Este estudio tiene como propósito explicar la relatividad del secreto médico y la actuación del médico perito. El secreto profesional médico es un derecho a la intimidad y constituye obligación ineludible para el personal de la salud, los pacientes y peritados, de ahí que todo lo que revelen deba ser guardado para evitar daños a la vida privada de los individuos. Desde el punto de vista ético el secreto médico profesional obliga al perito a no revelar más de lo necesario (...) para el peritaje, así como a no divulgar dicho informe, limitándose a entregarlo solamente a quienes tuvieran derecho a él. This study aims at explaining the relativity of medical secrecy and the performance of the medical expert. The medical professional secrecy is a right to privacy and it is an unavoidable obligation for the health staff, and assessed patients, hence everything they reveal must be stored to prevent damage to the private life of individuals. From the ethical point of view medical confidentiality forces the expert not to disclose more than necessary for the expertise, as well as not to disclose such report, just limited to be delivered to those who had right to it. (shrink)

This volume has 41 chapters written to honor the 100th birthday of Mario Bunge. It celebrates the work of this influential Argentine/Canadian physicist and philosopher. Contributions show the value of Bunge’s science-informed philosophy and his systematic approach to philosophical problems. The chapters explore the exceptionally wide spectrum of Bunge’s contributions to: metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, social and political (...) philosophy, medical philosophy, and education. The contributors include scholars from 16 countries. Bunge combines ontological realism with epistemological fallibilism. He believes that science provides the best and most warranted knowledge of the natural and social world, and that such knowledge is the only sound basis for moral decision making and social and political reform. Bunge argues for the unity of knowledge. In his eyes, science and philosophy constitute a fruitful and necessary partnership. Readers will discover the wisdom of this approach and will gain insight into the utility of cross-disciplinary scholarship. This anthology will appeal to researchers, students, and teachers in philosophy of science, social science, and liberal education programmes. 1. Introduction Section I. An Academic Vocation Section II. Philosophy Section III. Physics and Philosophy of Physics Section IV. Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind Section V. Sociology and Social Theory Section VI. Ethics and Political Philosophy Section VII. Biology and Philosophy of Biology Section VIII. Mathematics Section IX. Education Section X. Varia Section XI. Bibliography. (shrink)

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with higher mortality in older adults. This condition is spread person-to-person through close contact, and among policies employed to decrease transmission are the improvement of hygiene habits and physical distancing. Although social distancing has been recognized as the best way to prevent the transmission, there are concerns that it may promote increased depression symptoms risk and anxiety, mainly in older adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to verify self-concept of social distancing in adults compared to (...) older adults. All participants, over 18 years and residents of São Paulo state, were invited to join this research study by a message application and answered an interdisciplinary questionnaire during the period from May 23 to June 23, 2020. The questions were divided into the following aspects: sociodemographic data, financial conditions, routine-related perception, perception of health, physical and emotional state, and eating habits. The younger adult group was composed of 139 participants, with a mean age of 43.15 years, and the older adult group was composed of 437 participants with a mean age of 67.59 years of both sex. Changes in routine during the period of social distance were reported by 95% of adults and 96.8% of older adults, but adults indicated more significant alterations in routine. Although there was no difference between groups for several aspects, adults revealed greater alterations in sleep quality, evacuation frequency, and more difficulty to perform daily activities at home. Further studies are necessary to follow up the impacts of social distancing among adults and older adults in different socioeconomic contexts to better understand the long-term alterations and the necessity of interventions. (shrink)

Na filosofia de Aristóteles, o sentimento de amizade apresenta uma ambivalência com as emoções de rivalidade (philotimia) como a cólera (orgê) e a emulação (zêlos). Neste sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo principal refletir sobre os aspectos emocionais que envolvem a noção de amizade, visando aprofundar a relação entre as emoções de rivalidade e as categorias do desejo em Aristóteles. A produtividade dessas reflexões, aponta que o modo como as diversas relações sociais e a construção do conhecimento desenvolvido, também são (...) emocionais, fato que expõem como condição necessária para o desenvolvimento de aspectos vinculados a formação humana. (shrink)

Physical education is often selected for applying multilingual initiatives through the use of the content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction of such approach might entail losing Physical Education’s essence and distorting its basic purposes. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of CLIL on the Physical Education lessons. Given the purpose of this study, a mixed methodological approach based on a sequential exploratory design divided in two different phases (...) is used. We begin with an initial qualitative data collection (phase I) consisting in the analysis of interviews with 12 participants (8 teachers and 4 students). Based on its analysis, two foci are identified: social relationships and physical activity. Then, informed by the results obtained, a quantitative approach is used (phase II), differentiating these two sets of data to deepen on them. On one part, a sociometric questionnaire was applied to analyse the social relationships among CLIL students. On the other part, a quasi-experimental design (n = 49) was implemented using accelerometry to measure the MVPA of the PE sessions. Regarding physical activity, the results show that levels of MVPA are higher in the experimental group (CLIL) than in the control group showing light to the divergent viewpoints of interviewees. However, focusing on social relationships, the sociometric questionnaire results show that there were no statistical significative changes, although some signs of a slight effect on students’ relationships arise depending on their gender. Therefore, more research would be necessary to deepen on how CLIL affects in this regard. (shrink)

La diferencia generacional afecta la relación alumnos-profesores universitarios y tiene consecuencias en el aprendizaje. Para promover la apertura al diálogo de esos grupos sobre temas conflictivos, se desarrollaron una serie de talleres para una experiencia de diálogo sobre la cuestión del género. El enfoque fue multidisciplinar incluyendo elementos de filosofía, sociología, comunicación y bioética. Las líneas teóricas de abordaje fueron los “extraños morales” (moral strangers) de Engelhardt, un paralelo con el diálogo intercultural, y la comunicación a nivel de los valores (...) en juego. Este artículo recoge la metodología de los dos días de talleres impartidos en una universidad de México. Los participantes fueron 50 jóvenes (entre 18 y 25 años) y 50 adultos. Se llevaron a cabo 4 talleres y 2 encuestas, intercalados por 3 conferencias. El artículo presenta cada actividad con el correspondiente objetivo de aprendizaje y los resultados. En la conclusión, se ofrecen algunas lecciones sobre el diálogo intergeneracional y sobre el diálogo sobre la cuestión del género. (shrink)

Ameriški bogovi (Starz 2017–2021) in Peščeni mož (Netflix 2022– ), dve izrazito gledljivi avdiovizualni seriji, sta priredbi priljubljenega romana Neila Gaimana (2001) in njegove predhodne serije stripov (1989–1996). Obe sta navdihnjeni s klasično in nordijsko mitologijo ter odražata razvoj kulturno in družbeno pomembnih tem, do katerega je prišlo med objavo njunih literarnih predlog in predvajanjem televizijskih serij. Zanimivo je, da priredba romana vključuje več olimpskih bogov, vendar zamolči vpliv Herodota. Po drugi strani je Peščeni mož v svoji televizijski različici, natančneje (...) v tu obravnavani zadnji epizodi prve sezone z naslovom Kaliopa, v prizorih spolne zlorabe precej manj grafičen; drastičnejše podobe prepušča gledalčevi domišljiji, a hkrati doseže še bolj izrazito empatijo do trpeče žrtve in ostro obsodbo storjene nezaslišanosti. (shrink)

Este artículo desafía la narrativa tradicional de la historia de las mujeres colombianas en la filosofía. Para ello se evita el recurso de la historia heroica de los “grandes pensadores” y se propone el método de pensar causas comunes. Como se trata de una apuesta del feminismo filosófico, se subraya la importancia de una ontología corporal y una política de posicionamiento, a partir del estudio de caso del IV Congreso Internacional femenino realizado en Bogotá (1930). En el cierre, el método (...) de la causa común nos permitió sortear lo que la filósofa Kristie Dotson denomina “la cultura de la justificación” que encierra la filosofía en una serie de normas disciplinarias y en cambio apostamos por lo que ella también llama una cultura de la praxis que permite visibilizar múltiples formas del ejercicio filosófico. (shrink)

Anxiety shifts visual attention and perceptual mechanisms, preparing oneself to detect potentially threatening information more rapidly. Despite being demonstrated for threat‐related social stimuli, such as fearful expressions, it remains unexplored if these effects encompass other social cues of danger, such as aggressive gestures/actions. To this end, we recruited a total of 65 participants and asked them to identify, as quickly and accurately as possible, potentially aggressive actions depicted by an agent. By introducing and manipulating the occurrence of electric shocks, we (...) induced safe and threatening conditions. In addition, the association between electric shocks and aggression was also manipulated. Our result showed that participants have improved sensitivity, with no changes to criterion, when detecting aggressive gestures during threat compared to safe conditions. Furthermore, drift diffusion model analysis showed that under threat participants exhibited faster evidence accumulation toward the correct perceptual decision. Lastly, the relationship between threat source and aggression appeared to not impact any of the effects described above. Overall, our results indicate that the benefits gained from states of anxiety, such as increased sensitivity toward threat and greater evidence accumulation, are transposable to social stimuli capable of signaling danger other than facial expressions. (shrink)

Sobre la base de una revisión historiográfica se analizan los vínculos entre medicina, historia de la medicina e historia de las mujeres y se muestra el papel de la historia de la medicina no androcéntrica como introductora, en el campo de la salud, cíe conceptos teóricos del feminismo, el género principalmente, que están permitiendo transformar el conocimiento médico sobre el cuerpo y valorar las prácticas de las mujeres sanitarias.

La Ley Orgánica General Penitenciaria (en lo sucesivo LOGP) en el año 1979 creó la figura del juez de vigilancia penitenciaria, dedicándole 3 artículos (76,77 y 78). Fueron necesarios dos años más, para que un Acuerdo del Consejo General del Poder Judicial de 9 de julio de 1981, pusiera en funcionamiento esa clase de juzgados, los cuales se constituyeron formalmente el 1 de octubre de 1981.

Os Essays on the Law of Nature relançaram o debate em torno das relações entre a epistemologia e a filosofia política de Locke. O artigo aborda dois aspectos desta obra em que essas relações são particularmente visíveis: a definição lockiana da lei natural e a questão da sua cognoscibilidade. A comparação com as passagens paralelas de Tomás de Aquino, a que Locke alude, permite destacar a singularidade da posição de Locke, pondo em evidência o seu voluntarismo. Mencionam-se alguns aspectos desta (...) concepção da lei natural, que tem o seu fundamento último num certo modo de entender a razão humana e o seu alcance, e enunciam-se algumas das suas consequências. (shrink)

This article presents the relationship between the notions of equality and freedom assumed by Castoriadis as necessary conditions for social autonomy project. The chiasmatic figure that Castoriadis establishes between equality and freedom will be approached with the aim of clarifying whether both notions should be addressed jointly or, on the contrary, they can be considered separately for an autonomy project as well. Once exposed the difficulties that appear in the representation that establishes a correspondence between both terms, attention will be (...) directed to the need of the figure of law as a legal element to guarantee the privileges that are granted to the members of the community in the Autonomy project that is equal participation. To conclude, the article will be directed to a silence in the work of Castoriadis; who can be considered a subject in the autonomy project, that is, who should participate in the formation of the new institutions. (shrink)

Discourse markers such as ¿entendés?, imaginate, mirá, and ¿sabés qué? are used in coloquial speech by Medellín people to achieved different communicative goals. This paper first of all, aims at showing some examples taken from oral sources: recordings and interviews from PRESEEA-Medellín project used with a specific pronoun: vos, that is typical use in the area of study; on the other hand, analyzes their pragmatic roles on each context as a way to describe dialectal uses.

This article presents the findings of a study on homeschooling in Czechia. It focuses on the gender aspects of this uncommon educational decision. Based on forty-three individual interviews with homeschooling parents, the article’s unifying thread is interest in understanding how mothers are involved in the decision to homeschool, and how the practice is embedded in gendered relationships within the society. We explore the results from two perspectives. First, we consider how the choice to homeschool lies simultaneously in embracing and opposing (...) cultural imperatives of good mothering. Second, we explore the precarious status of homeschooling mothers in relation to economic independence. By shedding light on individual choice within social structures, we situate the practice of homeschooling within the gender inequalities of today’s society. (shrink)

This paper analyzes Maurizio Ferraris’s “minimal realism” with the aim of showing that his criticisms of correlationism and constructivism are not convincing. Ferraris preserves both a substantivist vision of the objects of knowledge and a substantial difference between sensible things and concepts. These two issues prevent his Manifesto of New Realism from being considered the founding moment of the “new realism.” The paper concludes with a reflection on those aspects that should be considered and avoided when proposing a philosophical realism.

Inspired by a construction of the Tsirelson space , we prove a general theorem for omitting countably many positive formulas in normed spaces. This theorem can be used in functional analysis as a tool to guarantee the existence of complicated normed spaces without having to construct them. The proof of this result is based on the notion of approximate truth and on a study of the relationship between approximate truth and convergence in normed spaces. We illustrate the power of this (...) result with an application to functional analysis. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that the way in which we revise and change our beliefs is different from that in which we revise and change our judgments of value; this is due to the fact that judgments of value, unlike beliefs, have no truth-values. Changes of judgments of value do not answer in the same way to the restrictions that apply to changes of beliefs and that are determined by the norms that govern beliefs. I argue that, first when (...) we revise and change our beliefs, we should be in a position to suspend judgments, and when trying to remove doubts, we should try to avoid falsehood and, second when changing beliefs, we should be in a position to assign probabilities to those conjectures we are in suspense about. These two conditions apply to the case of changes of attitudes with truth-values, such as beliefs; I argue that these two characteristics do not apply to cases of changes of judgments of value.Neste artigo eu argumento que o modo pelo qual nós revisamos e mudamos nossas crenças é diferente daquele pelo qual revisamos e mudamos nossos juízos de valor; isto se dá porque juízos de valor, ao contrário de crenças, não possuem nenhum valor de verdade. Mudanças de juízos de valor não estão sujeitas às mesmas restrições que se aplicam às mudanças de crenças e que são determinadas pelas normas que governam estas. Eu argumento que, primeiro, quando revisamos e mudamos nossas crenças, nós deveríamos ser capazes de suspender juízos e, ao tentarmos suprimir dúvidas, deveríamos tentar evitar a falsidade e, segundo, ao mudarmos as crenças, nós deveríamos ser capazes de atribuir probabilidades àquelas conjecturas sobre as quais nós estamos em dúvida. Estas duas condições se aplicam aos casos de mudanças de atitudes com valores de verdade, tais como crenças; eu argumento que estas duas características não se aplicam aos casos de mudanças de juízos de valor. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that the way in which we revise and change our beliefs is different from that in which we revise and change our judgments of value; this is due to the fact that judgments of value, unlike beliefs, have no truth-values. Changes of judgments of value do not answer in the same way to the restrictions that apply to changes of beliefs and that are determined by the norms that govern beliefs. I argue that, first when (...) we revise and change our beliefs, we should be in a posi-tion to suspend judgments, and when trying to remove doubts, we should try to avoid falsehood and, second when changing beliefs, we should be in a position to assign probabilities to those conjectures we are in suspense about. These two conditions apply to the case of changes of attitudes with truth-values, such as beliefs; I argue that these two charac-teristics do not apply to cases of changes of judgments of value. (shrink)

The article examines whether economics serves to organize scarce resources, whether a market economy is the most natural form of organizing economic life, how the hierarchy of needs is satisfied; whether one man alone could be considered free, and advice is given us to what is recommendable that one bring with him to a desert island.

Para muchos filósofos y poetas, la poesía es una forma de conocimiento. A esta tesis la llamo cognoscitivismo poético. Aquí analizo qué podemos entender por esta tesis, proponiendo diferentes interpretaciones y tratando de responder a las preguntas acerca de qué conocemos y cómo lo conocemos. Argumento que hay formas de conocimiento que difícilmente pueden ser cuestionadas y que, tal vez por lo mismo, han hecho aparecer la tesis como trivial. Sin embargo, tradicionalmente esta tesis se ha tratado de extender a (...) objetos que nos darían tipos discutibles de conocimiento: aquí el cognoscitivismo poético debe ser seriamente cuestionado. Finalmente, argumento que el modo en que la poesía puede ser fuente de conocimiento es a través de las perspectivas que nos da de la realidad, y en este sentido también puede tener un impacto cognoscitivo sobre nosotros y sobre nuestra comprensión del mundo. (shrink)