From an epidemiological perspective, the practice of universal vaccination of girls and young women in order to prevent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and potential development of cervical cancer is widely accepted even though it may lead to the neglect of other preventive strategies against cervical cancer.

This article analyses the musicalization of poems from Jorge Luis Borges carried out by the musician Pedro Aznar within the record Caja de música. With the aim to establish the manner this intermedial proceeding can be seen as a creative act and, simultaneously, as a critical stance on the borgean poetry. Additionally, specific concepts used in the musicalization process are presented, and the way the high culture and mass culture are linked in Aznar’s record though the union (...) of scholar poetry with popular music. (shrink)

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

La religión parece presentarse en franco declive en nuestras sociedades modernas. No en vano, numerosos sociólogos vaticinaron el fin de la religión en favor de la ciencia y el saber técnico. No obstante, tales profecías no solo no parecen cumplirse, sino que la actualidad presenta un resurgir de la espiritualidad y la religión en lugares que no se esperaba y como respuesta al hastío de tanto materialismo. Así lo atestiguan sociólogos de contrastada experiencia y que parecen indicar que la tan (...) aplaudida tesis de la secularización posee más de ideología que de realidad social. Atendemos pues en este artículo a tal situación con el fin de comprender mejor qué es lo que está ocurriendo en las modernas sociedades que parecen tenerlo todo y, en cambio, carecen de aspectos importantes como el sentido que guía una existencia. (shrink)

John Stuart Mill based initially his conception of suicide on Hume's theory and on Bentham's moral arithmetic; nevertheless, he had a transforming experience in his youth, moment in which he longed for ending his life that he overcame reading the English romanticism. This article describes Mill's vision on the suicide, which he purposely silenced, through the conception of romanticism, of Hume and also of Adam Smith. Certainly, in the Theory of Moral Sentiments Smith was bold enough to criticize Hume's famous (...) defense of the suicide; however, in spite of the fact that the influence of The Wealth of the Nations in Mill has been widely studied, the possible influence of Smith’s moral theory in the overcoming of his mental crisis has been overlooked. (shrink)

ResumenEl artículo estudia el significado de ‘paz’ en El defensor de la paz, la principal obra de Marsilio de Padua y, probablemente, del pensamiento político de la Baja Edad Media. Marsilio considera la ley el fundamento de la civitas y la paz el objetivo de su institución; y sitúa en el poder temporal del sacerdocio –del Papa en particular–, la causa de la guerra civil que dividía la sociedad cristiana y azotaba, en especial, el Imperio y el norte de Italia. (...) Analizamos el vocabulario de la paz en los textos mismos del Defensor Pacis; reconstruimos su historia conceptual desde el latín clásico hasta su dimensión teológica; y examinamos cómo opera dentro de la teoría racional del poder que defiende Marsilio el concepto de paz civil, muy diferente del ideal de paz espiritual propio de la tradición medieval. El propósito es demostrar la coherencia de este concepto con un nuevo paradigma político que excluye al sacerdocio del poder secular.Palabras clave:Paz, civitas, poder, papadoThe paper explains the meaning of ‘peace’ in The Defender of Peace, the main Marsilius of Padua’s work and, probably, one of the most outstanding political theories in the Later MThis thinker considers law as the base of civitas and peace as the aim of its creation; and he thinks that the temporal power of priesthood, especially of the Pope, is the cause of the civil war that was dividing christian society and devastating, in particular, the Empire and Northern Italy Middle Ages. We analyze the vocabulary of peace in the own texts of Defensor Pacis and we reconstruct its conceptual history from classical latin to its theological approach; then, we examine how the concept of civil peace, very different from the spiritual ideal of peace in the medieval tradition, works inside the rational theory of power advocated by Marsilius. The purpose is to show the coherence of this concept with a new political paradigm, which rejectes any secular power for the Pope or priests.Key words:Peace, civitas, power, papacy. (shrink)

El artículo estudia el significado de la ley y el papel que juega en la filosofía política de Marsilio de Padua, un autor interesado, por encima de todo, en la institución del Estado, que considera a la ley el fundamento de la civitas. Su énfasis en la ley significa que la cuestión principal es qué es lo que hace que una ley lo sea; y más que el contenido de justicia, es el precepto coactivo del legislador, que tiene la autoridad (...) de establecer la ley y de sancionar su incumplimiento, ya que una ley es una orden cuya desobediencia lleva su castigo. Por tanto, esa definición de ley desemboca en la pregunta por el legislador: es el conjunto de los ciudadanos o su parte prevalente ”, es decir, la legítima representación de toda la comunidad, pero nunca otra parte de la comunidad, ni siquiera los sacerdotes o los doctores. La definición de ley, que implica la unidad de la comunidad y la exclusividad del legislador, es el fundamento filosófico para rechazar todo poder político del Papa y de los sacerdotes para legislar. (shrink)

O artigo analisa, a partir sobretudo do pensamento de Hannah Arendt, o desafio que representa para a política “viver junto”. Embora a expressão origine-se com o ensaísta francês Roland Barthes, o objetivo do artigo é quadruplo: (1) apresentar seu fundamento ontológico na condição humana ou existencial de “ser-com”, ou seja, de ser junto aos outros, pensada desde Martin Heidegger; (2) descrever seu sentido político pela conjugação entre isonomia e diferença na forma da pluralidade pela qual cada pessoa pode aparecer singularmente (...) em atos e palavras, de acordo com uma liberdade frente a quaisquer predeterminações; (3) demonstrar como a recente situação da pandemia de Covid-19 radicalizou o impasse de viver junto – e separado – em sociedade, particularmente no caso do Brasil, colocando em relevo uma dimensão coletiva da liberdade pela interdependência entre os seres humanos; e (4) apontar a importância da forma de governo da república, mas também os perigos da sua fragilização nas democracias contemporâneas no que se refere à dificuldade de responder – como viver junto? (shrink)

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

In the context of business, interactions between individuals generate social systems that emerge anywhere within a corporation or in its relations with external agents. These systems influence the behaviors of individuals and, as a result, the collective actions we usually attribute to corporations. Social systems thus make a difference in processes of action that are often morally evaluated by internal and external agents to the firm. Despite this relevance, social systems have not yet been the object of specific attention in (...) the literature on moral agency in business. To fill this gap, I construct a theoretical framework based on Luhmann’s ideas on social systems and morality. In particular, I argue that morality is a phenomenon that occurs in communication, and an agent can engage in morality in three different ways (as a _moral factor_, an _expressive moral agent_, or a _reflective moral agent_) depending on the functions it plays in communicative interactions. Based on this framework, I argue that social systems in business can be considered moral agents of those types. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o pensamento desenvolvido por Georges Canguilhem e Gilbert Simondon sobre dois conceitos principais: o conceito de organismo e de máquina. A intenção é de reconstruir, a partir das continuidades e descontinuidades entre os dois conceitos, o raciocínio desenvolvido pelos dois autores sobre esses temas na história da filosofia francesa do século passado. Assim, tomamos como escopo as obras La connaissance de la vie, publicada por Canguilhem em 1952 e a tese complementar de doutoramento (...) de Simondon, orientada por Canguilhem, Du mode d’existence des objets techniques, de 1958. A partir disso, o texto se divide em seis partes: uma introdução, onde damos as especificações de escopo e de análise, seguida pela primeira parte, onde analisamos os conceitos de pensamento, conhecimento, sujeito e objeto. Em seguida, na parte dois, analisamos os conceitos de máquina, mecanismo e motor, como utilizadas em Canguilhem, e os conceitos de indivíduo, elemento e conjunto técnico desenvolvidas por Simondon. A terceira parte se dedica a analisar a questão do autômato, bem como os conceitos de mecanismo e finalismo. A quarta parte desenvolve o conceito de organismo-máquina e os conceitos de potencialidade e de teleologia desenvolvidos principalmente em Canguilhem. Por fim, na conclusão, analisamos as aproximações e distâncias entre os dois autores, bem como a imagem do monstro e do robô. (shrink)

This is a critical-hermeneutical and historical-comparative study on Political Economy, Economic History and Social Thought, applied to the American utopias in the 19th century and its role in the colonisation of the United States (US) west. This review is based on a heterodox economic approach, used in the disciplines of Religion and Economics. It gives a general view of religious and ideological utopias, as cooperative enterprises of intentional life in farms and workshop, making a comparative analysis of efficiency and sustainability. (...) This study attempts to explain the colonial paradox of American utopias because the last established, with more inversion, they were the first to fall. This study shapes the development of the western territories, from the Quaker’s Holy Experiment framework and its support for the utopias experiments in the expansion to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Contribution: This review offers a descriptive and explanatory study on the colonisation of the US west, under the hermeneutical turn from heterodox economic approaches, to deal with some current contradictions and anachronism in the mainstream view. Also, there is a systematisation of the American utopias, divided into religious and ideological experiments, with a comparison. (shrink)

La guerra no es una actividad necesariamente sangrienta, pero sí necesariamente política. Esta, en tanto que actividad del espíritu y sentimiento, anida en las mentes de quienes toman parte en ella. En el mundo del siglo XXI el incremento de relaciones e intereses compartidos hace difícil que las guerras puedan ser totales; lo que existe es una zona gris en la que se plasma la rivalidad de los diferentes actores en planos concretos. Narrativas e imágenes son fundamentales como herramientas de (...) persuasión política. En este sentido también son elementos del _Soft Power_, entre ellas la Historia, que puede ser instrumentada como la mejor de las narrativas. Estas permiten controlar la agenda informativa y, a su vez, la realidad, así como crear los sobreentendidos que sirven a las Relaciones Internacionales y ayudan a la implementación de las políticas. El dominio cultural y, sobre todo, la cinematografía son elementos claves en tal propósito, porque no importan los hechos tanto como su percepción, su memoria y recuerdo. (shrink)

La discusión sobre las consecuencias políticas del pensamiento de L. Wittgenstein ha girado sobre la posibilidad de construir miradas críticas sobre lo social, su legitimidad, amplitud, fuerza, etc. Sin embargo, aproximar a Wittgenstein a una posición materialista, como la entendía L. Althusser, conduce a una comprensión diferente de la crítica, vinculada a la tarea de deconstruir el discurso filosófico que intenta unificar y organizar jerárquicamente las evidencias (certezas) constitutivas de los diferentes juegos de lenguaje en los que se despliega lo (...) social. Se intenta extraer de esta aproximación una distinción entre la filosofía como práctica teórica ideológica y como práctica teórica crítica. The discussion regarding the political consequences of Wittgenstein's thought has focused on the possibility of building critical approaches to the legitimacy, amplitude, strength, etc. of the social sphere. However, bringing Wittgenstein close to a materialist position as understood by L. Althusser leads to a different understanding of critique, linked to the deconstruction of the philosophical discourse that attempts to unify and hierarchically organize the certainties that are constitutive of the different language games in which the social is deployed. On the basis of this approach, the article attempts to draw a distinction between philosophy as ideological theoretical practice and as critical theoretical practice. (shrink)

David Hume’s historical thought was shaped before he even began writing the History of Great Britain in 1752. This article shows how Hume developed his historical thought in an attempt to combine two historical structures: the natural-jurisprudential conjectural history of the Treatise of Human Nature and the early eighteenth-century historical narratives of modern Europe that featured in his Essays. The Treatise’s conjectural history used the developmental categories “rude” and “civilised” to explain the origins of justice, government and the moral sentiment. (...) The narratives of modern Europe, in contrast, revolved around the historical categories “ancient” and “modern.” Hume’s historical thought was shaped by the attempt to merge those two structures into a single, coherent structure. The critical question concerned the relation between the ancient and the modern: was modern Europe merely a “revival” of classical antiquity? Or did it have new, “post-ancient” dimensions? The article shows how Hume gradually distanced classical antiquity from modern Europe, thereby creating space for exclusively modern concepts such as “civilised monarchies” and the narrative of modern civilisation that structured his History of England (1754–1762). The paper concludes by suggesting that this structure defined Enlightenment philosophical history, not just Hume’s version of it. (shrink)

En este artículo se ensaya un análisis de los presupuestos, de las consecuencias, que entraña la concepción cartesiana del saber. Y se llega a la conclusión de que toda la reflexión de Descartes se puede leer también como una filosofía de la historia en la que está la raíz de la idea moderna (y contemporánea) de progreso.

Este artigo discute como os conceitos de mediação e representação se articulam na reflexão de Carl Schmitt em alguns de seus primeiros escritos e preparam o terreno para a formulação da ideia de representação política em um de seus trabalhos mais conhecidos: Teoria da Constituição. O procedimento mediante o qual se traduz uma realidade amorfa ou um coletivo em forma de representação política se atém à noção de presentificar algo ausente ou tornar visível algo invisível. Toda ideia entra no mundo (...) empírico como hóspede forasteiro e para ganhar existência ou visibilidade necessita de uma decisão soberana pela sua representação. A finalidade deste estudo é explicar o modo pelo qual ocorre este procedimento. (shrink)

v. 1. Olhar sociológico pós-moderno -- v. 2. Insolúvel busca de solução -- v. 3. Felicidade possível.

Resenha de: CHAMAYOU, Grégoire. Teoria do drone. Tradução de Célia Euvaldo. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2015.

A evolução dos meios de comunicação propiciou um massivo fluxo informacional, trazendo consigo alguns entraves. O fenômeno das fake news é produto dessa mudança na sociedade, afetando de diversas formas a vida das pessoas e inclusive a possibilidade de uma escolha plena e livre de influências, sua liberdade de expressão, pensamento e informação. Nesse contexto, este evento se torna gravoso para o nosso Estado Democrático, na medida que influencia o comportamento, as escolhas políticas, a conduta social e a solidez da (...) própria democracia. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é refletir como as fake news interferem no Estado Democrático de Direito no Brasil e o deformam. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, documental e qualitativa. Propõe-se, por meio desse estudo, explicitar o que é esse fenômeno tão complexo das fake news e compreender as diversas formas de como ele pode afetar nosso sistema democrático, baseando-se nas ideias discursivas de Habermas. (shrink)

Overzicht van de griekse filosofie van de Monisten tot en met het Neo-Platonisme.

This collection explores the controversial and perhaps even abject idea that evils, large and small, human and natural, may have a central positive function to play in our lives. For centuries a concern of religious thinkers from the Christian tradition, very little systematic work has been done to explore this idea from the secular point of view.

This paper raises a new form of speaker error objection to the analysis of disputes as metalinguistic negotiations in cases in which disputants reject that analysis. It focuses on an obvious but underexplored form of speaker error: speakers’ misattribution of contents both to others and to themselves. It argues that the analyses of disputes that posit this type of speaker error are uncharitable in three different ways: first, by portraying speakers as mistaken interpreters of their interlocutors; second, by portraying speakers (...) as uncharitable interpreters of their interlocutors; third, by portraying speakers who retract their claims as mistaken interpreters of their own prior utterances. Taken together, these unfavorable consequences weigh significantly against the plausibility of this type of analysis for the cases in question. (shrink)

El autor de este artí-culo, que ya ha publicado con ante-rioridad otros dedicados a la misma temática, expone aquí la legisla-ción general de la Iglesia sobre este delicado y complejo tema, que tanta repercusión ha tenido y está teniendo en la actualidad: describe el cambio de actitud de la Iglesia cató-lica frente a estos comportamientos delictivos de sus clérigos y religiosos, y analiza los cambios operados tanto en la legislación general de la Iglesia como en las disposiciones reciente-mente adoptadas por (...) algunas Confe-rencias Episcopales para responder más eficaz y rápidamente ante estas dolorosas situaciones. Las medidas adoptadas por la Iglesia abarcan tres grandes campos: el de la preven-ción de estas situaciones mediante la debida formación y selección de los candidatos, atención a sus nece-sidades, formación permanente, etc. (shrink)

En este trabajo se plantea lo que un no-físico debería saber sobre la estructura de la materia, su origen y el desarrollo del Universo, para, sobre esa base científica, plantear una reflexión sobre cómo se inició nuestro Universo y en qué medida o no pudo participar en ese inicio un Dios creador. El trabajo se estructura en seis capítulos y una reflexión final. En el primero se aborda el estudio de las partículas más elementales que componen la materia; en el (...) segundo las fuerzas que las unen; en el tercero las teorías del mundo subatómico; en el cuarto el Big Bang y las primeras etapas de desarrollo del Universo; en el quinto la formación de los primeros atisbos de materia y en el sexto la teoría de un Universo infinito, como una solución a la no necesidad de que nuestro Universo se hubiera tenido que iniciar en un momento determinado. En la reflexión final se plantea la racionalidad de la posible existencia de un Dios creador, a la luz de los actuales conocimientos científicos sobre el origen de nuestro Universo. (shrink)

An unquestionably important biological question is whether human beings are the product of chance or of purpose in the evolutionary process. Charles Darwin did not accept purpose in biological evolution, a view not shared by his colleague Alfred Russel Wallace. The controversy has remained ever since, and while many experts argue against purpose in biological evolution, many others defend it. This paper reflects on this biological and ethical problem, relating it to the possible existence of a plan that governs and (...) shapes the evolution of living beings and that is ultimately responsible for the development of Homo sapiens. (shrink)