Results for ' language contact'

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  1.  7
    Modern Reorganization and Language Contact of the Chinese Vocabulary System.Guowei Shen - 2022 - Cultura 19 (1):137-162.
    After entering the 20th century, great changes have taken place in the Chinese language, especially in terms of vocabulary. This change is not a simple increase in the number of words, but reflects a paradigm shift. The change involves not only nouns, but also a large number of verbs and adjectives, which this article calls “modern reconstruction of vocabulary system”. This article argues that the realization of scientific narration based on the consistency of words and texts is the fundamental (...)
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  2.  72
    Linguistic Consequences of Language Contact and Restriction: The Case of French in Ontario, Canada.Raymond Mougeon & Edouard Beniak - 1991 - Oxford University Press UK.
    The description of minority or threatened languages with a view to documenting the linguistic consequences of language contact and restriction has now emerged as a distinct area of investigation within sociolinguistics. In this book, Raymond Mougeon and Édouard Beniak present a series of analyses of the impact that contact with English on the one hand, and language-use restriction on the other, have had on the evolution of the French dialect spoken in the predominantly English-speaking province of (...)
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  3.  30
    The three-dot sign in language contact.Annika Labrenz, Heike Wiese, Tatiana Pashkova & Shanley Allen - 2022 - Pragmatics and Cognition 29 (2):246-271.
    In this study, we investigate the three-dot sign as a discourse marker (DM) with textual, subjective and intersubjective discourse functions. As a graphical marker that is used across languages, the three-dot sign is especially suitable for comparative studies and dynamics in language contact. Our corpus study targeting instant messages of different languages (English, German, Greek, Russian, Turkish) and speaker groups (monolinguals and bilingual heritage speakers) suggests that graphical DMs are prone to cross-linguistic influence. This depends on the specific (...)
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  4. Complexity and language contact: A socio-cognitive framework.Albert Bastardas-Boada - 2017 - In Salikoko S. Mufwene, François Pellegrino & Christophe Coupé (eds.), Complexity in language. Developmental and evolutionary perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218-243.
    Throughout most of the 20th century, analytical and reductionist approaches have dominated in biological, social, and humanistic sciences, including linguistics and communication. We generally believed we could account for fundamental phenomena in invoking basic elemental units. Although the amount of knowledge generated was certainly impressive, we have also seen limitations of this approach. Discovering the sound formants of human languages, for example, has allowed us to know vital aspects of the ‘material’ plane of verbal codes, but it tells us little (...)
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  5.  14
    Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact.Ralph Ludwig, Steve Pagel & Peter Mühlhäusler (eds.) - 2018 - Cambridge University Press.
    Contributions from an international team of experts revisit and update the concept of linguistic ecology in order to critically examine current theoretical approaches to language contact. Language is understood as a part of complex socio-historical-cultural systems, and interaction between the different dimensions and levels of these systems is considered to be essential for specific language forms. This book presents a uniform, abstract model of linguistic ecology based on, among other things, two concepts of Edmund Husserl's philosophy. (...)
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  6.  22
    Language Contact in Piers Plowman.Tim William Machan - 1994 - Speculum 69 (2):359-385.
    To begin with the familiar: Piers Plowman is loaded with Latin. There are Latin verses, Latin proverbs, and quotations from the Latin Bible. There are allegorical characters like Concupiscencia Carnis, one of Fortune's daughters, whose very names are in Latin, and there are scattered Latin words and phrases. Even the structural divisions of the poem, according to manuscript rubrication, bear the Latin title passus and not the native fit.
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  7.  3
    Modern Reorganization and Language Contact of the Chinese Vocabulary System.Guowei Shen - 2020 - Cultura 17 (2):137-162.
    : After entering the 20th century, great changes have taken place in the Chinese language, especially in terms of vocabulary. This change is not a simple increase in the number of words, but reflects a paradigm shift. The change involves not only nouns, but also a large number of verbs and adjectives, which this article calls “modern reconstruction of vocabulary system”. This article argues that the realization of scientific narration based on the consistency of words and texts is the (...)
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  8.  24
    Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word (Book).Philip Baldi - 2004 - American Journal of Philology 125 (2):279-283.
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  9. Anglicae linguae interpretatio: language contact, lexical borrowing and glossing in Anglo-Saxon England.Helmut Gneuss - 1993 - In Gneuss Helmut (ed.), Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 82: 1992 Lectures and Memoirs. pp. 107-148.
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  10.  9
    Athenians, Amazons, and Solecisms: Language Contact in Herodotus.Edward Nolan - 2021 - American Journal of Philology 142 (4):571-596.
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  11.  2
    Review of Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact[REVIEW]Christopher Theis - 2023 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 143 (4):931-934.
    Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact. By Benjamin J. Noonan. Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic, vol. 14. University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns, 2019. Pp. xxxv + 512. $149.95.
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  12.  8
    Noonan, Benjamin J.: Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible. A Lexicon of Language Contact.Manfred Hutter - 2021 - Anthropos 116 (2):521-524.
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  13. Ecology of languages. Sociolinguistic environment, contacts, and dynamics. (In: From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology).Albert Bastardas-Boada - 2019 - Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
    Human linguistic phenomenon is at one and the same time an individual, social, and political fact. As such, its study should bear in mind these complex interrelations, which are produced inside the framework of the sociocultural and historical ecosystem of each human community. Understanding this phenomenon is often no easy task, due to the range of elements involved and their interrelations. The absence of valid, clearly developed paradigms adds to the problem and means that the theoretical conclusions that emerge may (...)
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  14. Accentual change and language contact-comparative survey and a case-study of early northern europe-salmons, J (vol 70, pg 182, 1994). [REVIEW]S. Peter - 1994 - In Stephen Everson (ed.), Language: Companions to Ancient Thought, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70--3.
  15.  14
    Accentual change and language contact. Comparative survey and a case study of early northern europe. By Joe salmons. Stanford, ca: Stanford uni-versity press, 1992. Pp. XII, 240. $37.00. [REVIEW]Steve Peter - 1994 - In Stephen Everson (ed.), Language: Companions to Ancient Thought, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70--1.
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  16.  6
    Languages and mobility in and around italy - ( J.) clackson, (p.) James, (k.) McDonald, (l.) tagliapietra, (n.) zair (edd.) Migration, mobility and language contact in and around the ancient mediterranean. Pp. XXII + 354, ills, map. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2020. Cased, £90, us$120. Isbn: 978-1-108-48844-0. [REVIEW]Rodrigo Verano & Álvaro S. Octavio De Toledo Y. Huerta - 2021 - The Classical Review 71 (2):558-560.
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  17.  9
    Language as Articulate Contact: Toward a Post-semiotic Philosophy of Communication.John Robert Stewart & John Stewart - 1995 - Suny Press.
    This book analyzes the prominent view that language is basically a system of signs and symbols; outlines an alternative that builds on aspects of the philosophies of Heidegger, Gadamer, Buber, and Bakhtin; and employs this alternative to criticize accounts of language developed by V.N. Volosinov, Kenneth Burke, and Calvin O. Schrag. From the perspective of communication theory, this book extends some features of the postmodern critique of representationalism to develop a post-semiotic account of the nature of language (...)
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  18.  32
    Languages of borderlands, borders of languages: Native and foreign language use in intergroup contact between Czechs and their neighbours.Magda Petrjánošová & Alicja Leix - 2013 - Human Affairs 23 (4):658-679.
    In this article we present a qualitative analysis of empirical findings from an international project on intergroup attitudes and contact in five Central European countries specifically concerning language use. The project concentrated on the interplay of intergroup contact and perception between the members of national groups in the borderlands between the Czech Republic and Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia. The open statements analysed here about the contact situations and the ensuing evaluation of the Others were collected (...)
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  19.  12
    Oscan and other languages in contact. K. McDonald oscan in southern italy and sicily. Evaluating language contact in a fragmentary corpus. Pp. XX + 306, ills, maps. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2015. Cased, £64.99, us$99.99. Isbn: 978-1-107-10383-2. [REVIEW]Kanehiro Nishimura - 2017 - The Classical Review 67 (1):66-68.
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  20.  2
    Contact Languages and Minorities in the Slovak Republic. An Encyclopedic Overview.Slavo Ondrejovič - 1993 - Human Affairs 3 (2):155-169.
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  21.  30
    LANGUAGES IN CONTACT J. N. Adams, M. Jase, S. Swain (edd.): Bilingualism in Ancient Society. Language Contact and the Written Word . Pp. x + 483. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Cased, £65. ISBN: 0-19-924506-. [REVIEW]Harm Pinkster - 2004 - The Classical Review 54 (01):134-.
  22.  35
    International Language and the Everyday: Contact and Collaboration Between C.K. Ogden, Rudolf Carnap and Otto Neurath.James McElvenny - 2013 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 21 (6):1194-1218.
    Although now largely forgotten, the international language movement was, from the 1880s to the end of the Second World War, a matter of widespread public interest, as well as a concern of numerous scientists and scholars. The primary goal was to establish a language for international communication, but in the early twentieth century an increasing accent was placed on philosophical considerations: wanted was a language better suited to the needs of modern science and rational thought. In this (...)
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  23. Language/dialect contact.David Britain - 2005 - In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 6--651.
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  24.  30
    The Role of Contact in the Origins of the Japanese and Korean Languages.J. Marshall Unger - 2009 - Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
    Despite decades of research on the reconstruction of proto-Korean-Japanese (pKJ), some scholars still reject a genetic relationship. This study addresses their doubts in a new way, interpreting comparative linguistic data within a context of material and cultural evidence, much of which has come to light only in recent years. The weaknesses of the reconstruction, according to J. Marshall Unger, are due to the early date at which pKJ split apart and to lexical material that the pre-Korean and pre-Japanese branches later (...)
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  25.  14
    “I can’t speak German so I can’t communicate with them”: Language use in intergroup contact between Czechs and Germans.Magda Petrjánošová - 2012 - Human Affairs 22 (1):69-78.
    The aim of this article is to present empirical findings about language use and attitudes in intergroup contact from one of the European borderlands along the former Iron Curtain more than twenty years after it fell. The data was collected as part of an international research project Intergroup attitudes and intergroup contact in five Central European countries, which concentrates on the interplay of intergroup contact and perceptions between members of neighbouring nations in the border regions of (...)
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  26.  10
    “Tséyi' first, because Navajo language was here before contact”: On intercultural performances, metasemiotic stereotypes, and the dynamics of place.Anthony K. Webster - 2010 - Semiotica 2010 (181):149-178.
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  27.  24
    The languages of ancient sicily - tribulato language and linguistic contact in ancient sicily. Pp. XXVI + 422, fig., Ills, maps. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2012. Cased, £65, us$110. Isbn: 978-1-107-02931-6. [REVIEW]Shane Hawkins - 2014 - The Classical Review 64 (1):1-3.
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  28. From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology.Albert Bastardas-Boada - 2019 - Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
    This book aims to contribute to the overall, integrated understanding of the processes of language contact and their evolution, be they the result of political or economic (dis)integrations or migrations or for technological reasons. Via an interdisciplinary, holistic approach, it also aims to aid the theoretical grounding of a unified, common sociolinguistic paradigm, based on an ecological and complexical perspective. This perspective is based on the fact that linguistic structures do not live in isolation from their social functions (...)
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  29. John Stewart, Language as Articulate Contact: Towards a Post-Semiotic Philosophy of Communication Reviewed by.Donald Ringelestein - 1995 - Philosophy in Review 15 (3):213-215.
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  30.  26
    US Immigrants’ Patterns of Acculturation are Sensitive to Their Age, Language, and Cultural Contact but Show No Evidence of a Sensitive Window for Acculturation.Maciej Chudek, Benjamin Y. Cheung & Steven J. Heine - 2015 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 15 (1-2):174-190.
    Recent research observed a sensitive window, at about 14 years of age, in the acculturation rates of Chinese immigrants to Canada. Tapping an online sample ofusimmigrants, we tested these relationships in a broader population and explored connections with new potentially causally related variables: formal education, language ability and contact with heritage-culture and mainstream United States individuals, both now and at immigration. While we found that acculturation decreased with age at immigration and increased with years in theus, we did (...)
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  31. Contact.Alphonso Lingis - 2005 - Janus Head 8 (2).
    When someone there is standing before us, we have been cautioned that he is not speaking with his own voice but speaking the language of his gender, his family, his class, his education, his culture, his economic and political interests, his unconscious drives, indeed his state of physical health and alertness. Are we then doing no more than interpreting what he says and does? Do we ever make contact with what he means for himself when he says “I”—with (...)
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  32.  16
    Accent and Intonation in declarative statements of Chilean Spanish and Mapudungun: first approach to prosody of both languages in contact.Magaly Ruiz Mella, Olga Ulloa Sepúlveda & Antonio Chihuaicura Chihuaicura - 2019 - Alpha (Osorno) 49:299-314.
    Resumen: En este artículo se presentan los resultados iniciales del análisis del fenómeno del habla ascendente registrada en enunciados en foco amplio en seis hablantes monolingües de español y seis hablantes nativos de mapudungun con manejo funcional de español de la IX Región. Se analizaron acústicamente los fragmentos entonativos de los primeros cinco minutos de conversación de los hablantes bilingües para describir las alturas tonales de las sílabas nucleares y postnucleares. Estos se compararon con los enunciados equivalentes de hablantes monolingües. (...)
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  33.  14
    Beyond the state of life of languages… Elements for the sociolinguistic diagnosis of the interactive-linguistic dynamic of Mapuzugun /Spanish contact.Aldo Olate Vinet - 2017 - Alpha (Osorno) 45:255-272.
    Resumen: En este artículo se presentan diversas nociones útiles para explicar las relaciones de complementariedad y antagonismo que ocurren entre lenguas que comparten un espacio geosociocultural determinado. Dicha relación dinámica es reconocida con el nombre de interacción lingüística o interactividad lingüística. Se reflexiona acerca de los procesos dinámicos generados entre el mapuzugun y el castellano y se discuten las descripciones sociolingüísticas realizadas en torno a la lengua mapuche. Se observa que en ellas hay un énfasis en los estados de las (...)
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  34.  95
    Contacts of Continents: the Silk Road.R. J. Zwi Werblowsky - 1988 - Diogenes 36 (144):52-64.
    The problems and the history of contacts between distant continents in bygone ages and long before the age of fast and easy travel, have always fascinated both professional scholars and the interested public. Was ancient history really nothing but the history of co-existing and isolated geographic, cultural and political “islands?” Already at school we learned too much about migrations of peoples, economic contacts, influences on art styles, conquests, and the rise, expansion and fall of empires to believe that. The (highly (...)
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  35. ‘Restricted’ and ‘General’ Complexity Perspectives on Social Bilingualisation and Language Shift Processes.Albert Bastardas-Boada - 2019 - In Albert Bastardas-Boada, Àngels Massip-Bonet & Gemma Bel-Enguix (eds.), Complexity Applications in Language and Communication Sciences. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. 119-137.
    Historical processes exert an influence on the current state and evolution of situations of language contact, brought to bear from different domains, the economic and the political, the ideological and group identities, geo-demographics, and the habits of inter-group use. Clearly, this kind of phenomenon requires study from a complexical and holistic perspective in order to accommodate the variety of factors that belong to different levels and that interrelate with one another in the evolving dynamic of human languaging. Therefore, (...)
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  36.  5
    Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities.Mari C. Jones - 1998 - Oxford University Press UK.
    The territorial contraction and speaker-reduction undergone by the Welsh language during the past few centuries has resulted in its categorization by many linguists as an obsolescent language. This study illustrates that, although it is undeniably showing some signs of decline, Welsh stands in marked contrast to many previously documented cases of language death. Against this backdrop of contraction a steady revitalization is taking place. Based upon extensive fieldwork in two sociolinguistically contrasting communities, this book is the first (...)
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  37.  12
    Language, limits, and beyond: early Wittgenstein and Rabindranath Tagore.Priyambada Sarkar - 2021 - New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
    Ludwig Wittgenstein's interest in the writings of Rabindranath Tagore, is recognized among scholars worldwide though little has been written on his fascination with Tagore's poetry and symbolic plays. In Language, Limits, and Beyond, Priyambada Sarkar explores Tagore and Wittgenstein's philosophical arguments on the concept of 'threshold of language and meaning', highlighting the systematic connections between Tagore's canon and Wittgenstein's early works. Situatingher study in the early 1900s, when Tagore's poetry had just become available in Europe, Sarkar finds similarities (...)
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  38.  26
    Complexity Applications in Language and Communication Sciences.Albert Bastardas-Boada, Àngels Massip-Bonet & Gemma Bel-Enguix (eds.) - 2019 - Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
    This book offers insights on the study of natural language as a complex adaptive system. It discusses a new way to tackle the problem of language modeling, and provides clues on how the close relation between natural language and some biological structures can be very fruitful for science. The book examines the theoretical framework and then applies its main principles to various areas of linguistics. It discusses applications in language contact, language change, diachronic linguistics, (...)
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  39.  14
    Units of Language Mixing: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective.Artemis Alexiadou & Terje Lohndal - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:394167.
    Language mixing is a ubiquitous phenomenon characterizing bilingual speakers. A frequent context where two languages are mixed is the word-internal level, demonstrating how tightly integrated the two grammars are in the mind of a speaker and how they adapt to each other. This raises the question of what the minimal unit of language mixing is, and whether or not this unit differs depending on what the languages are. Some scholars have argued that an uncategorized root serves as a (...)
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  40.  21
    Musical ‘Contact Zones’ in Gurinder Chadha’s Cinema.Serena Guarracino - 2009 - European Journal of Women's Studies 16 (4):373-390.
    This article explores strategies of cultural representation in the production of Gurinder Chadha, a British director of Sikh origin. Chadha’s work is located in what Marie Louise Pratt defines as ‘contact zones’, negotiating between US, European and Indian audiences. The result is a directing style that puts together ‘East’ and ‘West’, Bollywood and Hollywood, in an in-between space that has been radically reconfigured through hybridization. This happens in particular through her use of music and soundtrack, from the documentary I’m (...)
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  41.  58
    When Language Gives Out: Conceptualization, and Aspect‐Seeing as a Form of Judgment.Reshef Agam-Segal - 2014 - Metaphilosophy 45 (1):41-68.
    This article characterizes aspect-perception as a distinct form of judgment in Kant's sense: a distinct way in which the mind contacts world and applies concepts. First, aspect-perception involves a mode of thinking about things apart from any established routine of conceptualizing them. It is thus a form of concept application that is essentially reflection about language. Second, this mode of reflection has an experiential, sometimes perceptual, element: in aspect-perception, that is, we experience meanings—bodies of norms. Third, aspect-perception can be (...)
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  42.  34
    Dancing Contact Improvisation with Luce Irigaray: Intra‐Action and Elemental Passions.Johanna Heil - 2019 - Hypatia 34 (3):485-506.
    This article takes as its point of departure Luce Irigaray'sElemental Passions, in which a woman‐speaker tries to make her lover and the discipline of philosophy understand that she is not how they have imagined her to be; that she is not at all but that she keeps becoming through perpetual movement. The article investigates Irigaray's investment in a form of materialist difference feminism that offers conceptual links to the posthumanist work of Karen Barad's agential realism, especially her theorization of intra‐action. (...)
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  43.  24
    Logics for extended distributive contact lattices.T. Ivanova - 2018 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 28 (1):140-162.
    The notion of contact algebra is one of the main tools in the region-based theory of space. It is an extension of Boolean algebra with an additional relation C called contact. There are some problems related to the motivation of the operation of Boolean complementation. Because of this operation is dropped and the language of distributive lattices is extended by considering as non-definable primitives the relations of contact, nontangential inclusion and dual contact. It is obtained (...)
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  44.  40
    What is language? A response to Philippe van Parijs.Sue Wright - 2015 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 18 (2):113-130.
    When we consider the issue of linguistic justice, we must define what we mean by language. Standardisation of languages is closely associated with the development of the nation state, and the de Saussurian conception of language as system is in concert with nationalism and its divisions. In the early twenty-first century, however, this view of the world as a mosaic of stable national monolingualisms is outdated. In a globalising world, much of the political, social and economic structure that (...)
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  45.  8
    Does Group Contact Shape Styles of Pictorial Representation? A Case Study of Australian Rock Art.C. Granito, J. J. Tehrani, J. R. Kendal & T. C. Scott-Phillips - 2022 - Human Nature 33 (3):237-260.
    Image-making is a nearly universal human behavior, yet the visual strategies and conventions to represent things in pictures vary greatly over time and space. In particular, pictorial styles can differ in their degree of figurativeness, varying from intersubjectively recognizable representations of things to very stylized and abstract forms. Are there any patterns to this variability, and what might its ecological causes be? Experimental studies have shown that demography and the structure of interaction of cultural groups can play a key role: (...)
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  46. Affection of contact and transcendental telepathy in schizophrenia and autism.Yasuhiko Murakami - 2013 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 12 (1):179-194.
    This paper seeks to demonstrate the structural difference in communication of schizophrenia and autism. For a normal adult, spontaneous communication is nothing but the transmission of phantasía (thought) by means of perceptual objects or language. This transmission is first observed in a make-believe play of child. Husserl named this function “perceptual phantasía,” and this function presupposes as its basis the “internalized affection of contact” (which functions empirically in eye contact, body contact, or voice calling me). Regarding (...)
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  47.  13
    Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg.Penelope Gardner-Chloros - 1991 - Oxford University Press UK.
    The term `code-switching' is used to describe the mixing of different language varieties which often results from language contact. This book is the first full-length study of code-switching in a European context.
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  48. Language Selection and Switching.Penelope Gardner-Chloros - 1991 - Oxford University Press UK.
    The term `code-switching' is used to describe the mixing of different language varieties which often results from language contact. This book is the first full-length study of code-switching in a European context.
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  49.  13
    Language choice in multilingual religious settings: The historical factor.Antoine Willy Ndzotom Mbakop - 2016 - Pragmatics and Society 7 (3):413-435.
    This paper investigates the impact of the historical factor on language choice in Protestant Churches in Cameroon. It is based on the postulate that religious languages are more stable than their secular counterparts, not only in their forms, but also in their variety. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the first language group to come in contact with the mother mission society of a religious variety is likely to remain the major group in the church, and its (...), the liturgical language. To verify this hypothesis, the researcher analysed language use in three Protestant parishes located in the Yaoundé metropolis: the Oyom-Abang parishes of the Eglise Evangélique du Cameroun and Eglise Presbytérienne Camerounaise, and the Yaoundé-Melen-Philadelphie parish of the Eglise Protestante Africaine. The data were collected via participant observation and informal interviews. Their analysis revealed that the use of indigenous languages for key parts of a church service in the three parishes selected was usually associated with the place where the Church was founded, which is the area where its mother mission society first settled in the country. In that vein, the following languages were reported: Bamileke at EEC Oyom-Abang, Basaa at EPC Oyom-Abang, and Ngumba at EPA Yaoundé-Melen-Philadelphie. (shrink)
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  50. Family Multilingualism in Medium-Sized Language Communities.Albert Bastardas-Boada, Emili Boix-Fuster & Rosa M. Torrens Guerrini (eds.) - 2019 - Bern: Peter Lang.
    Medium-sized language communities face competition between local and global languages such as Spanish, Russian, French and, above all, English. The various regions of Spain where Catalan is spoken, Denmark, the Czech Republic, and Lithuania show how their medium-sized languages (a term used to distinguish them as much from minority codes as from more widely-spoken codes) coexist alongside or struggle with their big brothers in multilingual families. This comparative analysis offers unique insight into language contact in present-day Europe.
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