Este artículo es una revisión a la crítica que hace Hegel a la concepción de la naturaleza que subyace a la filosofía teórica y práctica de Fichte. En el escrito “Diferencia entre los Sistemas de Filosofía de Fichte y Schelling” (1801), Hegel dirige la reflexión hacia la relación de dominio y sometimiento que establece la filosofía de Fichte entre razón y naturaleza respectivamente. Tanto así, que ésta se convierte en la base de la deducción del derecho natural, que tiene como (...) propósito mostrar la posibilidad de la autoconciencia y, con ésta, la de la comunidad humana en general. Hegel muestra que esta deducción de Fichte es contradictoria, y desde su crítica planteará un nuevo concepto de naturaleza. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis comparativo de las concepciones fundamentales de la “autoconciencia” de J. G. Fichte y G. H Mead. Tal análisis busca demostrar, como tesis central, que ambas concepciones convergen en la configuración de una idea del sujeto autoconsciente en la que la interacción intersubjetiva se pone a la base de condición de posibilidad del “yo” (Fichte) o del “sí mismo” (Mead). Esta demostración obliga a explicitar los modelos de intersubjetividad que subyacen a (...) las respectivas nociones de autoconciencia, representados, en el caso de Fichte, en la teoría de la “exhortación” y, en Mead, en la teoría de la “asunción de roles”. En esta exploración se busca poner de manifiesto que ambas nociones describen un orden de la intersubjetividad práctica en virtud de la significación normativa contenida en ambos modelos, es decir, en virtud de las actitudes y comportamientos que exigen de los sujetos para toda relación intersubjetiva lograda. Esta significación normativa permite apropiarse finalmente del sentido último que encierran ambas nociones de la autoconciencia: el que ésta es, para ambos pensadores, un fenómeno posible sólo por la mediación social que le precede y en la que se halla originariamente inmersa. (shrink)

En el presente artículo intentamos una reconstrucción del significado que presenta para Hegel el fenómeno del deseo en el contexto de la exposición de la figura de la "Autoconciencia" en la Fenomenología del Espíritu. Defendemos la tesis de que el deseo representa propiamente la esencia negativa de la autoconciencia, ya que es en tanto deseante como ella pretende alcanzar la afirmación de sí frente a un mundo -natural y humano- que carece de independencia y sentido propios. Con este fin, nos (...) ocupamos de determinar la naturaleza dialéctica que caracteriza al sujeto deseante frente a la otredad y diferenciamos tres momentos fundamentales en la estructura del deseo: desde las experiencias más inmediatas o naturales hasta las más elaboradas o espiritualizadas, las que se resuelven en el deseo de reconocimiento como deseo ya no de un "objeto" sino de otro "yo". In this paper we attempt a reconstruction of the meaning that presents for Hegel the phenomenon of desire in the context of the exposition of the figure of "self-consciousness" in the Phenomenology of Spirit. We defend the thesis that the desire itself represents the negative essence of self-consciousness, and it is as desirous as it aims to achieve self-assertion in a -natural and human- world lacking of independence and own sense. To this end, we determine the dialectic nature that characterizes the desiring subject against otherness and we differentiate three key moments in the structure of desire, from the most immediate or natural experiences to the most elaborate or spiritualized, which are resolved in the desire for recognition as the desire not of an "object" but another "self". (shrink)

RESUMEN Este artículo se ocupa de la doctrina del reconocimiento que Hobbes dejó claramente insinuada a lo largo de sus escritos políticos. Para ello, aborda la exposición sistemática del canon de "leyes naturales" que elaborara Hobbes en obras como Elementos de Derecho Natural y Político, Tratado sobre el Ciudadano y Leviatán. Nuestra tesis de fondo es que la exposición de estas leyes, llamadas también por Hobbes "leyes morales", lleva al autor a postular la idea de que la "igualdad natural" de (...) los hombres, por la cual entiende la igualdad de derechos, no ya la igualdad de poder, solo se ve asegurada en la medida en que los individuos se reconozcan intersubjetivamente como portadores de los mismos derechos que, en tanto que hombres, les pertenecen. La tesis señalada pretende evidenciar que, contrario a lo que expone la lectura tradicional de Hobbes, que se concentra en la índole absolutista del poder, Hobbes remonta la posibilidad misma de la vida civil y política, no ya a mediación del Estado absoluto y su poder coercitivo, sino al reconocimiento intersubjetivo de los derechos, el cual obtiene su fuerza normativa de la conciencia moral de cada hombre. Este artículo se propone mostrar que con su postulado Hobbes logra esbozar una protomoral del reconocimiento que repercutiría en el discurso filosófico de la modernidad. Este propósito es uno con el de mostrar las dificultades, las tensiones y los límites del planteamiento hobbesiano. ABSTRACT This paper deals with the doctrine of recognition that Hobbes clearly implied throughout his political writings. To this end, it deals with the systematic exposition of the canon of "natural laws" that Hobbes elaborated in works such as Elements of Natural and Political Law, Treatise on the Citizen and the Leviathan. Our underlying thesis is that the exposition of these laws, also called "moral laws" by Hobbes, leads the author to postulate the idea that the "natural equality" of men, by which he understands equality of rights, not equality of power, is only assured to the extent that individuals are intersubjectively recognized as bearers of the same rights that, as men, belong to them. This thesis seeks to show that, contrary to the traditional reading of Hobbes, which concentrates on the absolutist nature of power, Hobbes traces the very possibility ofcivil and political life, not to the mediation of the absolute State and its coercive power, but to the intersubjective recognition of rights, which obtains its normative force from the moral conscience of each man. The present article intends to show that with its postulate, Hobbes manages to outline a protomoral of recognition, which would not remain without repercussion in the philosophical discourse of modernity. This purpose is one with the one to show the difficulties, the tensions and the limits of the Hobbesian approach. (shrink)

Este trabajo intenta una aproximación a los orígenes de la dialéctica hegeliana. La tesis que se busca desarrollar es la de que tales orígenes descansarían en la especulación del joven Hegel en torno a la idea del amor. Desde el punto de vista filosófico esta reflexión representa el primer intento del joven Hegel por abordar dialécticamente el problema de la contradicción entre amor y reflexión, amor y objetividad, subjetividad y objetividad, vida infinita y vida finita.

La formación (Bildung) del Espíritu Filosófico -tal como es desarrollada en el Prólogo a la Fenomenología-, constituye un llamado a asumir el esfuerzo del concepto. Esta tesis es desarrollada por el autor en dos etapas. En primer lugar, se plantea la exigencia de establecer una relación inmanente con el objeto, es decir, expresar la necesidad de su movimiento, pues para Hegel tanto el objeto de la filosofía como su concepto están estrechamente ligados a la vida; en esta primera parte, la (...) filosofia de Hegel constituye una dura crítica al formalismo kantiano. En segundo lugar, Hegel concibe la filosofia como trabajo -cuya experiencia fundamental es el extrañamiento (Entfremdung)-, el cual expresa la finitud propia de la racionalidad humana. A partir de esta última tesis Hegel emprende, por una parte, una critica del entusiasmo propio del movimiento romántico y, por otra parte, de la intuición como compresión inmediata de todo lo que es. (shrink)

Resumen: Se busca examinar, en los textos de Hegel anteriores a la Fenomenología del Espíritu, la forma como la lucha por el reconocimiento se relaciona con la configuración de la eticidad absoluta, es decir, con el estado en el cual el individuo es reconocido, tanto por otro singular, como por la c..

En este artículo nos proponemos explicitar la doble significación que presenta el concepto de reconocimiento en la teoría psico-social del sí mismo que expone G. H. Mead en su texto fundamental Espíritu, Sí Mismo y Sociedad (1973) La tesis de fondo es la de que esta distinción apunta, a su vez, a una doble forma de realización del individuo, gracias a la cual éste deviene como sujeto reconocido como portador de derechos en el todo de la comunidad a la que (...) pertenece (socialización), y como individuo dueño de una peculiaridad o superioridad funcional que se ven reconocidas en el proceso de relacionarse con los otros (individuación). En una conclusión final se pone de manifiesto el modelo de sociedad que subyace a esta distinción en el planteamiento de Mead. Palabras clave: Comunicación, autoconciencia, reconocimiento, “mí”, “yo”, autorrealización. (shrink)

Este artículo es una revisión a la crítica que hace Hegel a la concepción de la naturaleza que subyace a la filosofía teórica y práctica de Fichte. En el escrito “Diferencia entre los Sistemas de Filosofía de Fichte y Schelling” (1801), Hegel dirige la reflexión hacia la relación de dominio y sometimiento que establece la filosofía de Fichte entre razón y naturaleza respectivamente. Tanto así, que ésta se convierte en la base de la deducción del derecho natural, que tiene como (...) propósito mostrar la posibilidad de la autoconciencia y, con ésta, la de la comunidad humana en general. Hegel muestra que esta deducción de Fichte es contradictoria, y desde su crítica planteará un nuevo concepto de naturaleza. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis comparativo de las concepciones fundamentales de la “autoconciencia” de J. G. Fichte y G. H Mead. Tal análisis busca demostrar, como tesis central, que ambas concepciones convergen en la configuración de una idea del sujeto autoconsciente en la que la interacción intersubjetiva se pone a la base de condición de posibilidad del “yo” (Fichte) o del “sí mismo” (Mead). Esta demostración obliga a explicitar los modelos de intersubjetividad que subyacen a (...) las respectivas nociones de autoconciencia, representados, en el caso de Fichte, en la teoría de la “exhortación” y, en Mead, en la teoría de la “asunción de roles”. En esta exploración se busca poner de manifiesto que ambas nociones describen un orden de la intersubjetividad práctica en virtud de la significación normativa contenida en ambos modelos, es decir, en virtud de las actitudes y comportamientos que exigen de los sujetos para toda relación intersubjetiva lograda. Esta significación normativa permite apropiarse finalmente del sentido último que encierran ambas nociones de la autoconciencia: el que ésta es, para ambos pensadores, un fenómeno posible sólo por la mediación social que le precede y en la que se halla originariamente inmersa. (shrink)

El artículo trata la participación electoral en Antioquia durante los primeros años de vida republicana, con el fin de establecer el alcance de la apertura política propiciada por la puesta en práctica de la denominada soberanía popular. Se enfoca en los sufragantes parroquiales y en los electores, así como en los debates sobre méritos para acceder a cargos de representación, con el objetivo de mostrar la vigencia de antiguos poderes y valores en un ámbito político inédito creado por la influencia (...) de las ideas republicanas y liberales. (shrink)

Se busca reconstruir los posibles pasos seguidos por Hegel en el camino a la Fenomenología del Espíritu. Se asumen las variantes históricas que se presentan en aquel recorrido, y se trata de determinar el sentido y la relación que éstas guardan con la consolidación filosófica de la obra. En ambos as..

This paper seeks to reconstruct the possible steps followed by Hegel toward his Phenomenology of Mind. Taking into account the historical variants of the process, this paper will try to determine the meaning and the relationship between these variants and the philosophical consolidation of the book. The development of the text does not follow a linear evolution, but rather shows unexpected but comprehensible continuities and ruptures. These contingencies will be decisive for some of the main formulations of the book itself, (...) showing it as a “result” in the more Hegelian sense of the word: as that which is intrinsically linked to its becoming. (shrink)

The beginning of university life can be a stressful event for students. The close social relationships that they can experience can have positive effects on their well-being. The objective of this paper is to estimate the effect of perceived social support on the changes of the hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of Chilean university students during the transition from the first to the second academic year. Overall, 205 students participated with an average age of 19.14 years, evaluated during their first academic (...) year and the succeeding one. For the evaluation of perceived social support, the Spanish version of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire “MSPSS” was used, and PERMA-profiler was used to measure hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Changes through the time of hedonic well-being and social support and the correlations between the variables were analyzed. Changes in the perception of social support were analyzed according to four categories of hedonic well-being. The prediction of social support for eudaimonic well-being was evaluated. Results indicated that the perception of students’ social support did not change over time. Statistically significant differences were found in hedonic well-being scores in the two measurements, being significantly higher in the first measurement than in the second one. More than 50% of the participants presented a positive balance of affections. The perception of social support is associated with the two types of well-being. Students who had a high balance of affections had a greater perception of general social support than the groups of positive evolution of affections and a low balance of affections. In the case of the friends and family support dimensions, the perception in the high-balance group of affections concerning the low-scale group is greater. Improving the perception of social support increases the eudaimonic well-being of university students. The perception of support that students had during the beginning of their university life benefits their general well-being, which contributes to their mental health. (shrink)

Un examen panorámico de la obra literaria de Pedro Gómez Valderrama sugiere una esporádica alusión al arte visual. Sin embargo, una revisión detenida de la misma permite ver que el escritor planteó en sus textos una auténtica mirada sobre el arte a partir de la relación historia-literatura. Este artículo presenta un análisis de uno de sus cuentos en el que se puede identificar claramente el tema artístico a través del uso de la ecfrasis literaria. Así, se hace referencia a la (...) pintura de Mazepa y a cómo el escritor juega con la ambigüedad mítica del personaje real, aprovechando el aspecto histórico, el carácter romántico de la obra pictórica y la construcción literaria. (shrink)

ch. 1. Filosofii︠a︡ russkikh revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ionnykh demokratov i estestvoispytateleĭ.

In this book, Carlos Montemayor and Harry Haladjian consider the relationship between consciousness and attention. The cognitive mechanism of attention has often been compared to consciousness, because attention and consciousness appear to share similar qualities. But, Montemayor and Haladjian point out, attention is defined functionally, whereas consciousness is generally defined in terms of its phenomenal character without a clear functional purpose. They offer new insights and proposals about how best to understand and study the relationship between consciousness and attention (...) by examining their functional aspects. The book's ultimate conclusion is that consciousness and attention are largely dissociated. -/- Undertaking a rigorous analysis of current empirical and theoretical work on attention and consciousness, Montemayor and Haladjian propose a spectrum of dissociation—a framework that identifies the levels of dissociation between consciousness and attention—ranging from identity to full dissociation. They argue that conscious attention, the focusing of attention on the contents of awareness, is constituted by overlapping but distinct processes of consciousness and attention. Conscious attention, they claim, evolved after the basic forms of attention, increasing access to the richest kinds of cognitive contents. -/- Montemayor and Haladjian's goal is to help unify the study of consciousness and attention across the disciplines. A focused examination of conscious attention will, they believe, enable theoretical progress that will further our understanding of the human mind. (shrink)

El artículo con el título “Acerca de los progymnasmata” firmado con el nombre de Diony González Rendón fue publicado en la revista Escritos, vol. 16, No. 36 (enero-junio de 2008), pp. 260-282. Después de su publicación el día 10 de 0ctubre de 2012, el profesor Jose Antonio Fernández Delgado comunicó a la jefatura de la editorial UPB que este artículo era de su autoría y consideraba que era un plagio. En consecuencia, el profesor Delgado procedió a adjuntar las evidencias (...) necesarias para determinar que se ha había incurrido en un plagio por parte del señor Diony Gonzalez, de la obra titulada: “Influencia literaria de los progymnásmata” publicado en el libro J. A. Fernández Delgado, F. Pordomingo & A. Stramaglia (Eds.), Escuela y literatura en Grecia Antigua, Cassino 2007, pp. 273-306, libro que recoge los trabajos presentados en el simposio internacional que tuvo lugar en la Universidad de Salamanca del 17 al 19 de noviembre de 2004. Dicho libro se terminó de imprimir en mayo de 2007, según consta en sus datos de copy rightajun. (shrink)

This research focuses on the Turkish government’s communications with the international community with regard to Syrian refugees. I use the Discourse Historical Approach to reveal and compare the discursive strategies that the official Turkish news agency has used as part of its public diplomacy efforts in their mass communication efforts regarding Syrian refugees during the last 8 years. The results reveal how a humanitarian issue such as the plight of refugees might be employed to establish a government’s political position, affirm (...) its involvement and influence public opinion about a conflict that exceeds national boundaries and has turned into a challenge for international dominance involving world superpowers. The topics highlighted in the Turkish news reports and the argumentations that these reports put forward reveal that the Turkish government is highly critical of the international community, especially Western powers, for not fulfilling their humanitarian responsibilities. This specific criticism from Turkey regarding its outsized role in hosting refugees has become a leverage point to claim a place in the decision table about the future of Syria. (shrink)

Abu Bakr Razi, one of the important Islamic philosophers who produced thoughts on how to protect the physical and spiritual health of people, states that there is a close connection between the psychological well-being of people and their moral competence in his philosophical treatises on morality. In this article, Razi's moral thoughts on getting rid of sadness and healing spiritually are discussed in connection with the vital troubles of the modern individual. The main purpose of the article is to discuss (...) the possible contributions to the individual of approaching the problematics shaped by the dominant paradigm of the era in which the modern individual lives in line with Razi's thoughts on the improvement of morality. The importance of this study stems from the fact that Razi tries to analyze her spirituality-oriented philosophical thoughts in the context of the existential dilemmas of the modern individual who has strayed from the sacred, forgotten the purpose of existence, and identifies happiness with materiality. In the article, it is concluded that the moral thoughts of Razi, who put the Transcendent One at the center of her philosophy and act with the guidance of reason, are valuable philosophical thoughts that can guide today's modern individuals as well as her contemporaries. (shrink)

Grounded in institutional theory, this study provides an overview of the corporate social responsibility initiatives of Turkey's 30 largest corporations through a thematic content analysis. The study focuses on the G-20 member Turkey and investigates the influence of isomorphism mechanisms on the adoption of CSR initiatives in a developing country context. The aim of this study is to integrate Carroll's CSR dimensions, the type of CSR engagement and coercive, mimetic and normative isomorphism mechanisms proposed by institutional theory. Through this integration (...) the study makes a unique contribution to the literature by providing a different perspective. Findings reveal industry characteristics do not influence the selection of CSR initiatives. While business-to-business companies focus on CSR activities linked to their core business functions, business-to-consumer companies focus on CSR initiatives that are more discretionary, varied and philanthropic. In addition, findings show that multinational corporations implement CSR initiatives at the global level rather than focusing on local needs. (shrink)

La semiótica del arte es un campo de estudio que implica, más allá de los análisis formales, la revisión de aspectos y operaciones semióticas que solo son comprensibles desde un modelo tríadico. En este sentido, este texto examina las implicaciones del pensamiento de Charles Sanders Peirce en la semiótica del arte contemporáneo. Para eso, revisa sus principales aportes, presenta algunos de los estudios nucleares sobre la interpretación del arte desde la semiótica, y examina las nociones centrales de la teoría de (...) Peirce que constituyen aportes originales para una semiótica del arte contemporáneo. (shrink)

The main thesis of this paper is that two prevailing theories about cognitive penetration are too extreme, namely, the view that cognitive penetration is pervasive and the view that there is a sharp and fundamental distinction between cognition and perception, which precludes any type of cognitive penetration. These opposite views have clear merits and empirical support. To eliminate this puzzling situation, we present an alternative theoretical approach that incorporates the merits of these views into a broader and more nuanced explanatory (...) framework. A key argument we present in favor of this framework concerns the evolution of intentionality and perceptual capacities. An implication of this argument is that cases of cognitive penetration must have evolved more recently and that this is compatible with the cognitive impenetrability of early perceptual stages of processing information. A theoretical approach that explains why this should be the case is the consciousness and attention dissociation framework. The paper discusses why concepts, particularly issues concerning concept acquisition, play an important role in the interaction between perception and cognition. (shrink)

The definitive account of Aristotle's life and school This definitive biography shows that Aristotle's philosophy is best understood on the basis of a firm knowledge of his life and of the school he founded. First published in Italian, and now translated, updated, and expanded for English readers, this concise chronological narrative is the most authoritative account of Aristotle's life and his Lyceum available in any language. Gathering, distilling, and analyzing all the evidence and previous scholarship, Carlo Natali, one of the (...) world's leading Aristotle scholars, provides a masterful synthesis that is accessible to students yet filled with evidence and original interpretations that specialists will find informative and provocative. Cutting through the controversy and confusion that have surrounded Aristotle's biography, Natali tells the story of Aristotle's eventful life and sheds new light on his role in the foundation of the Lyceum. Natali offers the most detailed and persuasive argument yet for the view that the school, an important institution of higher learning and scientific research, was designed to foster a new intellectual way of life among Aristotle's followers, helping them fulfill an aristocratic ideal of the best way to use the leisure they enjoyed. Drawing a wealth of connections between Aristotle's life and thinking, Natali demonstrates how the two are mutually illuminating. For this edition, ancient texts have been freshly translated on the basis of the most recent critical editions; indexes have been added, including a comprehensive index of sources and an index to previous scholarship; and scholarship that has appeared since the book's original publication has been incorporated. (shrink)

Winner of the 2000-2002 outstanding publication award of the Section on Environment and Technology of the American Sociological Association.Risk as we now know ...

This paper extends earlier work by its authors on formal aspects of the processes of contracting a theory to eliminate a proposition and revising a theory to introduce a proposition. In the course of the earlier work, Gardenfors developed general postulates of a more or less equational nature for such processes, whilst Alchourron and Makinson studied the particular case of contraction functions that are maximal, in the sense of yielding a maximal subset of the theory (or alternatively, of one of (...) its axiomatic bases), that fails to imply the proposition being eliminated. In the present paper, the authors study a broader class, including contraction functions that may be less than maximal. Specifically, they investigate "partial meet contraction functions", which are defined to yield the intersection of some nonempty family of maximal subsets of the theory that fail to imply the proposition being eliminated. Basic properties of these functions are established: it is shown in particular that they satisfy the Gardenfors postulates, and moreover that they are sufficiently general to provide a representation theorem for those postulates. Some special classes of partial meet contraction functions, notably those that are "relational" and "transitively relational", are studied in detail, and their connections with certain "supplementary postulates" of Gardenfors investigated, with a further representation theorem established. (shrink)

One of the world's most renowned theoretical physicists, Carlo Rovelli has entranced millions of readers with his singular perspective on the cosmos. In Helgoland, Rovelli examines the enduring enigma of quantum theory. The quantum world Rovelli describes is as beautiful as it is unnerving. Helgoland is a treeless island in the North Sea where the 21-year-old Werner Heisenberg first developed quantum theory, setting off a century of scientific revolution. Full of alarming ideas (ghost waves, distant objects that seem to be (...) magically connected, cats that appear both dead and alive), quantum physics has led to countless discoveries and technological advancements. Today our understanding of the world is based on this theory, yet it is still profoundly mysterious. As scientists and philosophers continue to fiercly debate the theory's meaning, Rovelli argues that its most unsettling contradictions can be explained by seeing the world as fundamentally made of relationships, not substances. We and everything around us exist only in our interactions with one another. This bold idea suggests new directions for understanding the structure of reality and even the nature of consciousness. Rovelli makes learning about quantum mechanics an almost psychedelic experience. Shifting our perspective once again, he takes us on a riveting journey through the universe so we can better understand our place in it. (shrink)