Dentro del indudable atractivo que provoca hoy día el estudio del siglo XVI, queremos ofrecer la visión de un trabajo local, realizado bajo la óptica de una familia de maestros de obra moriscos: la familia Orejón. Pretendemos dar a conocer la protección de la nobleza a sus criados moriscos que encuentran gran número de obstáculos para realizar su trabajo diario por parte de los cristianos. En el presente trabajo, dejando al margen las cuestiones artísticas, damos una aproximación sobre la formación (...) de una red de parentesco y su actuación en la ciudad determinada: Guadalajara, sede principal de asentamiento de la familia Mendoza. (shrink)

Histamine is a multifunctional biogenic amine with relevant roles in intercellular communication, inflammatory processes and highly prevalent pathologies. Histamine biosynthesis depends on a single decarboxylation step, carried out by a PLP-dependent histidine decarboxylase activity (EC 4.1.1.22), an enzyme that still remains to be fully characterized. Nevertheless, during the last few years, important advances have been made in this field, including the generation and validation of the first three-dimensional model of the enzyme, which allows us to revisit previous results and conclusions. (...) This essay provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of mammalian histidine decarboxylase. BioEssays 27:57–63, 2005. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

En este trabajo defendemos la posibilidad de una síntesis, -en el sentido hegeliano del término-, entre dos concepciones políticas presuntamente contradictorias: el comunitarismo y el liberalismo. Esa síntesis se traduciría en la llamada ciudadanía glocal en la que se “superarían” las concepciones de cuerpo político y de ciudadanía que defienden esas dos concepciones en una nueva que incluye a la humanidad y a su medio ambiente.

Afirmar que la filosofía política de Aristóteles ha sido tergiversada en puntos cruciales es sólo posible si se conoce lo que Aristóteles, -cualquier autor-, “dice” verdaderamente. Al respecto, nos remitimos expresamente a la hermenéutica de Gadamer y a su pretensión de que cabe escuchar lo que la tradición nos dice, desde nuestro horizonte de praxis y siendo conscientes de los prejuicios no percibidos que nos vuelven sordos a la tradición. Como trataremos de demostrar, la implementación de un prejuicio individualista no (...) percibido sería la causa de que se “oiga” decir a Aristóteles “individuo”, introduciendo, así, en su filosofía el individualismo, el liberalismo y el constitucionalismo consiguientes. Por el contrario, escuchar lo que verdaderamente dice: “uno de nosotros”, explicaría perfectamente algunas “peculiaridades” de la Atenas clásica como la antitímesis, la ausencia de fiscalía o el ostracismo, tergiversadas también por un prejuicio no percibido individualista. (shrink)

En este trabajo se defiende la necesidad de tomar a Sócrates en serio tal y como, según Platón, él mismo pidió a sus jueces. En concreto, se defiende la necesidad de tomar en serio su actitud tras ser declarado culpable de impiedad y corrupción de los jóvenes. Una actitud considerada como una broma por algunos estudiosos pero que, en nuestra opinión, supuso un cuestionamiento del modelo de ciudadanía antigua, basado en un “nosotros” previo: la πόλις, de un modo tal que (...) permitió no sólo su evolución hacia la ciudadanía moderna, basada en “yos”, en “individuos” que construyen “nosotros posteriores”: estados, sino incluso más allá, hacia lo que proponemos llamar ciudadanía glocal: global y local al mismo tiempo, en la que los yos individuales reconocen un nosotros previo: nuestro medio ambiente. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza el status histórico de la caída del muro de Berlín, considerado, en su momento, el suceso que marcaba el colapso del comunismo y, con él, el “fin a la Historia”. Al efecto se examina tanto lo que supuso la construcción del muro cuanto su caída, dentro del proceso de deconstrucción de límites y fronteras que, al parecer, define nuestra especie. El análisis llega a la conclusión de que, si bien se trató de un suceso trascendental (...) que, junto a otros factores, abrió paso a un mundo “glocalizado”, no supuso ciertamente el “fin de la Historia”. (shrink)

Our commentary articulates some of the commonalities between Baumeister et al.'s theory of socially differentiated roles and Strategic Differentiation-Integration Effort. We expand upon the target article's position by arguing that differentiating social roles is contextual and driven by varying ecological pressures, producing character displacement not only among individuals within complex societies, but also across social systems and multiple levels of organization.

En este artículo se aborda la cuestión de si la democracia es o no compatible con la perspectiva que, según opinión generalizada, constituye la base de la cultura china: el confucianismo. Una perspectiva que es analizada tanto desde su marco contextual como en sí misma, cotejándola con el concepto de democracia. El resultado de todo ello lleva a la conclusión de que la democracia es ajena al confucianismo y por ello a la cultura china. Sin embargo, la democracia no es (...) necesariamente incompatible con tal perspectiva hasta el punto de que cabría imaginar una síntesis entre ambas. (shrink)

Antígona es uno de los más grandes y conocidos personajes de la tragedia griega, y ha merecido la mayor atención por parte de la posteridad. Otros personajes de la tragedia homónima de Sófocles no han merecido, sin embargo, la misma atención. Algo especialmente llamativo en lo que se refiere al de Ismena, la hermana de Antígona, quien se enfrenta con el mismo problema que ésta, pudiendo, por tanto, convertirse en protagonista junto con ella. Así las cosas, en las páginas que (...) siguen no analizaremos todos los personajes, todas las concepciones de la justicia, incluidas en la tragedia de Sófocles, sino sólo las representadas por Antígona e Ismena, y ello desde nuestro horizonte de praxis. (shrink)

Returning to sport after the sports injury is a difficult decision because it’s multicausal and the fact that a rash decision can result in numerous negative consequences. Given the importance of psychological variables for the correct rehabilitation of the injured athlete and his or her optimal return to sports practice, there seems to be little information on this subject. In this sense, the objective is to determine the relationship between the subjective psychological disposition of the athlete in the process of (...) Return to Play with the type of mood profile and his mental health. This is based on the fact that each athlete evaluates his or her recovery differently and has different levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. For this purpose, four athletes participated in the study. Two males and two females from the sports of indoor soccer and soccer, who had just returned to sports after a moderate or severe injury. The average age was 24.25 years. Various measurements were taken after practices and after matches, to assess mood, psychological readiness, anxiety, stress, and depression. The results confirm Morgan’s iceberg profile and the influence that subjective psychological perceptions and assessed emotional states have on athletes’ incorporation into their sports practice with a guarantee of success. (shrink)

In this article we try to establish the historical status of the fall of the Berlin Wall. An event considered in its moment as the collapse of communism and with it, the “end of History”. Towards that goal, we analyze the meaning of the construction of that Wall, as well as its fall, within the general process of deconstruction of walls and borders by which human kind defines itself. This article concludes with the affirmation that the fall of the Berlin (...) Wall was a historical and transcendental event that, with other factors, gave the way to a “glocalized” world, but it did not mean the “end of History”. (shrink)

Antigone is one of the greatest characters in Greek Tragedy and has deserved the biggest attention throughout posterity. Other characters in the homonymous tragedy by Sophocles have not deserved, however, the same attention. This is especially surprising in the case of Ismene, –the sister of Antigone–, who faces the same problem as her and, consequently, has the opportunity of becoming protagonist along with Antigone, changing so the very title of the play and even its tragic character. Taking all this into (...) account, in this paper we will not analyze all the concepts of justice included in Sophocles’ tragedy, but only those represented by Antigone and Ismene and that from our own praxis horizon. (shrink)

The indianist sumak kawsay had a special political and intellectual relevance in Ecuador in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Since then, the influence of its approaches —and those of the different branches of good living— has grown and formed synergies with other heterodox trends such as degrowth, feminist economics and deep ecology, among others. The global pandemic of covid-19 has highlighted the incompatibility of the capitalist system and the paradigms that sustain it with the life of the planet (...) and of people. This article reflects on the proposals that are emerging around the construction of a global sumak kawsay as an alternative to development and capitalism, showing the potentialities and weaknesses of this philosophy, worldview and way of life from a postmodern perspective. (shrink)

The theme arises from the legal-academic movement "Law and Literature". This newly developed field should aim at two major goals, first, to investigate the meaning of law in a social context by questioning how the characters appearing in literary works understand and behave themselves to the law, and second, to find out a theoretical solution of the methodological question whether and to what extent the legal text can be interpreted objectively in comparison with the question how literary works should be (...) interpreted. The subject of justice and injustice has been covered not only in treatises of law and philosophy, but also in many works of literature: On the one hand, poets and writers have been outraged at the social conditions of their time. On the other hand, some of them have also contributed fundamental reflections on the idea of justice itself. (shrink)

This study attempts to analyse the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports - Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety - through Bayesian Networks analysis. We analysed 674 university students/athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in México, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years’ (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, first a CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine (...) the dependence links between variables, and then a Bayesian networks was developed. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the “bottom” variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance. (shrink)

Este repertorio registra los artículos sobre Platón que se encuentran en la Hemeroteca de la Biblioteca Central de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. El listado abarca las publicaciones existentes hasta el primer semestre del año 2000.

Wittgenstein distinguished between two uses of “I”, one “as object” and the other “as subject”, a distinction that Shoemaker elucidated in terms of a notion of immunity to error through misidentification (“IEM”); first-personal claims are IEM in the use “as subject”, but not in the other use. Shoemaker argued that memory judgments based on “personal”, episodic memory are not strictly speaking IEM; Gareth Evans disputed this. Similar issues have been debated regarding self-ascriptions of conscious thoughts based on first-personal awareness, in (...) the light of claims of “thought insertion” in schizophrenic patients. The paper aims to defend a Shoemaker-like line by critically engaging with some compelling recent contributions. Methodologically, the paper argues that to properly address these issues the all-inclusive term “thought” should be avoided, and specific types of thoughts countenanced. (shrink)

Original scholarly essays by leading philosophers, which bring to life Machiavelli’s lengthiest and most challenging work.

The truth of a statement depends on the world in two ways: what the statement says is true if the world is as the statement says it is; on the other hand, what the expressions in the statement mean depends on what the world is like (for instance, on what conventions are in place). Each of these two kinds of dependence of truth on the world corresponds to one of the dimensions on the two-dimensional semantic framework, developed in the 1970’ (...) in the work of Evans, Kaplan, Kripke and Stalnaker. The introduction provides a systematic overview of the framework, the ideas of its earlier originators, recent developments and criticism. Finally, it gives a brief overview over the contributions to the volume. (shrink)

Class, race and gender are three of the most salient factors in society. They determine to an important extent the opportunities we have, e.g. to access public.

De re or singular thoughts are, intuitively, those essentially or constitutively about a particular object or objects; any thought about different objects would be a different thought. How should a philosophical articulation or thematization of their nature look like? In spite of extended discussion of the issue since it was brought to the attention of the philosophical community in the late fifties by Quine (1956), we are far from having a plausible response. Discussing the matter in connection with the status (...) of the Kripkean category of the contingent a priori, Donnellan (1979) argued that what can be properly classified as knowable a priori about utterances like those involving ‘one meter’ or ‘Neptune’ famously proposed by Kripke (1980) cannot be the very same singular content that is contingent he distinguished to that end between knowing a true proposition expressed by an utterance, and knowing that an utterance expresses a true proposition. Evans (1979) replied that, for a very specific sort of cases involving “descriptive names”, a related proto-two-dimensionalist account should be preferred, on which it is not the singular contingent content, but rather a general descriptive one which is knowable a priori. In a series of papers, Robin Jeshion (2000, 2001) has recently attacked Donnellan's proposal, arguing in favour of the most straightforward interpretation of Kripke's claim: in the relevant cases, the very same singular content can be both contingent and knowable a priori. This paper appeals to a generalized version of two-dimensional semantics to advance an account of the Kripkean cases along the lines of Evans's, and argues that Jeshion's compelling arguments against Donnellan's view do not apply to this version. (shrink)

La filosofía práctica no está hecha para predicar en el vacío, sino para guiar nuestra conducta privada y pública. Como una vía de acercar esa reflexión a la gente, Aurelio Arteta nos propone reunir estos tópicos tan familiares a fin de escudriñar sus flacos fundamentos y efectos perversos. Ellos delatan las creencias dominantes, los grandes prejuicios colectivos. Tantos tontos tópicos recoge desde las excusas más socorridas de la irresponsabilidad y la pereza hasta la retórica ordinaria sobre la violencia o (...) la democracia. Son estos comodines del lenguaje ordinario los que nos aportan la seguridad de que no estamos solos. Tal es la función primera de los tópicos: acomodarnos al grupo, vestirnos a la moda verbal del momento, volvernos normales. A base de amontonar esos lugares comunes, construimos nuestra comunicación más impersonal y automática. Decir lo que se dice nos permite opinar sin la molestia de pensar lo que decimos y, de paso, alcanzar la ilusoria certeza de entender y ser entendidos. Y en ésas estamos. (shrink)

Se critica el nuevo artículo de Ulises Moulines, «Crispaciones hispánicas », publicado en este mismo número como réplica al mío, «Un nacionalista en apuros», éste en respuesta a su inicial «Manifiesto nacionalista». En la primera parte, ilustro con detalle los múltiples modos como mi adversario incumple los requisitos morales mínimos que deben regir un debate teórico. Se enumera así su recurso al victimismo, sus argucias para tergiversar mis tesis explícitas y, en fin, su evasión sistemática de casi todas mis objeciones. (...) La segunda parte pretende probar la inconsistencia del silogismo que condensa las proposiciones centrales de Moulines. La premisa ontológica, más que la existencia de las naciones, demuestra la de los nacionalismos empeñados en construirlas y dotarlas de soberanía; la premisa axiológica, o «principio del valor intrínseco de la pluralidad del ser», resulta estética y éticamente indefendible; su conclusión práctica, en pro del nacionalismo, será por fuerza inconsecuente además de temeraria. En la tercera parte, frente a las propuestas moulineanas sobre la España actual, sugiero un par de reflexiones: de un lado, acerca del significado del carácter «multinacional» de nuestro país y por qué es preferible denominarlo «España» y no «Estado español»; del otro, y tras rechazar la alternativa «o resignación o secesión», muestro la falta en Moulines de razones que legitimen las consultas de autodeterminación, amén del sinsentido y probables efectos desastrosos de su ejercicio en la España de nuestros días. (shrink)

In the last decade, the importance of Simone de Beauvoir’s contribution to 20th-century French philosophy has been beyond debate. However, it can be tempting to read her contributions as the dated beginnings of feminist philosophy, and to believe that her work is only interesting from the perspective of the history of philosophy. To the contrary, this article claims that contemporary philosophers can and should take Beauvoirian philosophy as a source of fruitful insights on contemporary issues in political and moral philosophy (...) by showing the limited scope of two classic critiques of Beauvoir and by defending the relevance of her work for thinking about female submission and the importance of erotic experience. (shrink)

What place, if any, does love have in Kantian ethics? This chapter is divided into three parts. First, I discuss Kant’s own account of moral versus non-moral love as found throughout his various writings and show how this closely parallels his account of moral versus non-moral friendship. Second, I discuss contemporary Kantian accounts of both friendship and love, highlighting how they go beyond, and in some ways seem to significantly improve upon, Kant’s own views via their appeal to Kant’s Formula (...) of Humanity. Lastly, I discuss the overall merits of what I call ‘Kantian moral love’. I argue that while Kantian moral love might rightly identify, from the moral point of view, how we ought to act and think when loving other people, it fails to provide a complete account of love, crucially leaving out certain key elements from the wide range of loving relationships we find ourselves in, especially romantic love. That is, while Kantian moral love might successfully identify a morally ideal way to love other people, it falls short of capturing the full essence of love—mainly because love is not simply a moral affair but also a matter of the heart. (shrink)

I argue that the consumption of illegally shared pornography is often morally problematic. My argument is not based on any general condemnation of pornography or even illegal content sharing as such. Instead, my argument emphasizes that commercial pornography that is illegally shared risks violating the consent and thus the dignity of its performers. In this way, illegally shared pornography is akin to ‘revenge porn’, involving the non-consensual distribution and consumption of sexually intimate images or videos. The idea is that if (...) viewing sexually explicit content shared without the permission of the people featured within it is unethical, then the same is often true of the consumption of commercial pornographic content that has been shared illegally. My primary focus is on the commercial pornography produced and distributed by the performers themselves, but I also consider the moral status of more traditional forms of pornographic content. (shrink)

The current paper synthesizes theory and data from the field of life history (LH) evolution to advance a new developmental theory of variation in human LH strategies. The theory posits that clusters of correlated LH traits (e.g., timing of puberty, age at sexual debut and first birth, parental investment strategies) lie on a slow-to-fast continuum; that harshness (externally caused levels of morbidity-mortality) and unpredictability (spatial-temporal variation in harshness) are the most fundamental environmental influences on the evolution and development of LH (...) strategies; and that these influences depend on population densities and related levels of intraspecific competition and resource scarcity, on age schedules of mortality, on the sensitivity of morbidity-mortality to the organism’s resource-allocation decisions, and on the extent to which environmental fluctuations affect individuals versus populations over short versus long timescales. These interrelated factors operate at evolutionary and developmental levels and should be distinguished because they exert distinctive effects on LH traits and are hierarchically operative in terms of primacy of influence. Although converging lines of evidence support core assumptions of the theory, many questions remain unanswered. This review demonstrates the value of applying a multilevel evolutionary-developmental approach to the analysis of a central feature of human phenotypic variation: LH strategy. (shrink)

El artículo pretende ofrecer una réplica detallada del «Manifiesto nacionalista» de Ulises Moulines . Entre las muchas debilidades de aquella defensa del nacionalismo étnico destaca la incomprensión del sentido de unos cuantos conflictos intranacionales. Pues, lejos de ser síntoma de la existencia de una nación sojuzgada , podrían ser más bien señal de lo contrario: de que en esa población no hay conciencia nacional suficiente para demandar la soberanía política y de que es el nacionalismo el interesado inductor del conflicto. (...) Si la mini-teoría de etnias y naciones de Moulines se limita a reafirmar la radical indefinición de tales conceptos, tampoco su principio del Valor intrínseco de la pluralidad del Ser aporta prueba alguna de un presunto derecho de las naciones a su independencia. Igual que se pasa por alto la más que dudosa compatibilidad entre nacionalismo étnico y democracia, se presupone que un Estado multinacional “las más de las veces” no puede funcionar. En suma, vuelta al viejo principio de las nacionalidades. (shrink)

A standard approach to neutral value suggests that it can be understood in comparative terms by reference to value relations. I develop some objections to the standard approach based on assumptions about value facts being closely connected to fittingness facts. I then suggest that these objections give us reasons to amend the standard approach with a noncomparative understanding. The claim is that if an item has neutral value, then it is a fitting target of indifference, where this is understood not (...) as an absence of attitudes but a discrete type of reaction or evaluation. By leaning on some general insights from philosophical psychology about the evaluative role of indifference, I then attempt to give some hints as to how we might understand its nature. (shrink)

El artículo se propone elucidar el papel que juegan los usos de “raza” en los escritos de Nietzsche, situándolos e interpretándolos en conjunto con el léxico de transformación del ser humano y de su crítica de la cultura. Para ello, se estudia su empleo junto a otros conceptos fronterizos e ideas análogas como el tratamiento de la cuestión judía, su crítica del nacionalismo, la figura de los buenos europeos, la metáfora de la bestia rubia, los tipos humanos y el pensamiento (...) de la cría. Se concluye que “raza” posee un indudable carácter fisiológico y evolutivo, pero a través del proceso de incorporación (Einverleibung), el ámbito de la cultura y la moral intervienen de manera fundamental en su conformación, y como concepto, forma parte del mismo proyecto de transvaloración de los valores, la reforma de la cultura y de la humanidad. El artículo finaliza con una reflexión de la llamada a superar la raza (Über-Rasse). (shrink)

I present a novel position vis-à-vis the views in the Latin American philosophy literature regarding whether subjects more aptly use "Hispanic" or "Latinx" to refer to Hispanic- or-Latinx people. To this end, I will argue (C) the term "Afro-Latinx" is more apt than "Hispanic" or "Latinx" in a significant number of cases. This conclusion is based on three premises. The first premise (P1) is that use of "Afro-Latinx" provides subjects with understanding of how certain events depend on anti-Black racism, US (...) society's racially unjust structure and US colonial policy. The second premise (P2) is that that neither the term "Hispanic" nor the term "Latinx" provide subjects with this understanding of how certain events depend on anti-Black racism, US society's racially unjust structure and US colonial policy. The third premise (P3) is that the term "Afro-Latinx" provides subjects with more understanding of these events than the terms, "Hispanic" and "Latinx.” I present three cases which feature the experiences of Afro-Dominican people. The 1992 murder of Dominican man Kiko García by New York Police officer O’Keefe is first case. The second case is the Washington Heights Uprising that ensued Kiko García’ murder. An instance where a nightclub bouncer in the Dominican Republic denies a Dominican women entry because of her hair texture composes the third case. (shrink)

This review note surveys some important aspects of a recent publication by Amos Edelheit, A Philosopher at the Crossroads: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Encounter with Scholastic Philosophy. While focus over the last decades has been placed on Pico’s thought in relation to Jewish Kabbalah and mysticism, Edelheit hopes to emphasize the importance of the scholastic tradition (or, rather, the pluriform and various tradition of late medieval and Renaissance scholasticism) in Pico’s thought, and the ways in which this intellectual context places (...) this unique Renaissance thinker at a sort of ‘crossroads’. Beyond providing a brief overview of the three main parts of the text, this note examines more closely Edelheit’s study of Pico’s 900 Theses and the methodological approach which involves a reconstruction of the dialectical context for each thesis. The Latin scholastics are real conversational partners for Pico: he is versed in the 13th-century scholastic sources, is certainly familiar with contemporaneous scholastic thought, and is able to employ scholastic methods and terminology within his wider philosophical project. While scholastic philosophy was very much alive at the end of the fifteenth century, Pico’s new and inclusive approach to philosophy and the history of philosophy, never eschewing the Latin masters, departs from both scholastic and humanist trends. (shrink)