Results for 'Hubert Beckers'

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  1.  14
    Returning to the Empirical after the Discursive Turn?: A Response to Hubert Seiwert.Carmen Becker - 2021 - Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 29 (2):275-280.
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  2. A principled approach to defining actual causation.Sander Beckers & Joost Vennekens - 2018 - Synthese 195 (2):835-862.
    In this paper we present a new proposal for defining actual causation, i.e., the problem of deciding if one event caused another. We do so within the popular counterfactual tradition initiated by Lewis, which is characterised by attributing a fundamental role to counterfactual dependence. Unlike the currently prominent definitions, our approach proceeds from the ground up: we start from basic principles, and construct a definition of causation that satisfies them. We define the concepts of counterfactual dependence and production, and put (...)
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  3.  17
    AAAI: An Argument Against Artificial Intelligence.Sander Beckers - 2017 - In Vincent C. Müller (ed.), Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017. Berlin: Springer.
    The ethical concerns regarding the successful development of an Artificial Intelligence have received a lot of attention lately. The idea is that even if we have good reason to believe that it is very unlikely, the mere possibility of an AI causing extreme human suffering is important enough to warrant serious consideration. Others look at this problem from the opposite perspective, namely that of the AI itself. Here the idea is that even if we have good reason to believe that (...)
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  4.  93
    Causal Sufficiency and Actual Causation.Sander Beckers - 2021 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 50 (6):1341-1374.
    Pearl opened the door to formally defining actual causation using causal models. His approach rests on two strategies: first, capturing the widespread intuition that X = x causes Y = y iff X = x is a Necessary Element of a Sufficient Set for Y = y, and second, showing that his definition gives intuitive answers on a wide set of problem cases. This inspired dozens of variations of his definition of actual causation, the most prominent of which are due (...)
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  5.  19
    The Counterfactual NESS Definition of Causation.Sander Beckers - 2021 - Proceedings of the Aaai Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
    Beckers & Vennekens recently proposed a definition of actual causation that is based on certain plausible principles, thereby allowing the debate on causation to shift away from its heavy focus on examples towards a more systematic analysis. This paper contributes to that analysis in two ways. First, I show that their definition is in fact a formalization of Wright’s famous NESS definition of causation combined with a counterfactual difference-making condition. This means that their definition integrates two highly influential approaches (...)
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  6. The Transitivity and Asymmetry of Actual Causation.Sander Beckers & Joost Vennekens - 2017 - Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy 4:1-27.
    The counterfactual tradition to defining actual causation has come a long way since Lewis started it off. However there are still important open problems that need to be solved. One of them is the (in)transitivity of causation. Endorsing transitivity was a major source of trouble for the approach taken by Lewis, which is why currently most approaches reject it. But transitivity has never lost its appeal, and there is a large literature devoted to understanding why this is so. Starting from (...)
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  7. AAAI: an Argument Against Artificial Intelligence.Sander Beckers - 2017 - In Vincent C. Müller (ed.), Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017. Berlin: Springer. pp. 235-247.
    The ethical concerns regarding the successful development of an Artificial Intelligence have received a lot of attention lately. The idea is that even if we have good reason to believe that it is very unlikely, the mere possibility of an AI causing extreme human suffering is important enough to warrant serious consideration. Others look at this problem from the opposite perspective, namely that of the AI itself. Here the idea is that even if we have good reason to believe that (...)
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  8. What Does It Take To Make A Difference? A Reply To Andreas And Günther.Sander Beckers - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophy.
    Andreas & Günther have recently proposed a difference-making definition of actual causation. In this paper I show that there exist conclusive counterexamples to their definition, by which I mean examples that are unacceptable to everyone, including AG. Concretely, I show that their definition allows c to cause e even when c is not a causal ancestor of e. I then proceed to identify their non-standard definition of causal models as the source of the problem, and argue that there is no (...)
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  9.  52
    Causal Explanations and XAI.Sander Beckers - 2022 - Proceedings of the 1St Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, Pmlr.
    Although standard Machine Learning models are optimized for making predictions about observations, more and more they are used for making predictions about the results of actions. An important goal of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is to compensate for this mismatch by offering explanations about the predictions of an ML-model which ensure that they are reliably action-guiding. As action-guiding explanations are causal explanations, the literature on this topic is starting to embrace insights from the literature on causal models. Here I take (...)
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  10.  4
    ‘Handhaven’ of ‘herroepen’? De vraagstelling in twaalf gemeentelijke volksraadplegingen in Vlaanderen onderzocht.Mieke Beckers & Jaak Billiet - 2009 - Res Publica 51 (1):53-82.
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  11.  15
    Invariant four-vectors underE(3, 1) and some of its subgroups.J. Beckers & V. Hussin - 1981 - Foundations of Physics 11 (11-12):881-893.
    Necessary and sufficient conditions ofinvariance on four-vectors under the Poincaré group E(3, 1) and its subgroups are exploited. As an example the Euclidean group in three dimensions and its subgroups are explicitly considered. Their invariant “potentials” are systematically derived.
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  12.  11
    Medienfußball im europäischen Vergleich.Christina Beckers-Bunk, Eggo Müller & Jürgen Schwier - 2007 - Sport Und Gesellschaft 4 (1):94-98.
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  13.  6
    Mathematical manoeuvres. The Changing Role of the Dutch Military Academy in Mathematics, 1828-1870.Danny Beckers - 2020 - Philosophia Scientiae 24:159-177.
    Le rôle des mathématiques dans la formation des officiers de l’armée néerlandaise, a profondément changé pendant le premier xixe siècle avec la fondation de l’Académie militaire en 1828. Les mathématiques étaient au centre de la formation. L’Académie était un des lieux les plus importants de diffusion des connaissances mathématiques aux Pays-Bas pendant la première moitié du xixe siècle, mais elle a perdu ce rôle pendant les années 1860-1870. Dans cet article, je me propose d’examiner à la fois les programmes de (...)
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  14.  7
    Mathematical manoeuvres. The Changing Role of the Dutch Military Academy in Mathematics, 1828-1870.Danny Beckers - 2020 - Philosophia Scientiae:159-177.
    Le rôle des mathématiques dans la formation des officiers de l’armée néerlandaise, a profondément changé pendant le premier xixe siècle avec la fondation de l’Académie militaire en 1828. Les mathématiques étaient au centre de la formation. L’Académie était un des lieux les plus importants de diffusion des connaissances mathématiques aux Pays-Bas pendant la première moitié du xixe siècle, mais elle a perdu ce rôle pendant les années 1860-1870. Dans cet article, je me propose d’examiner à la fois les programmes de (...)
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  15.  7
    Mathematical manoeuvres. The Changing Role of the Dutch Military Academy in Mathematics, 1828-1870.Danny Beckers - 2020 - Philosophia Scientiae 24:159-177.
    Le rôle des mathématiques dans la formation des officiers de l’armée néerlandaise, a profondément changé pendant le premier xixe siècle avec la fondation de l’Académie militaire en 1828. Les mathématiques étaient au centre de la formation. L’Académie était un des lieux les plus importants de diffusion des connaissances mathématiques aux Pays-Bas pendant la première moitié du xixe siècle, mais elle a perdu ce rôle pendant les années 1860-1870. Dans cet article, je me propose d’examiner à la fois les programmes de (...)
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  16.  10
    Power of the people or the expert? The influence of vox pop and expert statements on news-item evaluation, perceived public opinion, and personal opinion.Kathleen Beckers - 2022 - Communications 47 (1):114-135.
    Vox pops, interviews with ordinary people on the street, are one of the most common ways to represent public opinion in television news. Research found that they influence audience judgments more than static base-rate information such as poll results. However, little research has compared vox pops with vivified base-rate information. Most research studying vox pops assumed they are included in the news because of their apparent attractiveness and trustworthiness to audiences. Using a television news experiment comparing statistical base-rate information vivified (...)
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  17.  16
    Vox pops in the news: The journalists’ perspective.Kathleen Beckers - 2018 - Communications 43 (1):101-111.
    Vox pops are a frequent and growing practice in the news. However, there seems to be a general tendency in journalistic practice to be quite critical about these interviews with the ordinary man on the street. Yet, hardly any research exists about journalists’ evaluation of vox pops or that has gone further than speculating about why they are used. This study tackles these research gaps using a survey involving 253 Belgian journalists. We conclude that vox pops are used mostly by (...)
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  18.  16
    Approximate Causal Abstraction.Sander Beckers, Frederick Eberhardt & Joseph Y. Halpern - 2019 - Proceedings of the 35Th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence.
    Scientific models describe natural phenomena at different levels of abstraction. Abstract descriptions can provide the basis for interventions on the system and explanation of observed phenomena at a level of granularity that is coarser than the most fundamental account of the system. Beckers and Halpern (2019), building on work of Rubenstein et al. (2017), developed an account of abstraction for causal models that is exact. Here we extend this account to the more realistic case where an abstract causal model (...)
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  19. Moral Responsibility for AI Systems.Sander Beckers - forthcoming - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (Neurips 2023).
    As more and more decisions that have a significant ethical dimension are being outsourced to AI systems, it is important to have a definition of moral responsibility that can be applied to AI systems. Moral responsibility for an outcome of an agent who performs some action is commonly taken to involve both a causal condition and an epistemic condition: the action should cause the outcome, and the agent should have been aware -- in some form or other -- of the (...)
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  20.  69
    Definitely Infinitesimal: Foundations of the Calculus in The Netherlands, 1840-1870.Danny J. Beckers - 2001 - Annals of Science 58 (1):1-15.
    The foundations of analysis offered by Cauchy and Riemann were not immediately welcomed by the mathematical community. Before 1870 the foundations of mathematics were considered more or less a national affair. In this paper, Dutch ideas of rigour in analysis between 1840 and 1870 will be discussed. These ideas show that Dutch mathematicians were aware of developments abroad but preferred the concept of infinitesimals as a foundation of mathematics.
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  21.  24
    Causal Models with Constraints.Sander Beckers, Joseph Y. Halpern & Christopher Hitchcock - 2023 - Proceedings of the 2Nd Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning.
    Causal models have proven extremely useful in offering formal representations of causal relationships between a set of variables. Yet in many situations, there are non-causal relationships among variables. For example, we may want variables LDL, HDL, and TOT that represent the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the level of lipoprotein high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol level, with the relation LDL+HDL=TOT. This cannot be done in standard causal models, because we can intervene simultaneously on all three variables. The goal of (...)
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  22.  54
    Correction to: Causal Sufficiency and Actual Causation.Sander Beckers - 2021 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 50 (6):1375-1375.
    A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-021-09632-6.
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  23.  18
    A Causal Analysis of Harm.Sander Beckers, Hana Chockler & Joseph Y. Halpern - 2022 - Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35.
    As autonomous systems rapidly become ubiquitous, there is a growing need for a legal and regulatory framework to address when and how such a system harms someone. There have been several attempts within the philosophy literature to define harm, but none of them has proven capable of dealing with with the many examples that have been presented, leading some to suggest that the notion of harm should be abandoned and "replaced by more well-behaved notions". As harm is generally something that (...)
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  24.  4
    Audit als functie van het Rekenhof.Jos Beckers - 1989 - Res Publica 31 (2):205-225.
    The Belgian Auditor's Office is not competent to judge good management. Parliamentary initiatives have been taken to extend its competence towards an efficiency, effectiveness and economy control. Up till 1985 the Belgian budget was drawn up according toa classification system with insufficient regard for the application ofmanagement objectives to budgetary allocation. Based on notions originating from the P.P.B.S. system the budget is drawn up now by programmes assigned to organisation divisions. In the future the parliamentary budget procedure could be transformed (...)
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  25.  10
    Abstracting Causal Models.Sander Beckers & Joseph Y. Halpern - 2019 - Proceedings of the 33Rd Aaai Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
    We consider a sequence of successively more restrictive definitions of abstraction for causal models, starting with a notion introduced by Rubenstein et al. (2017) called exact transformation that applies to probabilistic causal models, moving to a notion of uniform transformation that applies to deterministic causal models and does not allow differences to be hidden by the "right" choice of distribution, and then to abstraction, where the interventions of interest are determined by the map from low-level states to high-level states, and (...)
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  26.  23
    Comparative analyses of speech and language converge on birds.Gabriël J. L. Beckers, Robert C. Berwick & Johan J. Bolhuis - 2014 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37 (6):547-548.
    Unlike nonhuman primates, thousands of bird species have articulatory capabilities that equal or surpass those of humans, and they develop their vocalizations through vocal imitation in a way that is very similar to how human infants learn to speak. An understanding of how speech mechanisms have evolved is therefore unlikely to yield key insights into how the human brain is special.
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  27. Dol, Marcel/Martje Fentener van Vlissingen/Soemini Kasanmoentalib.Eberhard Beckers & A. H. Coxon - 2000 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 31:189-191.
     
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  28.  8
    Dialog, Reflexion, Verantwortung: zur Diskussion der Diskurspragmatik: Dietrich Böhler zur Emeritierung.Jens Ole Beckers, Florian Preussger, Thomas Rusche & Dietrich Böhler (eds.) - 2013 - Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
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  29.  5
    Eva Besnyö: Budapest - Berlin - Amsterdam.Marion Beckers & Elisabeth Moortgat (eds.) - 2011 - Hirmer Publishers.
    "Eva Besnyö was not only an exceptionally gifted photographer but was also politically active during her lifetime: she acquired her photographic skills in the studio of József Pécsi in Budapest, became aware of the aesthetics of modern photography in the early 1930s in Berlin and became a respected master photographer in Amsterdam. Eva Besnyö's life and work were not only influenced by Modernism the arts but also by the dramatic political movements and events of 20th century Europe such as Fascism, (...)
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  30.  11
    Equivalent Causal Models.Sander Beckers - 2021 - Proceedings of the Aaai Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
    The aim of this paper is to offer the first systematic exploration and definition of equivalent causal models in the context where both models are not made up of the same variables. The idea is that two models are equivalent when they agree on all "essential" causal information that can be expressed using their common variables. I do so by focussing on the two main features of causal models, namely their structural relations and their functional relations. In particular, I define (...)
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  31.  8
    'Handhaven'of'herroepen'? De vraagstelling in twaalf gemeentelijke volksraadplegingen in Vlaanderen onderzocht.Mieke Beckers & Jaak Billiet - 2009 - Res Publica: Tijdschrift Voor Politologie 51 (1):53-82.
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  32. in General Philosophy of Science 5), Tilburg 1998 (Tilburg University.Eberhard Beckers, Peter C. Hagele, Hans-Joachim Hahn & Reinhold Ort - 2000 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 31:189-191.
  33.  64
    The truth and value of theories of associative learning.Tom Beckers & Bram Vervliet - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (2):200-201.
    In this commentary, we assess the propositional approach to associative learning not only in terms of veridicality and falsifiability, but also in heuristic value. We remark that it has furthered our knowledge and understanding of human, as well as animal, associative learning. At the same time, we maintain that models developed from the association formation tradition continue to bear great heuristic value as well.
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  34.  35
    Arguments from Ostension.Hubert Marraud - 2018 - Argumentation 32 (3):309-327.
    My purpose here is to describe a type of argument characterized by the fact that one of its premises is a directive—i.e. what is expressed by a directive sentence: a general instruction how to proceed or act. This directive premise brings an ostensive mechanism for the inclusion of visual or multimodal elements in an argument. If an argument is an invitation to inference, by using such a directive utterance the addresser is inviting the addressee to make an inference from an (...)
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  35.  4
    Group Identity in Public Deliberation.Hubert Marraud - 2023 - Informal Logic 44 (1):224-256.
    I argue that different argumentative practices require participants to categorize themselves in different modes. Accordingly, I distinguish four types of argumentation: _rational argumentation,_ _intergroup argumentation_, _intragroup argumentation_, and, finally, _personal argumentation_. An inescapable implication of my approach to deliberation is that deliberation presupposes the self-categorization of participants in the same ingroup. Deliberation does not require, however, the group to antecede the deliberation process, and a distinctive feature of successful public deliberation is its capacity to produce social identification with the deliberative (...)
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  36.  20
    Deliberación e identidad colectiva. Usos compromisorios, directivos y expresivos de la argumentación.Hubert Marraud - 2020 - Co-herencia 17 (32):67-95.
    La concepción predominante de la argumentación sigue privilegiando la dimensión representacional del lenguaje y, en consecuencia, ignora o infravalora las funciones compromisorias, directivas o expresivas de la argumentación. En este artículo examino los usos de la argumentación en la esfera pública -con especial atención a la deliberación y a la negociación- para poner de manifiesto y reivindicar la importancia de las funciones no persuasivas de la argumentación, entre las que se destaca la construcción y moldeado de identidades sociales.
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  37.  8
    Group Identity in Public Deliberation.Hubert Marraud - 2023 - Informal Logic 43 (2):224-256.
    I argue that different argumentative practices require participants to categorize themselves in different modes. Accordingly, I distinguish four types of argumentation: rational argumentation, intergroup argumentation, intragroup argumentation, and, finally, personal argumentation. An inescapable implication of my approach to deliberation is that deliberation presupposes the self-categorization of participants in the same ingroup. Deliberation does not require, however, the group to antecede the deliberation process, and a distinctive feature of successful public deliberation is its capacity to produce social identification with the deliberative (...)
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  38.  28
    Acute but Not Permanent Effects of Propranolol on Fear Memory Expression in Humans.Anastasia Chalkia, Jeroen Weermeijer, Lukas Van Oudenhove & Tom Beckers - 2019 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13.
  39.  8
    Brendan Larvor . Mathematical Cultures: The London Meetings, 2012–2014. viii + 460 pp., figs., index. Basel: Springer, 2016. €153.69. [REVIEW]Danny Beckers - 2018 - Isis 109 (2):365-366.
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  40.  31
    Exploring Variation Between Artificial Grammar Learning Experiments: Outlining a Meta‐Analysis Approach.Antony S. Trotter, Padraic Monaghan, Gabriël J. L. Beckers & Morten H. Christiansen - 2020 - Topics in Cognitive Science 12 (3):875-893.
    Studies of AGL have frequently used training and test stimuli that might provide multiple cues for learning, raising the question what subjects have actually learned. Using a selected subset of studies on humans and non‐human animals, Trotter et al. demonstrate how a meta‐analysis can be used to identify relevant experimental variables, providing a first step in asssessing the relative contribution of design features of grammars as well as of species‐specific effects on AGL.
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  41. Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm.David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan & Demis Hassabis - 2017 - .
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  42.  25
    Backtracking Counterfactuals.Julius von Kügelgen, Abdirisak Mohamed & Sander Beckers - forthcoming - Proceedings of the 2Nd Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning.
    Counterfactual reasoning -- envisioning hypothetical scenarios, or possible worlds, where some circumstances are different from what (f)actually occurred (counter-to-fact) -- is ubiquitous in human cognition. Conventionally, counterfactually-altered circumstances have been treated as "small miracles" that locally violate the laws of nature while sharing the same initial conditions. In Pearl's structural causal model (SCM) framework this is made mathematically rigorous via interventions that modify the causal laws while the values of exogenous variables are shared. In recent years, however, this purely interventionist (...)
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  43.  10
    Daniel Warner, Live Wires: A History of Electronic Music. London: Reaktion Books, 2017. Pp. 208. ISBN 978-1-78023-824-1. £16.00. [REVIEW]Danny Beckers - 2018 - British Journal for the History of Science 51 (4):716-717.
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  44.  7
    Ronald S. Calinger, Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016. Pp. 669. ISBN 978-0-691-11927-4. $55.00/€40.95. [REVIEW]Danny Beckers - 2018 - British Journal for the History of Science 51 (1):155-156.
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  45.  46
    Fearing shades of grey: individual differences in fear responding towards generalisation stimuli.Inna Arnaudova, Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt & Tom Beckers - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 31 (6):1181-1196.
    ABSTRACTIndividual differences in fear generalisation have been proposed to play a role in the aetiology and/or maintenance of anxiety disorders, but few data are available to directly support that claim. The research that is available has focused mostly on generalisation of peripheral and central physiological fear responses. Far less is known about the generalisation of avoidance, the behavioural component of fear. In two experiments, we evaluated how neuroticism, a known vulnerability factor for anxiety, modulates an array of fear responses, including (...)
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  46.  43
    Manipulating affective state influences conditioned appetitive responses.Inna Arnaudova, Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt & Tom Beckers - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 32 (5):1062-1081.
    ABSTRACTAffective states influence how individuals process information and behave. Some theories predict emotional congruency effects. Emotional congruency should theoretically obstruct the learning of reward associations and their ability to guide behaviour under negative mood. Two studies tested the effects of the induction of a negative affective state on appetitive Pavlovian learning, in which neutral stimuli were associated with chocolate or alcohol rewards. In both experiments, participants showed enhanced approach tendencies towards predictors of reward after a negative relative to a positive (...)
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  47.  45
    A Bayesian Theory of Sequential Causal Learning and Abstract Transfer.Hongjing Lu, Randall R. Rojas, Tom Beckers & Alan L. Yuille - 2016 - Cognitive Science 40 (2):404-439.
    Two key research issues in the field of causal learning are how people acquire causal knowledge when observing data that are presented sequentially, and the level of abstraction at which learning takes place. Does sequential causal learning solely involve the acquisition of specific cause-effect links, or do learners also acquire knowledge about abstract causal constraints? Recent empirical studies have revealed that experience with one set of causal cues can dramatically alter subsequent learning and performance with entirely different cues, suggesting that (...)
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  48.  47
    Worktime Demands and Work-Family Interference: Does Worktime Control Buffer the Adverse Effects of High Demands? [REVIEW]Sabine A. E. Geurts, Debby G. J. Beckers, Toon W. Taris, Michiel A. J. Kompier & Peter G. W. Smulders - 2009 - Journal of Business Ethics 84 (2):229 - 241.
    This study examined whether worktime control buffered the impact of worktime demands on work-family interference (WFI), using data from 2,377 workers from various sectors of industry in The Netherlands. We distinguished among three types of worktime demands: time spent on work according to one's contract (contractual hours), the number of hours spent on overtime work (overtime hours), and the number of hours spent on commuting (commuting hours). Regarding worktime control, a distinction was made between having control over days off and (...)
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  49.  25
    The Ethical Implications of the Five-Stage Skill-Acquisition Model.Stuart E. Dreyfus & Hubert L. Dreyfus - 2004 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 24 (3):251-264.
    We assume that acting ethically is a skill. We then use a phenomenological description of five stages of skill acquisition to argue that an ethics based on principles corresponds to a beginner’s reliance on rules and so is developmentally inferior to an ethics based on expert response that claims that, after long experience, the ethical expert learns to respond appropriately to each unique situation. The skills model thus supports an ethics of situated involvement such as that of Aristotle, John Dewey, (...)
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  50.  12
    Engaging social science students in the philosophy of science: 10 pieces of advice on how to teach a difficult subject.Hubert Buch-Hansen - 2022 - Journal of Critical Realism 21 (4):385-400.
    It can be challenging to introduce the philosophy of social science (PoS) to students in the social sciences. Noting the lack of literature providing guidance to the prospective PoS teacher, this paper outlines several pieces of advice on how to engage social science undergraduates in the subject. This advice centres on showing the relevance of the PoS in academia and beyond, reducing complexity and presenting only a few contending PoS perspectives. It is also proposed to use textbooks with caution or (...)
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