It is common in contemporary sport to liken the notion of the team to that of the family. That is, the family is used to evoke team life. Portraying the team as a family usually implies a positive evaluation. Despite its prevalence, the team as a family equation has not been analyzed in the sport philosophy literature. Thus, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, it explores whether the team is to be equated with the family. To discuss the (...) nature of the family and the team, I draw together the work of several sport philosophers with that of Laura Wildemann Kane. Second, and considering what characterizes the team, this article investigates whether teammates have special responsibilities to one another by virtue of their relationship and the value attached to it. I propose that the team as a family equation does not align with the constitution of these two social groups and that teammates have special responsibilities to one another, but such responsibilities are different from those observed in the family. (shrink)

This paper argues that racism should not only be conceived as a moral concept whose main aim is to condemn severe wrongs in the domain of race. The paper advances a complementary interpretation of racism as an explanatory concept--one that plays a key role in explaining race-based social problems afflicting members of subordinate racialized groups. As an explanatory concept, the term 'racism' is used to diagnose and highlight the causes of race-related social problems. The project of diagnosing race-based social problems (...) contributes to the pragmatic anti-racist end of developing better political and policy strategies for solving these social problems. The paper defends this interpretation of racism as an explanatory concept through a critical engagement with Urquidez's moral-philosophical account of racism. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

One important limitation of the current renditions of interpretivism is that its emphasis on the moral dimension of sport has overlooked the aesthetic dimension lying at the core of this account of sport. The interpretivist’s failure to acknowledge and consider the aesthetic implicitly distances this realm from the moral. Marcia Muelder Eaton calls this distancing the separatist mistake. This paper argues that interpretivism presupposes not only moral but also aesthetic principles and values. What it sets out to demonstrate is that (...) interpretivism is an integralist, or nonseparatist, account of sport, one in which ethical and aesthetic values are not exclusive. Making explicit and specifying interpretivism’s combined moral-aesthetic approach to sport not only helps to better distinguish the whole range of values that make up sport as well as their interconnection but also encourages sportspeople to pursue more coherent sport and, thus, more enriching lives. (shrink)

In 1939, the influential psychophysicist S. S. Stevens proposed definitional distinctions between the terms ‘number,’ ‘numerosity,’ and ‘numerousness.’ Although the definitions he proposed were adopted by syeveral psychophysicists and experimental psychologists in the 1940s and 1950s, they were almost forgotten in the subsequent decades, making room for what has been described as a “terminological chaos” in the field of numerical cognition. In this paper, I review Stevens’s distinctions to help bring order to this alleged chaos and to shed light on (...) two closely related questions: whether it is adequate to speak of a number sense and how philosophers can make sense of the claim by cognitive scientists that numbers are perceptual entities. Moreover, I offer further support to Stevens’s distinction between numerosity and numerousness by showing that they are relational properties that emerge through different relationships between agents and their environments. The final conclusion is that, by adopting Stevens’s distinctions, numbers do not need to be seen as perceptual entities, since the so-called number sense is better described as a sense of numerousness. (shrink)

Aristotle normally used historical notations to support his arguments. This is somewhat true for all the works of the corpus, but above all for Politics: the nature, objectives, and methodology of the investigations in this treatise present the strongest links with actual and concrete data, and therefore with historia. Obviously even the Aristotle of Politics is not a historian who wants to report known historiographical traditions; however, regardless of his intentions, there is no doubt that the work in question contains (...) precious ‘fragments’ of history which, in general, confirm or supplement our knowledge. There are, however, cases in which the Aristotelian exempla end up filling in the omissions and gaps of the available sources, such as the cursory reference to the nomos of the Aphytaians, which appears in the section of book 6 dedicated to the so-called agricultural democracy. (shrink)

Includes a translator’s preface, note on the text, and suggestions for further reading.

Despite society’s increasing sensitivity toward green production, companies often struggle to find effective communication strategies that induce consumers to buy green products or engage in other environmentally friendly behaviors. To add clarity to this situation, we investigated the effectiveness of negative versus positive message framing in promoting green products, whereby companies highlight the detrimental versus beneficial environmental consequences of choosing less versus more green options, respectively. Across four experiments, we show that negatively framed messages are more effective than positively framed (...) ones in prompting consumers to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. More importantly, we find that anticipated shame is the emotion responsible for this effect. Furthermore, both environmental concern and the type of product promoted serve as moderators; thus, the mediating role of anticipated shame is attenuated when environmental concern is low and the product is a luxury one. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our work, along with its limitations and some directions for future research. (shrink)

History and Decision in Heidegger’s Private Writings: The animal historicum and the Da-sein In this paper, we aim to reconstruct Heidegger’s critique of the modern conception of subjectivity, history and freedom, as it appears in his posthumous writings and in the Black Notebooks of the 1930’s and 1940’s. In order to do so, we will examine the meaning of decision ( Entscheidung ) and its links with the history of Be-ing ( Geschichte des Seyns ). Our first section will be (...) devoted to a critical reconstruction of Machenschaft as a symbol of our modern times. According to Heidegger, the Machenschaft represents a place in history where no new historical decisions can be made in any conceivable way, and humanity becomes an animal historicum. In spite of that, the way of a new beginning and a new decision concerning ourselves remains difficult but possible, a phenomenon that we analyze in our second section: how the essence of humanity can be transformed in Da-sein, but only if we think anew our relationship with being. (shrink)

En los escritos esotéricos o privados de los años treinta y cuarenta, el concepto de un estilo del Da-sein puede resultar sorprendente. Sorprendente, en gran medida, porque en los escritos de ese período Heidegger desarrolla una crítica radical de la Modernidad, la cual acaba tomando la forma de una historia del ser. En esta historia, el estilo, figura moderna, artística y cultural por excelencia, difícilmente encuentra su sitio. El objetivo de este artículo es reconstruir este concepto, aparentemente secundario y menor, (...) para así desentrañar los sentidos filosóficos que contiene. Trataremos de mostrar cómo el estilo del Da-sein, al formar parte de la metafísica de la subjetividad moderna, tanto en la historia del arte como en la confrontación con Nietzsche, exhibe el proyecto filosófico de la Kehre. Sin embargo, si, en última instancia, el estilo del Da-sein concierne a nuestra relación con el ser, la de Heidegger podría no ser la única aproximación fenomenológica relevante al problema. (shrink)

Este trabajo se propone rastrear e identificar las críticas de Heidegger a la filosofía trascendental, tal y como aparecen en los textos póstumos de los años 1930 y 1940, los llamados tratados del Ereignis, y en los últimos volúmenes publicados de la Obra completa (Gesamtausgabe). Para ello, nos concentraremos mayormente en el tomo 82, publicado en 2018, que contiene toda una serie de notas y relecturas de Heidegger a su propia obra publicada, y que ha recibido menos atención por la (...) investigación reciente. Esta vía de análisis nos permitirá exponer las críticas que hace el autor a su propio tratado Ser y tiempo, y por qué lo cuestiona a posteriori como proyecto de filosofía trascendental. Tras exponer las críticas a toda filosofía y todo sujeto trascendentales, podremos describir la alternativa propuesta en los textos póstumos: la insistencia (Inständigkeit) en el ser. Finalmente, concluiremos destacando las posibles dificultades y límites que entraña la voluntad de romper con la tradición de la filosofía moderna y trascendental, tal y como se deja entrever en el proyecto de una historia del Ser (Geschichte des Seyns) como otro comienzo (andere Anfang) del pensar. (shrink)

Este trabajo se propone rastrear e identificar las críticas de Heidegger a la filosofía trascendental, tal y como aparecen en los textos póstumos de los años 1930 y 1940, los llamados tratados del Ereignis, y en los últimos volúmenes publicados de la Obra completa (Gesamtausgabe). Para ello, nos concentraremos mayormente en el tomo 82, publicado en 2018, que contiene toda una serie de notas y relecturas de Heidegger a su propia obra publicada, y que ha recibido menos atención por la (...) investigación reciente. Esta vía de análisis nos permitirá exponer las críticas que hace el autor a su propio tratado Ser y tiempo, y por qué lo cuestiona a posteriori como proyecto de filosofía trascendental. Tras exponer las críticas a toda filosofía y todo sujeto trascendentales, podremos describir la alternativa propuesta en los textos póstumos: la insistencia (Inständigkeit) en el ser. Finalmente, concluiremos destacando las posibles dificultades y límites que entraña la voluntad de romper con la tradición de la filosofía moderna y trascendental, tal y como se deja entrever en el proyecto de una historia del Ser (Geschichte des Seyns) como otro comienzo (andere Anfang) del pensar. (shrink)

En varios textos de los años 1929-30, Heidegger presenta los conceptos fundamentales de la metafísica como conceptos inclusivos: Inbegriffe. Sin embargo, al poco tiempo y en el trascurso del camino que le conduce al viraje (die Kehre), el filósofo se opone de manera radical a la tradición metafísica. No obstante, la pertinencia y la legitimidad de los conceptos inclusivos se mantiene, sirviéndole para elaborar un pensar distinto de la filosofía subjetiva, moderna y representativa. En este artículo, exploramos el sentido y (...) la legitimidad de esta conceptualidad propia de la historia del ser, apuntando a sus modificaciones con la obra anterior, así como a sus límites respecto a todo proyecto fenomenológico. (shrink)

La influencia de Nietzsche en Heidegger es bien conocida desde sus famosos cursos, impartidos en los años 1930-40 pero tan sólo publicados en 1961. Sin embargo, la publicación de los tratados del Ereignis desde 1989, y la más reciente de los Cuadernos Negros desde 2014 permite reconsiderar el sentido de la lectura heideggeriana y de su confrontación con Nietzsche. En este artículo, y a partir de un análisis detallado de los herméticos textos del pensar del Ereignis, queremos reevaluar y completar (...) el rol de Nietzsche en la historia del Ser. Siguiendo el problemático hilo de la verdad, y de cómo se oponen voluntad de verdad y verdad del Ser, procuraremos mostrar de qué manera el filósofo del martillo es más importante para el pensar del Ereignis de lo que el propio Heidegger reconocía en sus cursos públicos, y que, pese a la radicalidad de su crítica, una proximidad crucial puede establecerse entre ambos. (shrink)

The opposition between the piqueteros and the government has shifted the battleground between capital and work. If in the past, confrontation focused on salary, today the growing precariousness of work has transformed the struggle of the piqueteros and the unemployed into a fight for survival. As a result of this, their objectives are the same as those of immaterial workers : autonomous and independent and exploited by capital through the network of productive cooperation which they have established among themselves.

In this article, we scrutinize views that justify exclusionary policies regarding transgender athletes based primarily on physiological criteria. We introduce and examine some elements that deserve...

This study presents and develops in detail (a new version of) the argumental conception of meaning. The two basic principles of the argumental conception of meaning are: i) To know (implicitly) the sense of a word is to know (implicitly) all the argumentation rules concerning that word; ii) To know the sense of a sentence is to know the syntactic structure of that sentence and to know the senses of the words occurring in it. The sense of a sentence is (...) called immediate argumental role of that sentence. According to the argumental conception of meaning a theory of meaning for a particular language yields a systematic specification of the understanding of every sentence of the language which consists in a specification of the immediate argumental role of the sentence. The immediate argumental role is a particular aspect of the use of a sentence in arguments. But it is not the whole use in arguments, nor is the whole use in arguments reducible to the immediate argumental role. That is why, by accepting the argumental conception of meaning, we can have epistemological holism without linguistic holism. The argumental conception distinguishes between the understanding and the correctness of a language. Such a distinction makes it possible to account for our understanding of paradoxical languages. Redundancy theory of truth, realistic conceptions of truth or epistemic conceptions of truth are all compatible with an argumental conception of sense. But here it is argued that an epistemic conception of truth is preferrable. Acceptance of the argumental conception of meaning and of an epistemic conception of truth leads to a rejection of the idea of analytic truth. The argumental conception is pluralistic with respect to the understandability of different logics, and neutral with respect to their correctness. (shrink)

O artigo que apresentamos tem a intenção de refletir sobre a vocação e missão dos leigos descritas no Documento de Medellín, dedica-se a um resgate das memórias que podemos colher, depois de 50 anos, mas, também, em atenção às novas perspectivas que o próprio documento nos traz, hoje. Medellín foi um marco importante para a história da Igreja da América Latina e voltar a esta conferência pode nos oferecer novas pistas e novos entendimentos para situações que vivemos hoje, tanto na (...) Igreja quanto na sociedade. Assim como o Concílio Vaticano II, Medellín foi importante para uma nova posição dos leigos na Igreja e para um novo entendimento de sua ação na sociedade, com autonomia e responsabilidades próprias. Neste artigo, daremos atenção ao Concílio Vaticano II e a sua recepção criativa em Medellín. Exploraremos aspectos do capítulo que trata exclusivamente dos leigos e, na sequência, discorreremos sobre algumas questões que o tema provoca e que, depois de 50 anos, mostram-se atuais e oferecem novos caminhos. (shrink)

This article aims to highlight the productivity of falsehood in the context of its asymmetrical position with truth. The core of the discussion can be summarized in the following statement: if only truths can be drawn from truths, it cannot be said that truth cannot be drawn from falsehood. The central thesis of the text is that the asymmetrical behavior of falsehood promotes the dissociation between the criterion (based on the conservation of truth) and the field of validity so that (...) the latter, broader than the former, incorporates the movement not only from truth to truth, but also from falsehood to falsehood and, above all, from falsehood to truth. The distinction between the symmetrical and asymmetrical fields allows understanding, for example, the emergence of certain logical fallacies, the separation between demonstration and deduction, the thesis of Popperian fallibilism, and the use of the hypothetical-deductive method. Truth does not have functions analogous to those of falsehood. (shrink)

For risk and crisis communication in health emergencies and for the management of infodemics, now is the time to intervene. A time that precedes the arrival of the next health emergency and a time...

Much media attention has been given to the potentially shifting voting patterns of the U.S. Hispanic population in the 2020 election. However, far less attention has been given to the implications...

Trata-se de apresentar os caminhos de uma abordagem, cética em relação à política e seus mecanismos de sedução, bem como a sua imprevisibilidade.

Resumo: No presente ensaio, procuro estabelecer afinidade de leitura entre a tradição cética e a dialética, por intermédio do conceito de crítica.In this article I look to establish affinities between the skeptical tradition and the dialectic, by means of the concept of criticism.

Optimization is about finding the best available object with respect to an objective function. Mathematics and quantitative sciences have been highly successful in formulating problems as optimization problems, and constructing clever processes that find optimal objects from sets of objects. As computers have become readily available to most people, optimization and optimized processes play a very broad role in societies. It is not obvious, however, that the optimization processes that work for mathematics and abstract objects should be readily applied to (...) complex and open social systems. In this paper we set forth a framework to understand when optimization is limited, particularly for complex and open social systems. (shrink)

Negri, a leading Marxist philosopher, has inspired anti-empire movements around the world through his writings and personal example. This work, which began as a conversation between Negri and literary critic Casarino, is the most complete review of the philosopher's work.

Este artículo tiene por objeto presentar algunas notas reflexivas y descriptivas del desarrollo teórico que hemos realizado sobre el enfoque de las epistemologías de las política educativa en tanto se convierte en una herramienta para llevar a cabo la reflexividad epistemológica sobre la investigación en política educacional. Y puede emplearse tanto como vigilancia epistemológica del propio proceso de investigación como para el meta-análisis de las investigaciones, ingresando de algún modo en lo que hemos denominado el campo de los estudios epistemológicos (...) en política educacional y cuyo continente son las ciencias sociales y políticas. Considerando que la complejidad social y política de la realidad educativa conllevan a construir nuevas miradas epistemológicas y por tanto a cuestionar el objeto de estudio de la política educacional. (shrink)

En este trabajo, se presentan y analizan, a modo de debate ciertas problemáticas inherentes a la elección de los investigadores al momento de definir el eje epistemológico de su investigación: pregunta o hipótesis. Durante mucho tiempo se ha considerado que estos componentes deben estar presentes simultáneamente en un proyecto de investigación, cuando en realidad pertenecen a lógicas diversas. Aquí planteamos la necesidad de reflexionar sobre ejes epistemológicos distintos y a la vez potentes para iniciar una investigación. Pero la co-presencia de (...) ambos ejes en la investigación le quita solidez y consistencia epistemológica a un proyecto de investigación, dado que la racionalidad subyacente con que se construye cada uno de estos ejes difiere entre sí.This paper presents and analyses by way of an open debate certain issues inherent to the choice of researchers when defining the epistemological axis of his research: question or hypothesis. It has been long considered that these components must be present simultaneously in a research project, when in fact belong to different epistemological axes. Each one is different and powerful enough to start some research. But the simultaneous presence of both axes removes epistemological strength and consistency to a research project because the different rationale of each of these axes. (shrink)

Aristóteles usó normalmente notaciones históricas para apoyar sus argumentos filosóficos. Esto es cierto para todas las obras del corpus, pero sobre todo para la Política: la naturaleza, los objetivos y la metodología de las investigaciones en este tratado presentan los vínculos más fuertes con datos reales y concretos, y por lo tanto con la historia. Evidentemente, el Aristóteles de la Política no es un historiador que quiera informar sobre tradiciones historiográficas conocidas; sin embargo, independientemente de sus intenciones, no hay duda (...) de que la obra en cuestión contiene preciosos ‘fragmentos’ de historia que, en general, confirman o complementan nuestro conocimiento. Hay, sin embargo, casos en los que los exempla aristotélicos acaban llenando las omisiones y lagunas de las fuentes disponibles, como la rápida y concisa referencia al nomos de los Aphytaioi, que aparece en la sección del libro 6 dedicada a la llamada democracia agrícola. Palabras-clave: Aristóteles, Política, historia, democracia agrícola, Aphytaioi. (shrink)

I defend impact-based accounts of institutional racism against the criticism that they are over-inclusive. If having a negative impact on non-whites suffices to make an institution racist, too many institutions (including institutions whose affirmative action policies inadvertently harm its intended beneficiaries) would count as racist. To address this challenge, I consider a further necessary condition for these institutions to count as racist—they must stand in a particular relation to racist ideology. I argue that, on the impact-based model, institutions are racist (...) if they have a negative racial impact AND this impact is legitimized by racist ideology. Racist ideologies limit social criticism of and collective action against institutions that have a negative racial impact, and in so doing, lend stability to systems of racial domination. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide an appreciation of Michel Foucault’s The Order of Things reception, from the latest book by Ivan Domingues entitled “Foucault, a arqueologia e As palavras e as coisas: cinquenta anos depois” (Ed. UFMG, 2023). One of the scopes of the book is to examine the range of The Order of Things and its archaeological strategy to account for the presentation of the birth of human sciences, as well as its fragility and instability in (...) the face of a possible change in the disposition of knowledge. Or Episteme’s disposition, according to Foucault terminology, whose signs of change can be observed on the occasion of the advent, in the twentieth century, of Lacanian psychoanalysis, ethnology and structural linguistics. By privileging its repercussions, expansions and rectifications fifty years later, it is not intended to “correct” Foucault from an epistemological point of view, but to point out the fertility and power of his thoughts for posterity. It is about going through “fertile errors and anodyne truths” (DOMINGUES, 2020, p. 386). The bet is that possible gaps, errors or confusions identifiable by Foucault himself and by his critics at the time never invalidate the fertility of a discussion concerning human sciences, which were never the same after Foucault. (shrink)

The fallibility of deduction is the thesis that a thoughtful speaker-reasoner can wrongly believe that an inference is deductively valid. The author presents an argument to the effect that the fallibility of deduction is incompatible with the widespread view that deduction is epistemically unfruitful (the conclusion is contained in the premises, and the transition from premises to conclusion never extends knowledge). If the fallibility of deduction is a fact, the argument presented is a refutation of the doctrine of the unfruitfulness (...) of deduction. But its relevance goes further, because the argument reveals a connection between two different problems: a solution to the problem of fruitfulness (how can deductive inferences increase our knowledge?) is a starting point for a solution to the problem of fallibility (how can deductive inferences be wrong?). To solve the problem of fruitfulness, Michael Dummett proposed some general ideas concerning meaning and inference. Starting from these meaning-theoretical ideas, one can develop an explanation of the fallibility of deduction. The general explanatory strategy does not depend on the choice between a theory of meaning centered on truth, verification, inferential role, or on other key notions. (shrink)