Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

This landmark work provides a systematic introduction to systems of modal logic and stands as the first presentation of what have become central ideas in philosophy of language and metaphysics, from the "new theory of reference" and non-linguistic necessity and essentialism to "Kripke semantics.".

Mimesis, the notion that art imitates reality, has long been recognized as one of the central ideas of Western aesthetics and has been most frequently associated with Aristotle. Less well documented is the great importance of mimetic theories of literature, theater, and the visual arts during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. In this book, the most comprehensive overview of the theory of mimesis since Auerbach's monumental study, Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf provide a thorough introduction to the complex and (...) shifting meanings of the term. Beginning with the Platonic doctrine of imitation, they chart the concept's appropriation and significance in the aesthetic theories of Aristotle, Molière, Shakespeare, Racine, Diderot, Lessing, and Rousseau. They examine the status of mimesis in the nineteenth-century novel and its reworking by such modern thinkers as Benjamin, Adorno, and Derrida. Widening the traditional understanding of mimesis to encompass the body and cultural practices of everyday life, their work suggests the continuing value of mimetic theory and will prove essential reading for scholars and students of literature, theater, and the visual arts. (shrink)

Mimesis, the notion that art imitates reality, has long been recognized as one of the central ideas of Western aesthetics and has been most frequently associated with Aristotle. Less well documented is the great importance of mimetic theories of literature, theater, and the visual arts during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. In this book, the most comprehensive overview of the theory of mimesis since Auerbach's monumental study, Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf provide a thorough introduction to the complex and (...) shifting meanings of the term. Beginning with the Platonic doctrine of imitation, they chart the concept's appropriation and significance in the aesthetic theories of Aristotle, Molière, Shakespeare, Racine, Diderot, Lessing, and Rousseau. They examine the status of mimesis in the nineteenth-century novel and its reworking by such modern thinkers as Benjamin, Adorno, and Derrida. Widening the traditional understanding of mimesis to encompass the body and cultural practices of everyday life, their work suggests the continuing value of mimetic theory and will prove essential reading for scholars and students of literature, theater, and the visual arts. (shrink)

Este livro é o resultado de um estudo sobre a teoria da montagem cinematográfica.

One distinguishing feature of vertebrate oocyte meiosis is its discontinuity; oocytes are released from their prophase I arrest, usually by hormonal stimulation, only to again halt at metaphase II, where they await fertilization. The product of the c‐mos proto‐oncogene, Mos, is a key regulator of this maturation process. Mos is a serine‐threonine kinase that activates and/or stabilizes maturation‐promoting factor (MPF), the master cell cycle switch, through a pathway that involves the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Oocytes arrested at prophase I (...) lack detectable levels of Mos, which must be synthesized from a pool of maternal mRNAs for proper maturation. While Mos is necessary throughout maturation in Xenopus, it seems to be required only for meiosis II in the mouse. The translational activation of c‐mos mRNA at specific times during meiosis requires cytoplasmic polyadenylation. Cis‐ and trans‐acting factors for polyadenylation are, therefore, essential elements of maturation. (shrink)

The first part of the article (§§ 1-3) illustrates the critical relation the authors establish with the leading figures of philosophical anthropology in terms of their engagement with “world-openness” (Weltoffenheit). This notion cannot be reduced to the objectivity that confronts man as a spiritual being, as in Max Scheler, but rather makes it possible to grasp the limits of distancing objectification; in Arnold Gehlen, the coercion to action derived from the indeterminacy of man’s relation with the world is not sufficient (...) to comprehend the role of culture for the constitution of the human animal itself; and with the biological means utilized by Helmuth Plessner it is not possible to account entirely for the human capacity to establish relations by means of society. Historical anthropology, as the second part (§§ 4-5) of the article shows, aims to respond to such deficiencies by bringing to light the numerous historical and cultural forms of openness to a plurality of worlds. Freeing itself of any abstract and binding anthropological norm that claims to define the essence of man, historical anthropology investigates human structures and phenomena through a series of transdisciplinary studies centering on themes such as the body, ritual, mimesis and the performative dimension in its entirety, performance and performativity. (shrink)

Wie machen wir uns als Menschen? Diese Frage liegt vor allen Problemen der Philosophie und der Wissenschaften vom Menschen. In diesem Band wird sie als Grundfrage der Anthropologie behandelt. Anthropologie ist als »erste Philosophie« eine Reflexion über die Selbst-Verständigung des Menschen. Wie der Mensch sich macht, wird als Entwurf seiner selbst untersucht. Gunter Gebauer exploriert das Projekt aus verschiedenen Richtungen, die in das Zentrum der aktuellen Wissenschaften vom Menschen führen: die Körpertechniken, der Habitus, die Sprache, die Selbstsorge, die Empathie. (...) Der Band wendet sich an Leser*innen mit Interesse an einem vertieften Verständnis des Menschen und der Wissenschaften vom Menschen. (shrink)

Wie machen wir uns als Menschen? Diese Frage liegt vor allen Problemen der Philosophie und der Wissenschaften vom Menschen. In diesem Band wird sie als Grundfrage der Anthropologie behandelt. Anthropologie ist als »erste Philosophie« eine Reflexion über die Selbst-Verständigung des Menschen. Wie der Mensch sich macht, wird als Entwurf seiner selbst untersucht. Gunter Gebauer exploriert das Projekt aus verschiedenen Richtungen, die in das Zentrum der aktuellen Wissenschaften vom Menschen führen: die Körpertechniken, der Habitus, die Sprache, die Selbstsorge, die Empathie. (...) Der Band wendet sich an Leser*innen mit Interesse an einem vertieften Verständnis des Menschen und der Wissenschaften vom Menschen. (shrink)

Sport ist eine besondere Form der Selbstoptimierung, die auf eine systematische Verbesserung des eigenen körperlichen Leistungsvermögens gerichtet ist. Die eingesetzten Trainingsmethodiken ähneln alten Praktiken religiöser Exerzitien der Selbstformung; sie zielen ebenfalls auf die Verbesserung des Menschen. Anders als spirituelle Übungen hat sportliches Training jedoch keinen Bezug zur Transzendenz. Aber auch von den Praktiken in anderen sozialen Feldern unterscheidet sich die Selbstoptimierung im Sport – durch den Glauben des Erfolgreichen an die eigene Überlegenheit gegenüber den Konkurrenten und an die Bedeutung des (...) Sieges. Im Illusionsrahmen des Sports ist der Sieg mit dem Gedanken der Steigerung verbunden. Gesteigert wird nicht nur die sportliche Leistung: Der Glauben wird auf den Menschen übertragen, der sie hervorbringt. Durch seine Leistung wird dieser selbst in seiner Existenzweise erhöht. (shrink)

Hobbes' theory of the state is based on natural principles, i.e. everybody's search for security and peace. The eternally valid rules of peaceful coexistence between men - the natural laws - are even binding on the sovereign, Hobbes maintains. I intend to show that, though there is no doubt in Hobbes' assertion of natural law, the definition of civil law, i.e. the sovereign's will, is not affected by this fact. Hobbes' belief, that the sovereign - carrying out his task to (...) guarantee peace - will in most cases respect the laws of nature, although he can in no way be obliged to do so in terms of civil law, is said to be unconvincing. I argue, that it can be explained with regard to the sovereign's situation, which, unlike the naturale state, is one of complete security. This means that war as a result of the endless search for more power is, in Hobbes' view, unnecessary for an absolute monarch. (shrink)

In den letzten Jahren hat sich der internationale Sport so grundlegend gewandelt, dass er in Gefahr ist, seine historisch gewachsene Identität aufzugeben. Nicht seine bildliche Qualität, seine Intensität und Spannung haben sich verändert; sie haben im Gegenteil noch zugenommen. Auf einem anderen Feld haben sich Dinge ereignet, die dem Sport einen neuen Charakter geben. Doch diese Veränderungen gehören zu einem Ausschnitt der Wirklichkeit, der auf den Fernsehbildern und in den Kommentaren nicht erkennbar ist; für die meisten Zuschauer bleibt er unsichtbar.

In this article I argue that, with the liberation of the hand from the tasks of locomotion in human evolution, unconscious use of the hands begins to create cultural forms. The first feature of the hands is its openness to the world. The second feature is its mediation between things and the body of which it is a part. The third feature is its self-referentiality. By touching, by giving form to a material, by gestures, and by establishing symbolic order in (...) the given world, the actions of the hand develop important preconditions for language, aesthetic forms, and social order. The hand itself assumes the most diverse shapes and gives different shapes to the objects around it. Touching and pointing produce the certainty that the indicated object exists, insofar as it is produced as object-for-the-hand. Its doubling in the use of the hand re-creates the object in a symbolic medium. This mimetic re-creation of the world is the main characteristic of the creativity of hand use. The two-sided plasticity of the hands divides the social universe into right and left halves, classified according to right-handed and left-handed values. The hand’s actual acquisition of this capacity is the result of a social process. In coordination with our visual sense, the use of the hands leads both to the making of objects and to the construction of worlds of subjective feelings. Both achievements are often ascribed to language. But the functions considered as most fundamental to language first take shape in the unconscious use of our hands. (shrink)

The harmonization of reason and faith was for Averroes the main scientific challenge whereby Aristotle served him as a key philosophical point of reference. Whilst Averroes followed Aristotle to a large extent, Thomas Aquinas attempts to make use of Aristotle's work in a different manner for his own philosophical-theological model whilst still referring to Averroes. For the two philosophers reason and revelation attain a singular synthesis which is, however, not completely tension free. In this study Averroes is praised as a (...) congenial thinker of scholarly topics. Thomas' handling of islamic-arabic philosophy proves an example worthy of attention of intercultural philosophical discourse which can serve contemporary Western-world philosophy projects as a valuable point of reference. (shrink)