The main purpose of this study was to analyze the presence and current situation of the game of skittles throughout the northern route of the Camino de Santiago. Thus, we considered its current practice, modalities, where it is played, and its different manifestations as an informal and formal game, comparing it with other traditional games on this pilgrimage route. To do this, a mixed qualitative-quantitative study was designed with 89 participants, constituting an informant for each municipality through which the Northern (...) Way passes. An ad hoc questionnaire was used for the data collection, which was processed through content analysis by expert judges and by using the IBM-SPSS statistical package. The results of the study show notable skittles activity on the Northern Camino, reflected in the number of skittles alleys, the number of clubs, associations, and peñas participating in federated leagues, and the wide range of varieties of skittles currently active on the Camino. The relationship between skittles and local culture, both symbols of identity in these northern Spanish regions, made it possible to preserve the traditional heritage in these places, keeping it alive today, despite the push toward new and more attractive leisure and sport trends. (shrink)

Este artículo da cuenta de una entrevista realizada a doce profesores que ejercen docencia en un programa de Pedagogía en Inglés de una universidad chilena, que busca identificar los géneros que solicitan leer y escribir a los estudiantes durante su formación de pregrado, y las principales dificultades detectadas en ambas habilidades. Mediante análisis de contenido se pudo identificar una variedad de géneros en lecturas asignadas, no así en escritura, en donde tanto la práctica como la enseñanza explícita de los géneros (...) apareció limitada. Las principales debilidades declaradas incluyen conocimiento limitado de vocabulario en L1 y L2, falta de hábitos y estrategias de lectura y escritura, y dificultad para expresar ideas en forma escrita. Esta información es relevante para la planificación de actividades de lecto-escritura que ayuden a estos profesores en formación a superar los problemas identificados. (shrink)

The standard representation of the Central Dogma (CD) of Molecular Biology conspicuously ignores metabolism. However, both the metabolites and the biochemical fluxes behind any biological phenomenon are encrypted in the DNA sequence. Metabolism constrains and even changes the information flow when the DNA‐encoded instructions conflict with the homeostasis of the biochemical network. Inspection of adaptive virulence programs and emergence of xenobiotic‐biodegradation pathways in environmental bacteria suggest that their main evolutionary drive is the expansion of their metabolic networks towards new chemical (...) landscapes rather than perpetuation and spreading of their DNA sequences. Faulty enzymatic reactions on suboptimal substrates often produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), a process that fosters DNA diversification and ultimately couples catabolism of the new chemicals to growth. All this calls for a revision of the CD in which metabolism (rather than DNA) has the leading role. (shrink)

In response to the ever-increasing spread of online disinformation and misinformation, several human–computer interaction tools to enhance data literacy have been developed. Among them, many employ elements of gamification to increase user engagement and reach out to a broader audience. However, there are no systematic criteria to analyze their relevance and impact for building fake news resilience, partly due to the lack of a common understanding of data literacy. In this paper we put forward an operationalizable definition of data literacy (...) as a form of multidimensional critical thinking. We then survey 22 existing tools and classify them according to a framework of 10 criteria pointing to their gameful design and educational features. Through a comparative/contrastive analysis informed by a focus group, we provide a principled set of guidelines to develop more efficient human–computer interaction tools to teach how to critically think in the current media ecosystem. (shrink)

We argue that dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality, levels, and emergence. Namely, dualities often relate two theories whose hierarchies of levels are inverted relative to each other, and so allow for new fundamentality relations, as well as for epistemic emergence. We find that the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is opposite to the direction of emergence followed in the standard accounts. Namely, the standard emergence direction is that of decreasing fundamentality: there is emergence of less (...) fundamental, high-level entities, out of more fundamental, low-level entities. But in cases of duality, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less fundamental one. This possibility can be traced back to the existence of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories. (shrink)

The dream of Leibniz and that of Frege, to create a lingua characteristica in order to demonstrate conceptual thought, incorporates in a wider process, the division and tension between the distinct Spheres which the human sub-species have been creating. Spheres which remain hidden by natural language, essentially spoken language. For the creation and demonstration of the Conceptual Sphere the establishing of a language of characteres has become indispensable, essentially written language. Is a consequence a tension is established between Natural language-Formal (...) language with their corresponding reductionist tendences. (shrink)

La movilidad internacional ha demostrado contribuir muy favorablemente al desarrollo personal, académico y profesional del alumnado universitario. Conseguir que la mayor parte de los estudiantes tengan acceso a este tipo de experiencias debe de ser un objetivo prioritario para favorecer su formación integral. En el caso de las movilidades de corta duración, hacer una planificación específica a través de fórmulas de turismo creativo que permitan el máximo aprovechamiento de los intercambios interculturales puede determinar el éxito de la experiencia. La evaluación (...) del modelo propuesto sugiere la importancia de integrar este tipo de actividades a la hora de diseñar políticas eficientes. (shrink)

ABSTRACT A modal logic interpretation of Dempster-Shafer theory is developed in the framework of multivalued models of modal logic, i.e. models in which in any possible world an arbitrary number (possibly zero) of atomic propositions can be true. Several approaches to conditioning in multivalued models of modal logic are presented.

En 1931 Gödel publica su Teorema de incompletud. Resultado clave en Lógica matemática, se interpretó como una limitación de los formalismos, un fracaso del Programa de Hilbert. Sin embargo, el método de aritmetización, la recursividad han propiciado una visión positiva y la creación de nuevas teorias - Teorías de la Complejidad, de Información algorítmica... -. Con ellas, nuevas demostraciones del teorema y, consecuentes, nuevas discusiones en Filosofía de la Matemática. En especial, desde la Teoría de la Complejidad. Además de incompleta, (...) la Matemática se ve por algunos como aleatoria y experimental. En este ensayo se pretende explicitar los supuestos de estas interpretaciones. Discusión que conduce, en principio, a su rechazo, dejando abierta la problemática sobre el aspecto epistemológico dei razonamiento matemático. (shrink)

The emphasis of systems and synthetic biology on quantitative understanding of biological objects and their eventual re-design has raised the question of whether description and construction standards that are commonplace in electric and mechanical engineering are applicable to live systems. The tuning of genetic devices to deliver a given activity is generally context-dependent, thereby undermining the re-usability of parts, and predictability of function, necessary for manufacturing new biological objects. Tolerance and allowance are key aspects of standardization that need to be (...) brought to biological design. These should endow functional building blocks with a pre-specified level of confidence for bespoke biosystems engineering. However, in the absence of more fundamental knowledge, fine-tuning necessarily relies on evolutionary/combinatorial gravitation toward a fixed objective. (shrink)

The pascalian use of indivisibles is here considered in the context of the theological and mathematical debates of the time, by distinguishing it clearly from this of Cavalieri. The combinatory and geometrical approaches are closely linked in Pascal’s work. His use of indivisibles has a heuristic, inventive character and not only a demonstrative one. Ontologically speaking, it stems out from the acceptance of actual infinite. The use of the symmetry axiom of Archimedes is the basis of the pascalian use of (...) the infinitesimals, which has, in other respects, some close connexions with the Leibnizian conception of infinitesimals. (shrink)