[v. 1]. Gu dai juan -- [v. 2-3]. Jin dai juan -- [v. 4]. Xian dai juan.

In this study, we examine the nature of the relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), defined as unethical behavior conducted by employees with the aim of benefiting their organization, and whether the strength of the relationship differs between subordinates experiencing high and low identification with supervisor. Based on three-wave survey data obtained from 239 public sector employees in China, we find that ethical leadership has an inverted u-shaped (curvilinear) relationship with UPB. As the level of ethical leadership (...) increases from low to moderate, UPB increases; as the level of ethical leadership increases from moderate to high, UPB decreases. Further, we find that the strength of this inverted u-curve relationship differs between subordinates with high and low identification with supervisor. That is to say, the inverted u-shaped relationship between ethical leadership and UPB was stronger when subordinates experienced high levels of identification with supervisor. The theoretical and managerial implications of our findings for understanding how to manage UPB in an organizational context are discussed. (shrink)

With the vigorous development of major engineering projects in China, the social risks associated with major construction projects not only challenge the success of projects but also threaten social harmony and stability. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to assess and manage social risks. This paper aims to identify and evaluate the social risk factors by conducting a survey and assess the overall risk level of major construction projects with fuzzy integrated approach. First, 35 social risk factors and related (...) stakeholders were identified based on literature analysis and case study. Then, 18 critical social risk factors were selected and classified into six groups based on a questionnaire survey. Next, using fuzzy integrated method, the probability of occurrence, magnitude of impact, the integrated risk level of each CSRF and CSRG, and the overall risk of MCPs were calculated. As a result, “unfair compensation for housing demolition and land requisition” was the most critical social risk factor, and “policy/legal risk” was the most critical social risk group. The overall risk of MCPs was between moderate and high. At last, a social risk synthetic management framework was established, which can provide reference for policymakers and project decision makers to effectively manage the social risks. (shrink)

In this paper, we investigate the trust-based mechanisms underlying the relationship between ethical leadership and followers’ organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). Based on three-wave survey data obtained from 184 employees and their supervisors, we find that ethical leadership leads to higher levels of both affective and cognitive trust. In addition, we find support for a three-path mediational model, where cognitive trust and affective trust, in turn, mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and follower OCBs. That is to say, we found that (...) ethical leadership leads to the development of cognitive trust, which subsequently influences the development of affective trust. Affective trust, in turn, induces followers to exhibit OCBs as a means of reciprocating the leader’s favourable behaviour. Our findings suggest that both affective and cognitive trust plays an important role in the social exchange processes that underlie the relationship between ethical leadership and the discretionary behaviour of followers. (shrink)

As we approach the third millenium we ask what we want to bring forward from the past and what we wish to develop anew. Like planning to begin human life on ...

Although the same environmental regulations apply to all regions in China, legal enforcement can be different due to local economic development priorities. There is still a lack of knowledge about how regional disparities affect the operating performance results of the implementation of corporate environmental management practices, thus providing little information for foreign companies when they invest and develop their production base in China. To fill this research gap, this paper collects data from the Fortune 500 Chinese firms to investigate the (...) moderating role of regional disparities in affecting the performance results of corporate environmental management efforts based on the institutional theory. The disclosed corporate environmental responsibility practices serve as proxy to represent corporate environmental management practices. Content analysis approach was applied to collect and analyze CER practices published in the corporate reports of Chinese manufacturers. The results show that CER has a positive impact on operating income, while regional disparities influence the relationship between CER and corporate operating income. Specifically, CER and operating income are positively related in Eastern China; on the contrary, they are negatively related in Western China. This paper adds to the body of knowledge about environmental discrepancies in the same emerging economy, and provides insights for systematic consideration in terms of the issues of government environmental regulations and corporate environmental strategies. (shrink)

Although the same environmental regulations apply to all regions in China, legal enforcement can be different due to local economic development priorities. There is still a lack of knowledge about how regional disparities affect the operating performance results of the implementation of corporate environmental management practices, thus providing little information for foreign companies when they invest and develop their production base in China. To fill this research gap, this paper collects data from the Fortune 500 Chinese firms to investigate the (...) moderating role of regional disparities in affecting the performance results of corporate environmental management efforts based on the institutional theory. The disclosed corporate environmental responsibility practices serve as proxy to represent corporate environmental management practices. Content analysis approach was applied to collect and analyze CER practices published in the corporate reports of Chinese manufacturers. The results show that CER has a positive impact on operating income, while regional disparities influence the relationship between CER and corporate operating income. Specifically, CER and operating income are positively related in Eastern China; on the contrary, they are negatively related in Western China. This paper adds to the body of knowledge about environmental discrepancies in the same emerging economy, and provides insights for systematic consideration in terms of the issues of government environmental regulations and corporate environmental strategies. (shrink)

Drawing on social exchange theory, the present study seeks to understand how ethical leaders channel followers’ responses to positive treatment from the organization into a dutiful mindset, resulting in in-role and extra-role performance. Specifically, it examines the influence of perceived organizational support on both followers’ job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors, and the mediating effects of duty orientation on such relationships. In addition, it examines whether the mediated effects are contingent on the ethical leadership exhibited by the team leader. Based (...) on multi-source, multi-level data obtained from 233 employees in 60 teams from the Chinese public sector, we found that ethical leadership moderated the mediated relationship between perceived organizational support and follower work behaviors through duty orientation, such that this relationship was stronger in the presence of higher ethical leadership. (shrink)

Essence is an interesting and deep concept of the ontology. This paper argues that the essence of object is composed of three connected and different parts. The first is the feature of noumenon contained in the object, such as the mathematical content of the quality and structure of object. By revealing the content, man is able to know some fundamental features of object, and then easily find the orient of the object in the physical world. The second is the inner (...) nature of object, especially the cardinal nature. It, keeping with the traditional cognition, indicates that thought probes deeply into the inner nature of object, and then knows allkinds of mechanisms and functions. The third refers to the relationship between one thing and another. By comprehending the relationship on macro‐ and whole stand, man can recognize the core mechanism of things. Based on above processes, metaphysically the whole knowledge on the essence of object has been finished. In addition the dialectical relations between universality and individuality, absolute idea and relativity are in need of comprehending in practice referring to the essence of things. (shrink)

Entrepreneurs sometimes make unethical decisions that have devastating effects on their companies, stakeholders, and themselves. We suggest that insights into the origins of such actions can be acquired through attention to personal motives and their impact on moral disengagement—a cognitive process that deactivates moral self-regulation, thus enabling individuals to behave in ways inconsistent with their own values. We hypothesize that entrepreneurs’ motivation for financial gains is positively related to moral disengagement, while their motivation for self-realization is negatively related to this (...) process. Results obtained with a sample of founding entrepreneurs offered support for the first prediction, as well as support for the prediction that moral disengagement is positively related to the tendency to make unethical decisions. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe acceleration of the evolution of economic culture through scientific development affords the opportunity to re-examine cross-domain dialogue and research in Buddhism and other disciplines. The concepts of threefold training in Buddhism were used as data items to generate data values and thereby convey the semantic nature of these terms. A systems analysis approach that can adequately incorporate hermeneutics into management science was employed to present the research topic. This study illustrates the relationship between a management activity and a Buddhist (...) activity. This relationship was used to establish a body- and mind-transcending system comprising two subsystems: a service subsystem that adopts the perspective of management science by emphasising the ‘way of things’ and a submission subsystem that adopts a Buddhist perspective by stressing the ‘way of people’. The main finding of this study is that the two subsystems are characterised by identical Buddhist concepts. (shrink)

1, Li pei hua is my teacher, this is discussing to him the introduction. The content is Buddhism to the outer space understanding and the universe responsibility. 2, Li pei hua thought that Buddhism's understanding is includes: Outer space spatial structure; Time cycle; With has other star person and so on six kind of imagination. Its content is very rich. 3, Li pei hau thought that Buddhism advocated not only relieves Earth's disaster, moreover must relieve the universe thedisaster. Is ultra (...) humanitarianism. 4, Li pei hua also proposed that to humanity's outer space development, must treat dialectically, must prevent, the earthman to the outer space environmental pollution and the destruction, with kills other star biology. Must consider that the outer space crowd attacks brutally to the Earth. The advocate security space environment, carries forward the Buddhism spirit, this is person's universe responsibility. (shrink)

We derive, in path integral approach, the (anomalous) master Ward identity associated with an infinite set of nonlocal conservation laws in two-dimensional principal chiral models.

We focus on the decomposition problem for nonstationary multicomponent signals involving Big Data. We propose the kernel sparse learning, developed for the T-F reassignment algorithm by the path penalty function, to decompose the instantaneous frequencies ridges of the overlapped multicomponent from a time-frequency representation. The main objective of KSL is to minimize the error of the prediction process while minimizing the amount of training samples used and thus to cut the costs interrelated with the training sample collection. The IFs first (...) extraction is decided using the framework of the intrinsic mode polynomial chirp transform, which obtains a brief local orthogonal TFR of signals. Then, the IFs curves of the multicomponent signal can be easily reconstructed by the T-F reassignment. After the IFs are extracted, component decomposition is performed through KSL. Finally, the performance of the method is compared when applied to several simulated micro-Doppler signals, which shows its effectiveness in various applications. (shrink)

In construction projects, cost-related risks are challenges that need to be coped with. These cost-related risks interact with each other along with the project progress and involve different stakeholders, forming a stakeholder-cost risk network. Previous studies have discussed the stakeholder-cost risk network; however, few studies have considered its dynamic characteristics. Different from traditional methods, this study employed the social network analysis to explore the key indicators of cost-related risks within the supply chain and identify the key risks and stakeholders across (...) four project stages: the planning start-up stage, design preparation stage, construction period, and operations and maintenance period. From a horizontal point of view, the complexity of the stakeholder-cost risk network demonstrates a U-shaped development process during the project life cycle, ranging from simple to complex to simple. From a vertical point of view, the important cost-based risks are diversified within each stage. The current study contributes to forming a better understanding of the stakeholder-cost risk network from a dynamic perspective as well as the crucial cost-based risks within each stage of the project. The findings provide implications for managers to better align cost-based risk intervention strategies, thereby facilitating the achievement of construction project success. (shrink)

Few-shot object recognition, which exploits a set of well-labeled data to build a classifier for new classes that have only several samples per class, has received extensive attention from the machine learning community. In this paper, we investigate the problem of designing an optimal loss function for few-shot object recognition and propose a novel few-shot object recognition system that includes the following three steps: generate a loss function architecture using a recurrent neural network ; train a base embedding network with (...) the generated loss function on a training set; fine-tune the base embedding network using the few-shot instances from a validation set to obtain the accuracy and use it as a reward signal to update the generator. This procedure is repeated and implemented in the reinforcement learning framework for finding the best loss architecture such that the embedding network yields the highest validation accuracy. Our key insight is to create a search space of the loss function architectures and evaluate the quality of a particular loss function on the dataset of interest. We conduct experiments on three popular datasets for few-shot learning. The results show that the proposed approach achieves better performance than state-of-the-art methods. (shrink)