Significant breakthroughs in genetic research promoted by the human genome project, advances in molecular biology and new reproductive technologies have improved the understanding and the possibility of genetic interventions as a potential medication for diseases caused by differentiated disorders, especially those that originated in irregularities in individual genes. The progress achieved in contemporary studies has created the likelihood that the man has the technical capacity to modify the genes that will be transmitted to the next generations as well. These are (...) the so-called hereditary genetic modifications, i.e. any biomedical interventions which could be expected to transform the genome which a person could transfer to their offspring. The author analyses in this paper why even the hints of transformations of genes that will be passed on to future generations cause deep bioethical, theological, legal and political debates and controversies. He also believes that in the era of rapid strengthening of the social and technical and technological effects of science, it is very important that scientists, in their perceptions and insights, which particularly in the field of humanities, do not have the character of value beliefs, do not go below the achieved civilization standards of ethical and moral culture and to reflect on different themes with due care and awareness of the dilemmas that they can encounter in their professional work. An adequate interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and pluriperspective approach, as well as the awareness of the essential compatibility of scientific freedom and responsibility, should ultimately result in a different and more sophisticated attitude of the scientists themselves to the possibilities of their own discipline and the significance of its effects. (shrink)

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Husserls Lehre von der kategorialen An­schauung als einem der wichtigsten Momente seines Versuchs der Grund­legung der Phänomenologie als eidetischer Wissenschaft. Ausgehend von Husserls phänomenologischen Kritik an Versuchen einer Naturalisierung des Bewusstseins, werden insbesondere die Probleme der Bedeutungs­intention und -erfüllung, des Unterschieds zwischen sinnlicher und kate­gorialer Anschauung, der kategorialen Formung und der sog. Wesens­anschauung erörtert. In diesem Zusammenhang geht es auch um die Abgrenzung des Husserlschen transzendentalphilosophischen Ansatzes von der transzendentalphilosophischen Axiomatik Immanuel Kants.

This paper analyses one of the main problems of our time in the world of Internet? cyber piracy. It is often said that it is illegal, since pirates who practice it violate certain domestic and international laws. When we ask for justification of this laws and their enforcement, philosophers and legalists usually apply to one of the two sorts of philosophical arguments - deontology and utilitarianism. The former think that piracy is immoral in itself, while the others argue it should (...) be prevented, otherwise it will produce very bad consequences for society sooner or later, and thus diminish the overall happiness of the society. It will be shown, howe?ver, that both of these arguments, when closely considered, fail with their intention, and, if we decide to follow them, we actually arrive to the very opposite conclusion - piracy is justified. Rad analizira jedan od glavnih problema danasnjice u svetu interneta - sajberpirateriju. Cesto se za nju kaze da je ilegalna, jer pirati koji je praktikuju krse odredjene domace i medjunarodne zakone. Kada se postavi pitanje opravdanja tih zakona i njihove primene, filozofi i pravnici obicno se opredeljuju za jednu od dve vrste filozofskih argumenata - deontologiju ili utilitarizam. Prvi tvrde da je piraterija nemoralna sama po sebi, dok drugi smatraju da je treba spreciti jer ce, pre ili kasnije, proizvesti vrlo stetne posledice po drustvo, i time umanjiti ukupnu srecu drustva. Medjutim, pokazace se da nijedan od ovih argumenata, kada se poblize razmotre, ne uspeva u svojoj nameri, i da, ako odlucimo da ih sledimo, dolazimo zapravo do potpuno suprotnog zakljucka - piraterija je opravdana. (shrink)

Tekst analizira jedan od pokusaja da se ideja deliberativne demokratije ucini prihvatljivijom tako sto ce se sprovoditi preko interneta. Pozivajuci se na jednostavnost pristupa i koriscenja interneta, mnogi autori smatraju da je moguce spojiti deliberativnu demokratiju sa direktnom ili neposrednom demokratijom, i time doci do mozda najboljeg moguceg sistema donosenja politickih odluka. Medjutim, pokazace se da, iako ova ideja ima dosta prednosti u odnosu na standardne teorije deliberativne demokratije, ona ne uspeva da resi brojne nedoumice koje sa sobom donosi. Uprkos (...) tome, ideju on?lajn deliberativne demokratije ne treba odbaciti, vec je pridruziti postojecim demokratskim procedurama donosenja odluka, cime ce se ove procedure znacajno unaprediti. (shrink)

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Husserls Lehre von der kategorialen An­schauung als einem der wichtigsten Momente seines Versuchs der Grund­legung der Phänomenologie als eidetischer Wissenschaft. Ausgehend von Husserls phänomenologischen Kritik an Versuchen einer Naturalisierung des Bewusstseins, werden insbesondere die Probleme der Bedeutungs­intention und -erfüllung, des Unterschieds zwischen sinnlicher und kate­gorialer Anschauung, der kategorialen Formung und der sog. Wesens­anschauung erörtert. In diesem Zusammenhang geht es auch um die Abgrenzung des Husserlschen transzendentalphilosophischen Ansatzes von der transzendentalphilosophischen Axiomatik Immanuel Kants.

Many species maintain cytosine DNA methyltransferase (MTase) genes belonging to the Dnmt2 family. Prokaryotic modification‐restriction systems utilize DNA methylation to distinguish between self and foreign DNA, and cytosine methylation in eukaryotic DNA contributes to epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression. However, Dnmt2 proteins display only low or no DNA MTase activity, making this protein family the odd and enigmatic family member. Recent evidence showed that Dnmt2 proteins are not DNA but RNA MTases with functions in biological processes as diverse as (...) stress responses and RNA‐mediated inheritance. These observations not only raise profound questions regarding the perceived substrate specificities of cytosine MTase, but also suggest links between DNA and RNA modification systems. Here, we speculate that Dnmt2 proteins might be part of an ancient cytosine modification toolbox that is used to successfully respond to environmental challenges, including constantly evolving RNA and DNA substrates. (shrink)

The article considers the Greek ideal of moderation, most often expressed through the notion of the Mean. It is not merely a pangreek ideal, but an ancient and everlasting inheritance, which converged to the education in the unity of ‘goodness and beauty’. It is lived in the polis, as it was also a personal aspiration of the inner soul. In Aristotle’s politics, the source of moderation is primarily connected to the balance of political orders, however there is another perspective in (...) which it is more about the virtue and moral qualities of aristocracy, which identifies the good man and citizen. That approach is more akin to research conducted in Aristotle’s texts on ethics. Careful analysis of these distinctions from the book Politics is concluded with insights on education and virtue as complementary aspects of practical philosophy. (shrink)

O objetivo principal do presente artigo é apresentar uma visão unificada da contribuição de Winnicott à psicanálise. A Parte I começa constatando que, de acordo com certos comentadores renomados, Winnicott introduziu uma mudança paradigmática na psicanálise. A fim de fazer ver que essa mudança pode ser interpretada como um Gestalt switch paradigmático no sentido de Th. S. Kuhn, faz-se uma apresentação panorâmica da teoria kuhniana da ciência e, em seguida, uma reconstrução do paradigma edipiano ou triangular de Freud. Na Parte (...) II , é mostrado que, já nos anos 20, Winnicott constatou a existência de anomalias insuperáveis no paradigma edipiano e, por essa razão, iniciou a pesquisa que poderia ser chamada de revolucionária, no sentido de Kuhn, buscando um novo quadro geral para a psicanálise. Essa pesquisa terminou com a elaboração, especialmente na última parte da vida de Winnicott, do paradigma alternativo “bebê-no-colo-da-mãe”. Esse paradigma é descrito com certos detalhes, especialmente a relação paradigmática dual bebê-mãe e a teoria-guia de amadurecimento pessoal. As observações finais dizem respeito à herança winnicottiana e ao futuro da psicanálise. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta três teses principais. A primeira diz que, nos Seminários de Zollikon, Heidegger desenvolveu projeto de uma antropologia, patologia e terapia daseinsanalíticas no qual ele rejeita a metapsicologia de Freud, mas preserva suas descobertas fatuais e procedimentos de cura. A secunda tese sustenta que Winnicott introduziu um novo paradigma na psicanálise que igualmente rejeita a metapsicologia freudiana e centra a pesquisa e a cura psicanalíticas sobre problemas de amadurecimento pessoal e não mais sobre o complexo de Édipo. (...) A terceira tese combina as duas primeira para dizer a) que a psicanálise winnicottiana satisfaz os requisitos de Heidegger para a patologia e a terapia daseinsanalíticas, b) que, além disso, essa nova psicanálise pode estimular de maneira decisiva a pesquisa futura no campo da antropologia daseinsanalítica.The paper proposes three main theses. The first thesis says that in Zollikoner Seminare Heidegger has developed a project of a daseinsanalytic anthropology and pathology in which he rejects Freud's metapsychology, but accepts his factual findings and therapeutic procedures. The second thesis affirms that Winnicott has introduced a new paradigm in psychoanalysis which also rejects Freud's metapsychology and centers the psychoanalytic research and therapy on the problem of maturation and no more on the Oedipus Complex. The third thesis combines the first two in saying a) that Winnicott's psychoanalysis satisfies Heidegger's requirements for a daseinsanalytic pathology and therapy and b) that, moreover, it can stimulate, in a decisive manner, the future research in the field of daseinsanalytic anthropology. (shrink)

Depois de expor, usando a filosofia de Kant como exemplo, em que consiste o uso objetificante da linguagem, o artigo prossegue explicitando os perigos extremos que Heidegger relaciona a esse uso e a defesa que ele recomenda: a mudança da nossa relação com a linguagem.After presenting, using the philosophy of Kant as an example, what is understood as the use of objectifying language, the article proceeds to explain the extreme perils that Heidegger takes related to this usage and a defense (...) of what he recommends: a change of in our relations to language. (shrink)

Heideggersche erste Bewegungen in Richtung auf die Funda?mentalontologie lassen sich in seinen Vorlesungen der fr?hen 20er Jahren beobachten. Heidegger versucht darin, sich von dem Logizismus der Husserlschen Bewusstseinsphilosophie zu emanzipieren, indem er ein Konzept der Urwissenschaft entwirft. Die Urwis?senschaft soll bei der vortheoretischen Erfahrung, d. h. bei den vorreflexiven Erlebnissen ansetzen. Sie hat der entlebenden Tendenz der theoretischen Einstellung zum Erlebnis?strom entgegenzuwirken und somit die Voraussetzungen daf?r zu schaffen, eine Viel?falt der lebendigen Erfahrungsweisen zum ausdr?cklichen Verstehen zu bringen. Somit kn?pft (...) die Urwissenschaft an das Programm der Ph?nomenologie von Edmund Husserl, modifiziert es aber entscheidend, indem es aus der Sph?re des Bewusstseins in jene des lebendigen Erlebnisstroms verlegt. Hajdegerovi prvi pomaci u pravcu fundamentalne ontologije mogu se posmatrati u njegovim predavanjima iz dvadesetih godina proslog veka. U njima Hajdeger pokusava da se emancipuje od logicizma Huserlove filozofije svesti tako sto razvija projekat pranauke. Ona treba da krene od predteoretskog iskustva, tj. predrefleksivnih dozivljaja. Pranauka treba da deluje nasuprot obezivotljavajucoj tendenciji teoretskog stava spram toka dozivljaja te tako stvori pretpostavke za izricito razumevanje visestrukosti zivotnih nacina iskustva. Pranauka se time nadovezuje na program fenomenologije Edmunda Huserla, ali ga modifikuje na odlucujuci nacin tako sto ga premesta iz sfere svesti u sferu zivotnog toka dozivljaja. (shrink)

Depois de expor, usando a filosofia de Kant como exemplo, em que consiste o uso objetificante da linguagem, o artigo prossegue explicitando os perigos extremos que Heidegger relaciona a esse uso e a defesa que ele recomenda: a mudança da nossa relação com a linguagem.After presenting, using the philosophy of Kant as an example, what is understood as the use of objectifying language, the article proceeds to explain the extreme perils that Heidegger takes related to this usage and a defense (...) of what he recommends: a change of in our relations to language. (shrink)

De início, o presente artigo apresenta, de maneira esquemática, a concepção freudiana dos distúrbios que fazem parte do domínio de aplicação da psicanálise. Em seguida, dedica-se, de modo mais detalhado, ao estudo da teoria winnicottiana da etiologia, natureza, classificação, solubilidades e de procedimentos de resolução desse mesmo tipo de problemas clínicos. Um dos resultados obtidos é um conjunto de evidências adicionais a favor da tese de que Winnicott operou uma mudança paradigmática na psicanálise.This paper begins with an outline of the (...) Freudian view of the disorders that are dealt with in psychoanalysis. It then describes in a more detailed manner the Winnicottian theory of the etiology, nature, classification, solutions, and procedures for resolving those same kinds of clinical problems. One of the results obtained is a set of additional evidence for the thesis that Winnicott performed a paradigm shift in psychoanalysis. (shrink)

O presente artigo propõe-se a estudar a desconstrução heideggeriana da teoria clínica e da metapsicologia de Freud à luz do método fenomenológico construtivo-desconstrutivo. Depois de caracterizar a teorização psicanalítica como devedora da metafísica da subjetividade objetificada, o artigo mostra em que sentido se pode dizer que essa metafísica oculta o modo de ser originário dos seres humanos para, em seguida, examinar a crítica heideggeriana dos elementos dessa metafísica, embutidos tanto na teoria clínica como na metapsicologia de Freud.The aim of this (...) article is to study Heidegger's deconstruction of the Freudian metapsychology as well as of his clinical theory by means of the phenomenological method. After characterising the psychoanalytic way of theorising as determined by metaphysics of objectified subjectivity, it proceeds to show in what sense it can be said that this metaphysics conceals the original mode of being of man, in order to examine next Heidegger's criticism of elements of this metaphysics which became part and parcel of the Freudian clinical theory and metapsychology. (shrink)

Više začuđuje da je Aristip, koji se smatra rodonačelnikom kirenskog hedonizma, sokratovac, nego činjenica da je rodom iz mediteranske Kirene. Grad u kome je rođen, osnovali su nekoliko stoljeća prije grčki koloni, koji su došli s otoka Tere. Po Pindaru, njegova je porodica bila najbogatija i najuzvišenijeg roda u cijeloj Libiji, čime se objašnjava činjenica što je budući hedonist, od malena, bio naviknut na život u raskoši. Nikada ga nisu smatrali sokratovcem u pravom smislu te riječi , što će biti (...) razlogom spora među Sokratovim sljedbenicima. Svijet čulne realnosti kojem je on pripadao, s jedne strane, te Platonov idealni, s druge, implicira pitanje Sokratova izvornog učenja: hedonistički, kirenski ili onaj platonizirani Sokrat, kako sugerira najveći broj istraživača?The fact that Aristippus, considered the founding father of Cyrenaic hedonism, is a Socratic is far more astounding than the fact that he was born in Cyrene on the Mediterranean. His hometown was founded a few centuries earlier by Greek colonists arriving from the Island of Thera. According to Pindar, his family was the richest and of the noblest lineage in the whole of Libya, which says that this future hedonist had been used to a life in luxury ever since he was born. He was never considered a Socratic in the true sense of the word , which was to become the cause of controversy between Socrates’s followers. The world of sensual reality he belonged to on the one hand and Plato’s world of ideas on the other pose the question of Socrates’s original orientation – was he originally a hedonist, a Cyrenaic or a Platonist, which is what most researchers suggest? (shrink)

Depois de formular, de modo esquemático, o problema fundamental de religião em Kant – o de decidir se o homem é moralmente bom ou mau –, o artigo trata do conceito kantiano de religião da razão, enfatizando que Kant propõe uma doutrina da religião sem Deus, embora não sem a idéia de Deus. Na seqüência, desenvolve a concepção kantiana da natureza humana, mostrando que essa concepção delimita o domínio factual sobre o qual Kant interpreta os predicados religiosos fundamentais: moralmente bom (...) e moralmente mau.After formulating in schematic way the fundamental problem of religion in Kant – that of deciding whether man is morally good or bad – the article discusses the his concept of religion of reason, emphasizing that Kant put forward a doctrine of religion without God, although not without the idea of God. Next, the article develops Kant´s views on human nature, and shows that these views delimit the factual domain of application to which are applied the fundamental predicates of religion, morally good and morally bad. (shrink)

O presente artigo começa pela crítica do projeto de Tugendhat de tomar a análise da linguagem do segundo Wittgenstein como o método geral da filosofia, em particular, da filosofia moral, para em seguida, tentar decidir se o mesmo método pode ser usado como procedimento de leitura da analítica heideggeriana do Dasein. Na continuação, proponho-me a examinar se o programa de Tugendhat de racionalizar o agir humano, herdado do iluminismo, pode servir de quadro teórico para compreender a fenomenologia heideggeriana da responsabilidade.

Após fazer uma breve apresentação da maneira como o tema da origem surge no pensamento de Heidegger, o artigo mostra que esse tema se desdobra necessariamente no do nascimento. Em seguida, o nascimento é estudado tal como tematizado por Heidegger na primeira e na segunda fase da sua filosofia. Por fim, o artigo explica os conceitos de nascimento e origem que compõem a teoria do amadurecimento de Winnicott, a fim de iniciar um diálogo entre o pensamento heideggeriano do ser e (...) a psicanálise winnicottiana do acontecer maturacional.After making a brief presentation of the manner in which the topic of origin emerges in Heidegger’s thought, the article shows that this topic necessarily includes that of birth. Next, the birth is studied in the light of the first and the second phase of Heidegger’s philosophy. Finally, the concepts of birth and origin that are contained in Winnicott’s theory of maturation are presented in order to introduce a dialogue between Heidegger’s thinking of Being and Winnicott’s psychoanalysis of human coming to be and growth. (shrink)

Der Beitrag besch?ftigt sich mit dem Verh?ltnis von Hermeneutik und Ethik. Im Fokus dieser Betrachtung steht die narrative Hermeneutik des Selbst von Paul Ricoeur und ihr Versuch, mit Hilfe der Hermeneutik eine ethische Dimension der Wiedereinschreibung der narrativen Rekonfiguration der Handlungswelt in diese Handlungswelt selbst zu er?ffnen. Dabei wird auf die Grenzen eines solchen Ansatzes hingewiesen, dies insbesondere im Hinblick auf die dabei gemachten metaphysiklastigen Schritte in Richtung auf eine Position, die hinter der existential- und fundamentalontologischen Fragestellung des von Ricoeur (...) kritisierten Heidegger zur?ckzufallen scheint. Daher wird hier erneut auf Heidegger und seine Existenzialontologie zur?ckgegriffen, um sie im Zuge einer narrativistischen Umdeutung f?r die ethische Fragestelleung zu?ffnen. (shrink)

Der Beitrag thematisiert vor allem unterschiedliche philosophische Auffasungen der Andersheit und versucht, sie aus einer hermeneutischen Perspektive zu hinterfragen. Dabei wird vor allem die konzeptuelle Radikalität der assymetrischen Beziehungen kritisiert, indem der hermeneutische Ansatz nicht als bloße Aneignungs- strategie des Anderen oder Fremden aufgefasst wird, sondern als offener Prozess der Verständigung, in dem die Heterogenität der Verständigungs- akteure zwar einer ständiger Veränderung unterzogen, jedoch immer auch gewahrt wird. Davon ausgehend wird auch die kulturphilosophische, aber auch gesellschaftliche und politische Relevanz der (...) Opposition zwischen Kulturpessimismus und Kulturoptimismus in Frage gestellt. (shrink)

The article primarily addresses different philosophical views of otherness and tries to question them from a hermeneutic perspective. Above all, the conceptual radicalism of the asymmetrical relationships is criticized through the hermeneutic approach, understood not as mere strategy of appropriating the other or the stranger, but as an open process of understanding, in which the heterogeneity of those involved is subject to constant change, but is nevertheless always maintained. On this basis, the cultural-philosophical, but also social and political relevance of (...) the opposition between cultural pessimism and cultural optimism is called into question. (shrink)

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Kritik an der Philosophie von Ludwig Klages, die in den 1920-ern Jahren seine Zeitgenossen wie Helmuth Plessner, Georg Misch und etwas später in den 1930-ern Jahren auch Max Bense übten. Der Gegenstand der Kritik war vor allem seine These von der grundlegenden Opposition von Geist und Seele aber auch seine graphologischen Schriften. Im Zentrum der hier vorgelegten Analyse steht die Herausarbeitung der Inkongruenz dieser kritischen Stimmen, die sich darauf bezieht, dass Klages sowohl den naturalistischen (...) als auch irrationalistischen Vorwürfen ausgesetz ist. (shrink)

Tekst najpre ispituje u kojoj meri se kod ranog Hajdegera da primjetiti pomeranje tezista sa okolosvetskog karaktera dozivljaja na?fakticki? tubivstvujuci zivot odnosno na fenomen?Ja sam?. Treba da se zahvati smisao bica toga?Ja sam? i to tako sto ce se odrediti razlika samoiskustva i refleksivno-teoretskog stava. Ovo odredjenje treba drzati podalje od svih regionalnih i stvarskih stranosti. Individuacija onog?Ja sam? ne treba da se zahvati kao opojedinacenje u pogledu na neko opsto, nego kao povesno opojedinacenje. Smisao bica kao smisao egzistencije treba (...) da se zahvati u samoiskustvu i ima smisao sprovodjenja. Osnovno iskustvo sopstva odnosno povesnosti karaktera sprovodjenja sopstva stavice se u novi utemeljujuci odnos spram apriornosti. Pri tome centralna uloga pripada destrukciji istorijskog horizonta problema apriornosti, a pod cim treba da se razumije radikalizacija fenomenologije koja uvijek iznova pokusava da svoju povesnost odnosno povesnu situaciju sprovede sto izvornije. Razjasnice se sadrzajna struktura problema apriornosti tako sto ce se odrediti povest shvatanja apriorija prema stepenu njihove tubicevne imanentnosti. Destrukcija problema apriorija ce se pokusati na rekonstruktivnoj psihologiji Paula Natorpa i kritici povesne svesti Vilhelma Diltaja pri cemu im se prebacuje postvarenje sfere zivoga. (shrink)