Although the advantage of biorobotics over traditional modelling tools is not always evident from the studies on animal search addressed in the target article, this commentary argues that testing different robotic architectures and specific biological organisms in structured search spaces, where environmental constraints matter, might prove one of the most promising research strategies in comparative cognition.

The connection between quantum physics and the mind has been debated for almost a hundred years. There are several proposals as to how quantum effects might be relevant to understanding consciousness, including von Neumann’s Consciousness Causes Collapse interpretation (CCC), Penrose’s Orchestrated objective reduction (Orch OR), Atmanspacher quantum emergence theory, or Vitiello’s field theory. In this paper, we examine the CCC, in particular Stapp’s theory of interaction of mind and matter, and discuss how this imposes constraints to possible brain structures. We (...) then argue that those constraints may allow us to identify a possible locus of the interaction between mind and matter, if CCC is true. (shrink)

Educação estética em “Rua de mão única” e em “A idade da terra” 1 Resumo: O presente ensaio analisou o tema da educação estética a partir do texto literário “Rua de mão única” de Walter Benjamin e do filme “A idade da terra” de Glauber Rocha e buscou identificar semelhanças entre a forma alegórica presente nas duas obras, bem como descrever as potencialidades pedagógicas presentes nas imagens-pensamentos produzidas por elas junto ao receptor. Definimos como problematização a compreensão do potencial de (...) crítica e ensino da forma alegórica mediada pela literatura e pelo cinema. Nosso principal objetivo foi identificar as características alegóricas na construção das obras, entendendo as relações com os contextos históricos, econômicos e culturais em que foram produzidas. Como principais resultados de nossa investigação apontamos que o cinema e a literatura são espaços privilegiados de construção de imagens-pensamentos, que associados aos conceitos filosóficos potencializam a interpretação e a crítica da realidade histórica, econômica e cultural, derivando na dimensão pedagógica da imagem que acreditamos possa ser melhor explorada pelos educadores. Palavras-chave: Educação estética. Cinema. Literatura. Alegoria. Ensino. 1 Apoio FAPEMIG ao projeto de pesquisa APQ 02218-18: O Cinema Novo como experiência inovadora da formação cultural docente. Aesthetics education in "One-Way Street" by Walter Benjamim and in "The Age of the Earth" by Glauber Rocha: The present essay analyzed the topic aesthetics education from the literary text "One-Way Street", by Walter Benjamin, and the film "The Age of the Earth" by Glauber Rocha. It aimed to identify similarities between the allegorical constructions present in the two works, as well as, to describe the pedagogical potentialities present in the images-thoughts produced by them together with the receiver. We defined as questioning the understanding of criticism and teaching potential of the allegorical form mediated by literature and cinema. Our main objective was to identify the allegorical characteristics in creating the works, conceiving relationships with historical, economic and cultural contexts in which they were created. Our main results point out that cinema and literature are privileged spaces of images-thoughts construction, and that associated with the philosophical concepts they can potentiate the interpretation and the criticism of the historical, economic and cultural reality, deriving the educational dimension of the image that we believe educators may best explore. Keywords: Aesthetics education. Cinema. Literature. Allegory. Teaching. Educación estética en "Calle de sentido único” y en “La edad de la tierra ” Resumen: En este trabajo se analizó el tema de la educación estética del texto literario "Calle de sentido único" de Walter Benjamin y de la película “La edad de la tierra” de Glauber Rocha. Se buscó identificar semejanzas entre la forma alegórica presente en las dos obras, así como describir las potencialidades pedagógicas presentes en las imágenes-pensamientos producidas por ellas junto al receptor. Definimos como problematización la comprensión del potencial de crítica y enseñanza de la forma alegórica mediada por la literatura y el cine. Nuestro objetivo principal fue identificar las características alegóricas en la construcción de las obras, entendiendo las relaciones con los contextos históricos, económicos y culturales en que se produjeron. Los principales resultados de nuestras investigaciones señalan que el cine y la literatura son espacios privilegiados de construcción de imágenes-pensamientos, los cuales, asociados a los conceptos filosóficos, promueven la interpretación y la crítica de la realidad histórica, económica y cultural, derivando en la dimensión pedagógica de la imagen, y creemos que los educadores puedan sacar mejor provecho de ello. Palabras clave: Educación estética. Cine. Literatura. Alegoría. Enseñanza. Data de registro:09/06/2019 Data de aceite: 09/12/2019. (shrink)

Benchmarking automated theorem proving (ATP) systems using standardized problem sets is a well-established method for measuring their performance. However, the availability of such libraries for non-classical logics is very limited. In this work we propose a library for benchmarking Girard's (propositional) intuitionistic linear logic. For a quick bootstrapping of the collection of problems, and for discussing the selection of relevant problems and understanding their meaning as linear logic theorems, we use translations of the collection of Kleene's intuitionistic theorems in the (...) traditional monograph "Introduction to Metamathematics". We analyze four different translations of intuitionistic logic into linear logic and compare their proofs using a linear logic based prover with focusing. In order to enhance the set of problems in our library, we apply the three provability-preserving translations to the propositional benchmarks in the ILTP Library. Finally, we generate a comprehensive set of reachability problems for Petri nets and encode such problems as linear logic sequents, thus enlarging our collection of problems. (shrink)

Studies have suggested that metaphors (Lawyers are sharks) and similes (Lawyers are like sharks) have distinct representations: metaphors engender more figurative and abstract properties, whereas similes engender more literal properties. We investigated to what extent access to such representations occurs automatically, during on-line reading. In particular, we examined whether similes convey a more literal meaning by following the metaphors and similes with explanations that expressed either a figurative (dangerous) or a literal property (fish) of the vehicle. In a self-paced reading (...) with a moving window paradigm, we presented participants with negated simile and metaphor main clauses (Lawyers are not (like) sharks) followed by explanations that also negated either a figurative (because lawyers are not dangerous) or a literal property of the vehicle (because lawyers are not fish). We found that vehicles (sharks) in metaphors were read significantly faster than those in similes. In addition, explanations negating a figurative property were read faster after metaphors, whereas explanations negating a literal property were read faster after similes. These results support the hypothesis that metaphors and similes rely on different interpretive processes, suggesting that similes access literal representations while metaphor access figurative ones in real time. (shrink)

Of several distinctions made between people in a society, this article addresses a specific question: when do we have a legal directive that is unfair and therefore discriminatory? The article puts forward a set of criteria that judges might use in order to determine if a distinction made by a legal directive has a rational and objective justification.Resumen:De las muchas diferenciaciones que se presentan entre las personas de una sociedad, este artículo analiza una específica: cuando un trato desigual establecido por (...) una ley constituye un trato discriminatorio. Se consideran los criterios que debe usar el juez para determinar si la distinción hecha por una norma —de los derechos y libertades fundamentales de las personas— descansa en una justificación racional y objetiva. (shrink)

El presente texto plantea la lectura del gobierno de Rafael Correa a partir del concepto de “mesianismo” de Giorgio Agamben, aludiendo a su significación en el contexto de la democracia ecuatoriana y la configuración política de la última década. Partiendo de la teología política y la representación cristológica de la teología de la liberación, estableceremos sucintamente la relación entre ciertos hechos transcurridos durante el correísmo y determinados episodios bíblicos. Para ello, nos serviremos de lo que aquí denomino “juego de identificaciones”, (...) permitiéndonos enlazar la narrativa política del correísmo con las narrativas mesiánica y cristiana. Como conclusión, sostengo que el gobierno de Rafael Correa asimiló e incorporó sistemáticamente a su discurso los cánones histórico y axiológico de la narrativa mesiánica. (shrink)

BackgroundRespect for autonomy is a key concept in contemporary bioethics and end-of-life ethics in particular. Despite this status, an individualistic interpretation of autonomy is being challenged from the perspective of different theoretical traditions. Many authors claim that the principle of respect for autonomy needs to be reconceptualised starting from a relational viewpoint. Along these lines, the notion of relational autonomy is attracting increasing attention in medical ethics. Yet, others argue that relational autonomy needs further clarification in order to be adequately (...) operationalised for medical practice. To this end, we examined the meaning, foundations, and uses of relational autonomy in the specific literature of end-of-life care ethics.MethodsUsing PRESS and PRISMA procedures, we conducted a systematic review of argument-based ethics publications in 8 major databases of biomedical, philosophy, and theology literature that focused on relational autonomy in end-of-life care. Full articles were screened. All included articles were critically appraised, and a synthesis was produced.ResultsFifty publications met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight articles were published in the last 5 years; publications were originating from 18 different countries. Results are organized according to: (a) an individualistic interpretation of autonomy; (b) critiques of this individualistic interpretation of autonomy; (c) relational autonomy as theoretically conceptualised; (d) relational autonomy as applied to clinical practice and moral judgment in end-of-life situations.ConclusionsThree main conclusions were reached. First, literature on relational autonomy tends to be more a ‘reaction against’ an individualistic interpretation of autonomy rather than be a positive concept itself. Dichotomic thinking can be overcome by a deeper development of the philosophical foundations of autonomy. Second, relational autonomy is a rich and complex concept, formulated in complementary ways from different philosophical sources. New dialogue among traditionally divergent standpoints will clarify the meaning. Third, our analysis stresses the need for dialogical developments in decision making in end-of-life situations. Integration of these three elements will likely lead to a clearer conceptualisation of relational autonomy in end-of-life care ethics. This should in turn lead to better decision-making in real-life situations. (shrink)

BackgroundRespect for autonomy is a paramount principle in end-of-life ethics. Nevertheless, empirical studies show that decision-making, exclusively focused on the individual exercise of autonomy fails to align well with patients’ preferences at the end of life. The need for a more contextualized approach that meets real-life complexities experienced in end-of-life practices has been repeatedly advocated. In this regard, the notion of ‘relational autonomy’ may be a suitable alternative approach. Relational autonomy has even been advanced as a foundational notion of palliative (...) care, shared decision-making, and advance-care planning. However, relational autonomy in end-of-life care is far from being clearly conceptualized or practically operationalized.Main bodyHere, we develop a relational account of autonomy in end-of-life care, one based on a dialogue between lived reality and conceptual thinking. We first show that the complexities of autonomy as experienced by patients and caregivers in end-of-life practices are inadequately acknowledged. Second, we critically reflect on how engaging a notion of relational autonomy can be an adequate answer to addressing these complexities. Our proposal brings into dialogue different ethical perspectives and incorporates multidimensional, socially embedded, scalar, and temporal aspects of relational theories of autonomy. We start our reflection with a case in end-of-life care, which we use as an illustration throughout our analysis.ConclusionThis article develops a relational account of autonomy, which responds to major shortcomings uncovered in the mainstream interpretation of this principle and which can be applied to end-of-life care practices. (shrink)

El propósito de esta entrada es hacer notar la inquietud de Marc Richir en sus Méditations phénoménologiques (1992: 61), de que una estética fenomenológica era más necesaria que nunca aun moviéndonos en cualquier horizonte, imposible de hecho, como a veces pueda serlo el lenguaje en busca del sentido; pero esta entrada se enmarca en una parrhesía de lenguaje más bien débil centrada en lo antiguo donde el arte, (tomando como referencia o inicio (ὑπάρχω) las tragedias griegas en el plano de (...) la mímesis, en correspondencia con la Einfühlung, identificación fenomenológica, la identidad de la obra en las tragedias), tanto si imita sólo con lenguaje (arte de la sofística), como si se habla de la verdadera creación, la tragedia, sobrepasa las etiquetas de cualquier logos en permanente lucha: trágico, intencional, pasional o trascendental; no encontramos ninguna mitología semántica que lo identifique en una cerca intencional, por su pérdida espontánea, o lo recupere en un sentido estético incoativo, en una fase (φάσις), o forma que dejará ver o no según le dé la luz; Platón no lo llega a cazar en el Sofista (al arte de la sofística), porque transgrede cualquier conducta, desde dentro y desde fuera, es decir, tanto si es un disimulo pasional del poeta (catarsis antigua), como si lo consideramos desde el marco de Aristóteles en el cierre artístico clásico de la tragedia (symmetría) en la experiencia generada en el espectador como un fenómeno estético insuficiente (catarsis trágica). (shrink)

Much has been said about intuitionistic and classical logical systems since Gentzen’s seminal work. Recently, Prawitz and others have been discussing how to put together Gentzen’s systems for classical and intuitionistic logic in a single unified system. We call Prawitz’ proposal the Ecumenical System, following the terminology introduced by Pereira and Rodriguez. In this work we present an Ecumenical sequent calculus, as opposed to the original natural deduction version, and state some proof theoretical properties of the system. We reason that (...) sequent calculi are more amenable to extensive investigation using the tools of proof theory, such as cut-elimination and rule invertibility, hence allowing a full analysis of the notion of Ecumenical entailment. We then present some extensions of the Ecumenical sequent system and show that interesting systems arise when restricting such calculi to specific fragments. This approach of a unified system enabling both classical and intuitionistic features sheds some light not only on the logics themselves, but also on their semantical interpretations as well as on the proof theoretical properties that can arise from combining logical systems. (shrink)

La experiencia filosófica de Pablo Posada Varela queda lejos de ser un currículo de filósofo académico. Cuando el verdadero filósofo escribe está movido siempre por motivaciones éticas, para fortalecer el sentido que se busca. Un sentido en contacto permanente con su φρενός, una «inteligencia frenética» al margen de los espasmos del cogito cartesiano y su posterior narcosis. Tampoco ese sentido tiene que ver con la búsqueda de la verdad de su perpetuum mobile. En Pablo Posada Varela hay una verdadera topología (...) del sentido, ideas del sentido fuera del sentido. (shrink)

Experimental studies have suggested that variables such as aptness or conventionality are predictors of people’s preference for expressing a particular topic–vehicle pair as either a metaphor or a simile. In the present study, we investigated if such variables would also be predictive within a more naturalistic context, where other variables, such as the intention to include an explanation, may also influence people’s decision. Specifically, we investigated the production of metaphor and simile expressions on the Internet via the Google search engine (...) and checked for accompanying explanations, as well as the properties they expressed, to examine whether ratings such as aptness, conventionality, as well as participants’ own stated preference or the intention to produce an explanation, would predict which topic–vehicle pairs appeared more often as metaphor. We found that participants’ stated preference predicted metaphor dominance on the Internet, and that apt topic–vehicles occurred more often as metaphors. The explanations collected, however, occurred 82% of the time after similes, and familiar expressions were the most explained. Finally, comparing the properties expressed in these explanations to normed property lists, we found that simile explanations typically expressed a novel conception of the topic–vehicle relationship. Therefore, we found that Internet posters use metaphors to convey an apt relationship, as found in previous laboratory studies, but prefer using a simile frame when they want to express a relationship that readers will find novel. (shrink)

What are the grounds for the distinction between the mental and the physical? What is it the relation between ascribing mental states to an organism and understanding its behavior? Are animals and complex systems vehicles of inner evolutionary environments? Is there a difference between personal and sub-personal level processes in the brain? Answers to these and other questions were developed in Daniel Dennett’s first book, Content and Consciousness (1969), where he sketched a unified theoretical framework for views that are now (...) considered foundational in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. -/- Content and Consciousness Revisited is devoted to reconsider the ideas and ideals introduced in Dennett’s seminal book, by covering its fundamental concepts, hypotheses and approaches, and taking into account the findings and progress which have taken place during more than four decades. This book includes original and critical contributions about the relations between science and philosophy, the personal/sub-personal level distinction, intelligence, learning, intentionality, rationality, propositional attitudes, among other issues of scientific and philosophical interest. Each chapter embraces an updated approach to several disciplines, like cognitive science, cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive psychiatry. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o arquipélago da libertação como umas das chaves de leituras das filosofias negro africanas, neste caso específico, com o recorte da filosofia do moçambicano Severino Elias Ngoenha, desde a leitura do “Paradigma liberdade” em diálogo com a perspectiva do pensamento do arquipélago em diálogo com o martinicano Édouard Glissant. Palavras chave: Filosofias negro africanas; Arquipélago da libertação; Paradigma liberdade; Paisagem.

A formação docente pode ser analisada sob várias perspectivas. Neste artigo procura-se enfocar a formação docente como um instrumento político de manipulação e de controle das racionalidades e subjetividades dos sujeitos em formação. Procura-se entender essa dominação sobre seus alunos. Trata-se de um exercício estratégico de biopoder exercido por uma governamentalidade dominante. Este papel das formações parece ser um dos principais elementos motivadores das licenciaturas e das formações continuadas de docentes no Brasil. A mobilização das racionalidades e subjetividades esperada pela (...) governamentalidade gera estratificações nas relações entre os atores envolvidos com educação, criando grupos definidos de cooperação e rompimentos entre os sujeitos. A formação como um espaço de manifestação dos dispositivos disciplinares e de poder são identificados nas ações de formação docente e correspondem à estratificação e à manutenção do biopoder de controle das racionalidades e das subjetividades do indivíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as condições da existência do poder exercido sobre as formações docentes. Busca-se reconhecer três formas estratégicas através das quais estes dispositivos de disciplinamento são exercidos. A primeira se dá em relação ao posicionamento dos formadores e formandos em questões étnicas, sociais e religiosas que estabelecem padrões éticos e morais aceitáveis pela governamentalidade. A segunda, pelas formas de dominação exercidas nas formações docentes que tendem a separar os indivíduos de seus produtos intelectuais e subjetividades. A terceira, pelas formas de sujeição praticadas em relação ao indivíduo mobilizadas externamente pelas instituições ou internamente pelo próprio indivíduo submetido ao processo formativo, assegurando sua submissão ao biopoder dominante. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Esta experiência interdisciplinar buscou como desafio discutir entre adolescentes de uma escola pública do Município de Vila Velha/ES o conceito de patrimônio cultural e, a partir desse conceito, reconhecer os bens materiais e imateriais formadores do patrimônio daquele município. O trabalho de campo resultou na criação estética coletiva de uma leitura do Convento da Penha, que foi retratado pela técnica de mosaico em papel. A obra encontra-se em exposição permanente no hall da escola (...) denominada Unidade Municipal de Ensino Fundamental” Profa. Nair Dias Barbosa”, situada em Vila Velha – ES. Palavras chave: Convento da Penha. Lugares de memória. Identidade Cultural. (shrink)

Book review: FERRAZ, Salma; MAGALHÃES, Antônio C. M.; BRANDÃO, Eli et alii.. Teologia do Riso: humor e mau humor na Bíblia e no cristianismo. Campina Grande: EDUEPB, 2017. 574p. il. ISBN: 978-85-7879-409-5 ISBN E-BOOK: 978-85-7879-410-1.

RESUMO A partir de dois romances de Moacyr Scliar, Cenas da vida minúscula e A Majestade do Xingu, podemos propor um percurso de risco e reconhecimento da palavra alheia em permanente trânsito, para uma suposta afirmação do imaginário judaico tendo a região amazônica como cenário do percurso de enredos altamente inventivos do autor gaúcho. Em ambos os romances, há vozes orquestradoras e poderosas capazes de produzir linhas sinuosas de escavações dialógicas e que se remetem a produzir várias possibilidades de afirmação (...) da voz do outro assimilada, por meio da evocação da própria força projetiva do processo de devoração do veio literário proposto. A compreensão da assimilação da palavra alheia torna-se instrumento essencial para entrar em contato com a complexidade de formação e fundação de tantas etnias que se cruzaram em terras brasileiras. (shrink)

RESUMO A partir dos estudos e reflexões de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento da prosa e do romance no Ocidente, este artigo intenta pensar a sua particularidade em torno das grandes produções literárias de ficção na América Latina, no século XX. Trabalhando basicamente com os conceitos de dialogismo e barroquismo, o artigo investiga, em fragmentos selecionados, aquelas que seriam algumas das principais marcas deixadas desse grande embate com as nossas marcas de fundação.ABSTRACT From Mikhail Bakhtin's studies and (...) discussions about the origins and development of prose and novel in the West, the purpose of this paper is to reflect on the peculiarities of the novel in great literary fictional productions in Latin America during the twentieth century. Based on the concepts of dialogism and the Baroque, this article investigates, with a selection of fragments, the main characteristics of the dialogic confrontation in the formation of Latin America. (shrink)

O bullying é uma violência que pode levar as vítimas a desenvolverem ansiedade, depressão, baixa autoestima e outras sequelas. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar como o bullying vivenciado na infância e/ou adolescência comprometeu o autoconceito atual de indivíduos adultos, e conhecer as consequências percebidas deixadas pela experiência adversa em suas vidas. Participaram 44 estudantes universitários com média de idade de 22,3 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino, que responderam a um questionário com duas perguntas abertas e questões demográficas. Os (...) dados foram analisados por meios dos softwares SPSS e Iramuteq. Os resultados mostraram a percepção de sintomas clássicos (e.g., ansiedade, baixa autoestima) e deram indícios de trauma psicológico, bem como confirmaram o comprometimento do autoconceito atual. É discutida a necessidade de intervenções preventivas do bullying, acompanhamento psicológico e promoção de autoconceito positivo nas vítimas como estratégias para promover saúde psicológica e melhor qualidade de vida para as mesmas. (shrink)

RESUMO A partir de dois romances de Moacyr Scliar, Cenas da vida minúscula e A Majestade do Xingu, podemos propor um percurso de risco e reconhecimento da palavra alheia em permanente trânsito, para uma suposta afirmação do imaginário judaico tendo a região amazônica como cenário do percurso de enredos altamente inventivos do autor gaúcho. Em ambos os romances, há vozes orquestradoras e poderosas capazes de produzir linhas sinuosas de escavações dialógicas e que se remetem a produzir várias possibilidades de afirmação (...) da voz do outro assimilada, por meio da evocação da própria força projetiva do processo de devoração do veio literário proposto. A compreensão da assimilação da palavra alheia torna-se instrumento essencial para entrar em contato com a complexidade de formação e fundação de tantas etnias que se cruzaram em terras brasileiras. (shrink)

Thanking, as other speech acts such as apologizing or requesting, can be performed in numerous contexts and, for their analysis, many crucial variables must be taken into consideration, which often are difficult to control. Besides these variables, speech acts are carried out in different situations, taking into account the culture in which they are performed. For example, thanking might be performed after alighting a bus in the UK, the USA or Australia, but this might not necessarily happen in Spain. The (...) aim of the study on which this paper is based, in to explore thanking contrastively in British English and in Peninsular Spanish from a pragmatic viewpoint, by looking at specific independent variables: the context and situation in which this speech act is performed, the relationship between the interlocutors who perform it, which includes social power and distance, and the reason for expressing gratitude. For the purpose of this investigation, a corpus of 128 textbooks for the learning and teaching of Spanish and English as foreign languages was used. It is important to note that, although these corpora are built on prefabricated dialogues and these can be regarded as abstractions of reality, the communicative situations found in the textbooks are aimed at depicting exchanges and linguistic patterns representing what naturally occurs in real conversations in both cultures. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Esta experiência interdisciplinar buscou como desafio discutir entre adolescentes de uma escola pública do Município de Vila Velha/ES o conceito de patrimônio cultural e, a partir desse conceito, reconhecer os bens materiais e imateriais formadores do patrimônio daquele município. O trabalho de campo resultou na criação estética coletiva de uma leitura do Convento da Penha, que foi retratado pela técnica de mosaico em papel. A obra encontra-se em exposição permanente no hall da escola (...) denominada Unidade Municipal de Ensino Fundamental” Profa. Nair Dias Barbosa”, situada em Vila Velha – ES. Palavras chave: Convento da Penha. Lugares de memória. Identidade Cultural. (shrink)

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is impacting the delivery of healthcare worldwide, creating dilemmas related to the duty to care. Although understanding the ethical dilemmas about the duty to care among nurses is necessary to allow effective preparation, few studies have explored these concerns. Aim: This study aimed to identify the ethical dilemmas among clinical nurses in Spain and Chile. It primarily aimed to identify nurses’ agreement with the duty to care despite high risks for themselves and/or their families, (...) describe nurses’ well-being and describe the associations between well-being and the duty to care. Research design: Cross-sectional self-reported anonymous data were collected between May and June 2020 via electronic survey distribution. Ethical considerations: The Institutional Ethical Review Committees in both countries approved the study. Findings: In total, 345 clinical nurses answered the primary question about the duty to care for the sick. Although in the total sample 77.4% agreed they have a duty to care for the sick, significant differences were found between the Spanish and Chilean samples. Overall, 53.6% of the nurses reported low levels of well-being; however, among those reporting low well-being, statistically significant differences were found between Spanish and Chilean nurses as 19.4% and 37.8%, respectively, disagreed with the statement regarding the duty to care. Discussion: Participants in both countries reported several ethical dilemmas, safety fears, consequent stress and low well-being. These results suggest that prompt actions are required to address nurses’ ethical concerns, as they might affect their willingness to work and psychological well-being. Conclusion: Our findings shed light on the ethical dilemmas nurses are facing related to the duty to care. Not only has the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic given rise to ethical challenges, but it has also affected nurses’ well-being and willingness to work during a pandemic. (shrink)

The benefits of homework on student learning and academic achievement, to a large extent, depend on the degree of student engagement. Motivational engagement (my intention or why I do the homework), cognitive engagement (how I get involved in homework), and behavioral engagement (how much homework I do, how much time I devote to it, how I manage that time) are key aspects that condition the quality of the process of doing homework, learning, and academic achievement. Prior academic achievement is one (...) of the variables that seems to be positively related to student engagement (both due its motivational component and to the training to do homework). The main purpose of this work was to study in detail this relationship in students of the last stage of Primary Education (N = 516). The results showed that (i) as achievement levels rise, the use of a shallow focus to doing homework decreases (and the use of a deep approach increases); (ii) there is also a progressive increase in the amount of homework done and in the management of the time dedicated to homework. On another hand, as in previous research, (iii) no relationship was observed between the levels of prior achievement and the amount of time spent doing homework. (shrink)