study aims to apply a program based on Hellison’s Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model (TPSR), traditionally used in Physical Education, to other educational subjects and examine the assessment of the teachers who carried it out during the 2018-2019 school year. The program was applied over eight months of one academic year and during at least 60% of the weekly class hours. Initially, 586 students participated, 429 being experimental subjects with 30 teachers, of whom 16 participated in the (...) interviews carried out, all of them being Secondary Education teachers. We used qualitative methodology through content analysis carried out with ATLAS.ti 7.1.3. The instruments used to collect information were semi-structured recorded group interviews. The conclusion is that the Personal and Social Responsibility Model can be applied to all subjects in the curriculum and is adaptable to any content and type of student body. As a basis for future research, we suggest the application of the model by all teachers involved in the same school year and the participation of students’ families. (shrink)

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza los aspectos fundamentales de la teoría del conocimiento expuestos en el curso dictado por fray Juan de Fuica (OFM), en 1689, en el Colegio San Diego de Alcalá (Santiago de Chile). Presentamos primero una breve descripción de los Comentarios filosóficos del fraile, volumen en el que se incluyen los Comentarios Acerca del alma sobre el que centraremos nuestro estudio. Luego, analizamos la doctrina del conocimiento ad mentem Scoti expuesta en este manuscrito inédito, testimonio exclusivo de la enseñanza (...) filosófica de la época. El principal aporte de este trabajo es visibilizar parte del patrimonio filosófico colonial del país, lo que permitirá futuras investigaciones en esta área de la disciplina. (shrink)

Although there is increasing recognition that theory and practice in science are often inseparably intertwined, discussions of scientific controversies often continue to focus on theory, and not practice or methodologies. As a contribution to constructing a framework towards understanding controversies linked to scientific practices, we introduce the notion of borrowed epistemic credibility, to describe the situation in which scientists exploit fallacious similarities between accepted tenets in other fields to garner support for a given position in their own field. Our proposal (...) is based on the analysis of a recent controversy in phylogeography, a biological subdiscipline concerned with the study of the historical causes of variation in genetic diversity within species in concrete biogeographical locations. Through a review of the arguments that support the two conflicting phylogeographic schools, we show that ‘theory’ plays essentially no role as a foundation of the controversy, whereas both sides borrow epistemic credibility from sources such as formal logic, similarity of results to those in other scientific areas, the authority of prominent scientists, or the presumed superiority of quantitative vs. verbal reasoning. Our case study underscores the indivisibility of theory and practice and provide a means to re-examine important philosophical issues such as the meaning of inference, rationality, justification, and objectivity in scientific practice. (shrink)

In a recent article published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, David DeGrazia criticized the two pivotal assumptions that underlie President Bush’s policy on funding stem cell research. Those assumptions are that we originate as single-cell zygotes at the time of conception and that we have full moral status as soon as we originate.In this paper, I would like to concentrate on the first of those assumptions and show in light of recent findings in embryological development that DeGrazia’s (...) criticisms have to be rejected. I shall save my discussion of DeGrazia’s critique of the second assumption for a later article that can take into account DeGrazia’s further elaboration of his position. (shrink)

Este trabajo ha sido seleccionado de entre los participantes en la VI Olimpiada de Filosofía que organiza FICUM en la modalidad de secundaria y bachillerato, para promocionar la filosofía entre los jóvenes.

We develop a new metaphor account where metaphors become surrogate variables for different but related phenomena. As we will argue, subrogation is the result of the interplay between the things inspired by the metaphor and the empirical dynamics that result from such inspiration. In particular, we focus on adaptive radiation, a major concept of evolutionary biology. Our study suggests that there is no distinct phenomenon, process, or pattern in nature than can be identified as adaptive radiation. What we have instead (...) is a grouping variable that has surrogated different evolutionary phenomena into one expansive label. We believe this analysis of metaphors helps better understand the value of metaphors for science not only as a provider of epistemic and cognitive virtues but most importantly, as a crucial research tool that can both help and divert scientific experimentation. (shrink)

Philosophical treatments of scientific controversies usually focus on theory, excluding important practice related aspects. However, scientists in conflict often appeal to extra-theoretical and extra-empirical elements. To understand better the role that non-empirical elements play in scientific controversies, we introduce the notion of borrowed epistemic credibility, illustrating our proposal with a recent controversy in a field of evolutionary biology known as phylogeography. Our analysis shows how scientific controversies that spring from disagreements about methodological issues potentially involve deeper debates regarding what constitutes (...) good science, prompting the re-examination of more general issues, such as the nature of inference, rationality, and objectivity. (shrink)

Por años, se consideró a las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo como la principal y más grande insurgencia armada, enemigo número uno del Estado. Así mismo, desde 2012 se adelantó un proceso de diálogo y negociación política entre el gobierno colombiano y dichas fuerzas, que tuvo como resultado poner fin a la confrontación militar de más de seis décadas y habilitar un camino de reformas y apertura democrática para esta organización. Son muchos los factores que explican que la (...) posibilidad real del cese definitivo al fuego entre el establecimiento y las farc-ep haya sido exitosa. Sin embargo, la derrota estratégica de la primera guerrilla colombiana es la menos explorada y de escasos resultados en el subcampo del análisis político. Que la guerrilla de las farc-ep haya ingresado a un proceso de reincorporación no solo se explica por un desgaste obvio de la guerra, o una ventana de oportunidad a la salida política negociada, sino también porque en el plano político-militar hubo un escenario desfavorable que no se logró superar. El presente artículo es el resultado de un estudio con base en el enfoque de análisis de coyuntura, que reconoce un horizonte relacional y estratégico de la acción político-militar que comprende la identificación de actores, acontecimientos, escenarios, correlación de fuerzas y relación estructura-coyuntura a partir de la revisión bibliográfica de expertos y el Centro de Investigación en Memoria Histórica Militar, adscrito al Ministerio de Defensa. (shrink)

El artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de los últimos parágrafos de la Vida de Pirrón de Diógenes Laercio (9.107-8) y de un capítulo del Adversus ethicos de Sexto Empírico ( _M_ 11.[5].141-67). Los resultados de este análisis harán plausible la hipótesis de una fuente común, reproducida parcialmente en DL, pero elaborada y refinada en Sexto. En ambos textos son centrales las nociones de fin y de elección. Se presentan las diferencias entre ambos textos entorno a la primera, y las tensiones (...) internas co munes que implica el tratamiento de la segunda. (shrink)

El artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de los últimos parágrafos de la Vida de Pirrón de Diógenes Laercio y de un capítulo del Adversus ethicos de Sexto Empírico. Los resultados de este análisis harán plausible la hipótesis de una fuente común, reproducida parcialmente en DL, pero elaborada y refinada en Sexto. En ambos textos son centrales las nociones de fin y de elección. Se presentan las diferencias entre ambos textos entorno a la primera, y las tensiones internas comunes que implica (...) el tratamiento de la segunda. The article provides a comparative analysis of the final paragraphs of Diogenes Laertius' Life of Pyrrho and a chapter from the Adversus ethicos by Sextus Empiricus. The results of the analysis make plausible the hypothesis regarding a common source, partially reproduced in DL, but elaborated on and refined in Sextus. The notions of end and choice are central in both texts. The paper presents the differences between the texts regarding the former and the common internal tensions entailed by treatment of the latter. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este artículo es mostrar que determinadas tesis del filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben, especialmente sus argumentos sobre la soberanía biopolítica occidental, la pérdida de experiencia y la idea de uso, son relevantes para reflexionar sobre algunas limitaciones y posibilidades impensadas de la institución educativa. Con este objetivo, se presentan algunas de las ideas nucleares de sus libros Homo sacer, El reino y la gloria, Infancia e historia y El uso de los cuerpos. Finalmente, se sugiere un (...) posible uso de las tesis de Agamben para enriquecer el sentido de la actividad educativa. Este artículo presupone la convicción de que los abstractos y críticos argumentos filosóficos pueden ser útiles para contribuir a perfeccionar instituciones como la educación porque aportan una perspectiva que trasciende los legítimos requerimientos y responsabilidades que demandan soluciones meramente instrumentales.: The main objective of this article is to show that certain theses by the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, especially his arguments about Western biopolitical sovereignty, loss of experience and the idea of use, are relevant in order to reflect on some unthinking limitations and possibilities of educational institution. To this end, some of the core ideas of his books Homo sacer, The Kingdom and the Glory, Infancy and History and The Use of Bodies are presented. Finally, it is suggested a possible use of Agamben’s theses to enrich the sense of educational activity. This article presupposes the conviction that abstract and critical philosophical arguments can be useful to contribute to perfecting institutions such as education because they provide a perspective that transcends the legitimate requirements and responsibilities that demand merely instrumental solutions. (shrink)

En el marco de los estándares profesionalizantes de la academia, con sus “rankings” y productividad científica, las humanidades subsisten. Una explicación de este fenómeno es que, según la ontología social, las razones para la acción independiente de deseos son piezas clave en la educación. Por ello, dichas razones, que constituyen obligaciones, también serían claves para el desarrollo de las humanidades. Aquí examino de qué forma el individualismo y la competencia tensionan la dinámica entre deseos y obligaciones. Ciertamente, el mercado valora (...) más la satisfacción de deseos que la teorización sobre la intencionalidad colectiva y su producto: la civilización humana. (shrink)

This paper discusses how Switzerland is branded by the Swiss state under late capitalism. Drawing on discursive data collected in the framework of a research project investigating the international promotion of Switzerland, I particularly focus on how multilingualism and cultural diversity are constructed by the Swiss government as a capital belonging to Switzerland and its history and on how and why this imagined historical capital is reframed in promotional terms. In doing so, I question the function of the historicity of (...) Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity in nation branding practices and analyze the logics causing specific tokens of multilingualism and cultural diversity to emerge as desirable promotional features. Finally, I research how the promotional investment in Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity affects the status and value of its historical capital and how this has consequences for what can be said about Switzerland and its history. (shrink)

A imagem sugestiva "retorno do outro" ajuda a indicar o modo como a alteridade interpela no actual contexto de globalização. Esse "outro", o grande ausente da maior parte da história da filosofia ocidental, aparece com força renovada (ou, pelo menos, resiste aos embates da homo-geneização) frente à lógica económica, política e cultural, que pretende anulá-lo na imposição uniforme de um estilo de vida. O seu "retorno" abre possibilidades em várias perspectivas. Aqui apenas esboçamos o que significou este "retorno do outro" (...) na irrupção do pensamento intersubjectivo, bem como as possibilidades que abre para a relação intercultural. The suggestive image, "turn to the other", gives an indication of how alterity challenges the current context of globalisation- This "other" is the great absent in the greater part of the history of Western philosophy. It appears with renovated strength (or at least resists the pressures of homogenisation) in the face of the economic, political, and cultural logic that seeks to annul it through the uniform imposition of a given lifestyle. Its return opens possibilities of varying kinds. Here we wish only to sketch the meaning of this "turn to the other" in the irruption of the inter-subjective thought and possibilities it opens for intercultural relations. (shrink)

La reciente recuperación del concepto de don ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia del aspecto cultural en la vida de los hombres, lo que está contribuyendo a la configuración de un enfoque económico sustentado en una antropología más robusta y realista, que no gira en torno al individuo sino a la sociabilidad humana, sustentada en la familia. La transformación de la naturaleza que tiene lugar en las culturas no sería posible sin la capacidad del hombre de descubrir las posibilidades que (...) están ocultas dentro de ella, y que hace patente con la aportación de su trabajo, mediante el cual pone en acto lo más valioso de su acto de ser: su libertad, su capacidad de conocer y amar. Desde una antropología de la economía, este trabajo pretende aportar a la reflexión sobre los fundamentos y el sentido de la actividad económica. (shrink)

En este artículo se afirma que la idea de ‘virtual’ o de ‘virtualidad’ pertenece a una perspectiva teórica que pretende explicar los componentes del fenómeno de la sociedad tecnológica de hoy en día. En primer lugar, la perspectiva digital es explicada en su estructura ontológica básica: códigos binarios que organizan un set de elementos físicos o un hardware de acuerdo con reglas lógicas. Por ende, la idea de sociedad en red, comunicación virtual y seres humanos digitales son conceptos que no (...) aprehenden realmente el problema de la tecnología digital en nuestra sociedad. Una perspectiva digital asume la necesidad de entender la tecnología digital en su funcionamiento físico, lo que permite una representación completa del problema y permite el análisis crítico subsecuente de la perspectiva virtual. En segundo lugar, la perspectiva virtual es analizada desde la perspectiva digital hasta en sus principales suposiciones metafísicas: la simulación, como un ideal moral presupuesto, y la funcionalidad, como una idea instrumental presupuesta. Finalmente, la conclusión explica las posibilidades dadas por la perspectiva digital en aras de asumir nuevos retos en el universo digital, en contraste con una perspectiva virtual que podría pre-limitar dichas posibilidades para que necesidades previas sean satisfechas. Por ende, este artículo, antes que mostrar un argumento bien definido, exhorta a la reorientación de nuestras nociones acerca de lo virtual y de lo digital. (shrink)

Las tres novelas escogidas responden a la decadencia económica de Valparaíso a mediados del siglo XX al representar el espacio y la sociedad, así como los afectos predominantes: Valparaíso, puerto de nostalgia de Salvador Reyes, se sitúa en el Plan de la ciudad y fluctúa entre la idealización nostálgica de la burguesía inglesa y la bohemia del presente; Hijo de ladrón de Manuel Rojas y El mundo herido de Armando Méndez Carrasco, privilegian, en cambio, el espacio de los cerros y (...) transitan hacia un período de duelo frente al tiempo perdido, actualizando, respectivamente, los valores ilustrados y la comunidad tradicional. (shrink)