Effective communication and interpersonal skills have long been recognized as fundamental to the delivery of quality health care. However, there is mounting evidence that the pressures of communication in high stress work areas such as hospital emergency departments present particular challenges to the delivery of quality care. A recent report on incident management in the Australian health care system cites the main cause of critical incidents, as being poor and inadequate communication between clinicians and patients. This article presents research that (...) describes and analyses spoken interactions between health care practitioners and patients in one ED of a large, public teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. The research aimed to address the challenges and critical incidents caused by breakdowns in communication that occur between health practitioners and patients and by refining and extending knowledge of discourse structures, to identify ways in which health care practitioners can enhance their communicative practices thereby improving the quality of the patient journey through the ED. The research used a qualitative ethnographic approach combined with discourse analysis of audio-recorded interactions. Some key findings from the analysis of data are outlined including how the absence of information about processes, the pressure of time within the ED, divergent goals of clinicians and patients, the delivery of diagnoses and professional roles impact on patient experiences. Finally, the article presents an in-depth linguistic analysis on interpersonal and experiential patterns in the discursive practices of patients, nurses and doctors. (shrink)

Understanding human beings and their distinctive rational and volitional capacities requires a clear account of such things as reasons, desires, emotions, and motives, and how they combine to produce and explain human behaviour. Maria Alvarez presents a fresh and incisive study of these concepts, centred on reasons and their role in human agency.

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the life of every inhabitant of the planet. During 2020 and 2021 a significant amount of work on how the pandemic is being conceptualized and communicated has been done. Most work has focused on the role of metaphor in the construal of specific cognitive frames. In this paper, we turn to a similar but different conceptualization mechanism, i.e. simile. Drawing from recent socio-cognitive and discursive empirical approaches to similes, this paper focuses (...) on “target is like source” constructions in English and Spanish containing (corona)virus either as target or source of the simile. The analysis is based on 200 examples found in the digital media during the first wave of the pandemic in 2020. First, the constructions, conceptualizations and mappings are analyzed. Second, the relevant discourse features (genre type, relation to subjectivity, text location and structuring properties) are described. Finally, the cross-linguistic English-Spanish analysis shows that, despite the many coincidences in both datasets, there are different tendencies as for the use of culture-specific mappings and the genres where the similes occur in. The study aims at testing to what extent the general features characterizing similes also hold in the case of (corona)virus, both as source and as target. The corpus analysis contributes, in addition, to the emerging line of research on the use of figuration in the communication of the pandemic, as well as to the study of the discursive dimensions of similes in real settings. (shrink)

Human nature has always been a foundational issue for philosophy. What does it mean to have a human nature? Is the concept the relic of a bygone age? What is the use of such a concept? What are the epistemic and ontological commitments people make when they use the concept? In What’s Left of Human Nature? Maria Kronfeldner offers a philosophical account of human nature that defends the concept against contemporary criticism. In particular, she takes on challenges related to (...) social misuse of the concept that dehumanizes those regarded as lacking human nature (the dehumanization challenge); the conflict between Darwinian thinking and essentialist concepts of human nature (the Darwinian challenge); and the consensus that evolution, heredity, and ontogenetic development results from nurture and nature. After answering each of these challenges, Kronfeldner presents a revisionist account of human nature that minimizes dehumanization and does not fall back on outdated biological ideas. Her account is post-essentialist because it eliminates the concept of an essence of being human; pluralist in that it argues that there are different things in the world that correspond to three different post-essentialist concepts of human nature; and interactive because it understands nature and nurture as interacting at the developmental, epigenetic, and evolutionary levels. On the basis of this, she introduces a dialectical concept of an ever-changing and “looping” human nature. Finally, noting the essentially contested character of the concept and the ambiguity and redundancy of the terminology, she wonders if we should simply eliminate the term “human nature” altogether. (shrink)

Context is crucial in analyzing parliamentary debate, a field which has recently attracted attention from various perspectives. However, not many contributions focus on specific linguistic markers that shape and are simultaneously influenced by the context of production. The present article aims to partially fill in this gap by analyzing the demonstratives used in parliamentary debates and highlighting how they contribute to activating different aspects of context. After summarizing the features of parliamentary debate as a genre and the importance and complexity (...) of context considered as a subjective and dynamic mental construct, the pragmatic functions of demonstratives are presented and the most frequent uses occurring in two debates in the Catalan Parliament are illustrated, namely text deictic and discourse-context demonstratives. The analysis shows the discourse significance of the latter, which corresponds to noun phrases such as this Parliament, referring to the members of parliament as a body, or this statement, referring to the document under discussion. These uses of a proximal demonstrative pointing to the shared context of communication clearly differ from text deictics. They are similar to but also different from both situational demonstratives, which point to the perceived context, and recognitional demonstratives, which point to the shared knowledge between the participants, the penultimate. The overall analysis not only enriches the description of parliamentary debates, but it also contributes to a more complete description of the various uses of demonstratives and to a better understanding of the complexity and dynamicity of context in this genre. (shrink)

In this Chapter, Maria Kronfeldner discusses whether psychological essentialism is a necessary part of dehumanization. This involves different elements of essentialism, and a narrow and a broad way of conceptualizing psychological essentialism, the first akin to natural kind thinking, the second based on entitativity. She first presents authors that have connected essentialism with dehumanization. She then introduces the error theory of psychological essentialism regarding the category of the human, and distinguishes different elements of psychological essentialism. On that basis, Kronfeldner (...) connects historical, socio-psychological, and philosophical insights in order to show that although essentialism can act as a catalyst for dehumanization, it is not necessary for it. Examples relate to dehumanization in the context of colonialism and evolutionary thinking, to the history of dehumanizing women from Aristotle to 19th-century craniology, and to contemporary self-dehumanization and ‘lesser mind’ attribution. (shrink)

Neste artigo abordamos a revolução tecnológica no mundo da arte, mais propriamente do teatro. Os objetivos que se pretendiam tinham a ver com o analisar e refletir a forma como as práticas teatrais foram e são potenciadas quando mediadas pela tecnologia. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e com o desenvolvimento do trabalho pudemos concluir que, num clima de mudança radical como o da atualidade, o teatro tem de se adaptar, reajustar e responder criativamente aos novos desafios da tecnologia (...) para que disso resulte um teatro inovador. (shrink)

Scholars have long been intrigued by the Buddha's defining action (karma) as intention. This book explores systematically how intention, agency, and moral psychology were interpreted in all branches of early Theravada thought, paying special attention to the thought of the 5th-century commentator Buddhaghosa.

The purpose of this article is to argue for a position holding that epigenetic responsibility primarily should be a political and not an individual responsibility. Epigenetic is a rapidly growing research field studying regulations of gene expression that do not change the DNA sequence. Knowledge about these mechanisms is still uncertain in many respects, but main presumptions are that they are triggered by environmental factors and life style and, to a certain extent, heritable to subsequent generations, thereby reminding of aspects (...) of Lamarckism. Epigenetic research advances give rise to intriguing challenges for responsibility relations between the society and the individual. Responsibility is commonly understood in a backwards-looking manner, identifying causally responsible actors to blame for a bad outcome. If only a backwards-looking responsibility model is applied, epigenetics might give rise to arduous responsibility ascriptions to individuals for their health and the health of their future descendants. This would put heavy responsibility burdens on actors constrained by unequal social and economic structures. In contrast, a forward-looking responsibility notion takes account of structural conditions and pay attention to who is best placed to do something about conditions contributing to bad outcomes. A forward-looking responsibility notion would partly free disadvantaged individuals from responsibility, and identify actors with power and capacity to do something about structural factors constraining genuine choice. (shrink)

Creativity has often been declared, especially by philosophers, as the last frontier of science. The assumption is that it will defy explanation forever. I will defend two claims in order to oppose this assumption and to demystify creativity: (1) the perspective that creativity cannot be explained wrongly identifies creativity with what I shall call metaphysical freedom; (2) the Darwinian approach to creativity, a prominent naturalistic account of creativity, fails to give an explanation of creativity, because it confuses conceptual issues with (...) explanation. I will close with some remarks on the status and differences in some explanations available in contemporary cognitive science. (shrink)

It is generally agreed that for blame to be appropriate the wrongdoer must be blameworthy. However, blameworthiness is not sufficient for appropriate blame. It has been argued that for blame to be appropriate the blamer must have standing to blame. Philosophers writing on the topic have distinguished several considerations that might defeat someone’s standing to blame. This paper examines the underexplored consideration of how personal relationships can influence who has the standing to express blame. We seem to assume that if (...) we do not stand in the right relation to the wrongdoer, it is not our business to blame them. I identify three challenges to this view. First, we do not know what is wrong with meddling (whether it is morally or prudentially wrong). Second, there are cases where we have no close relation to the wrongdoer, but where we seem to have standing nonetheless – murder and other serious moral offences are examples of this. Third, we don’t seem to have a clear conception of what ‘standing’ means, and this makes it hard to see how discussion on standing can help us determine the propriety of blame. This paper defends the notion of standing as a propriety condition on blame in cases of meddling. I argue that personal relationships influence who has the standing to blame through constitution of relationship-specific norms; and that the role these norms play in developing and regulating our relationships can explain why meddlesome blame is morally wrong. (shrink)

Tras una breve introducción destinada a recordar las grandes líneas del pensamiento de plotiniano, el trabajo analiza tres modos de conocimiento o de aprehensión que caracterizan los tres niveles de la realidad o hipóstasis. En el nivel de la inteligencia, nous, al que se denomina nivel noético, se verifica un tipo de conocimiento genuino, que es el autoconocimiento. En el nivel del alma, psiché, nivel dianoético, se da un conocimiento de tipo discursivo que sólo en sentido secundario y derivado es (...) conocimiento de sí. Por fin, en el nivel de lo Uno, tó ghén, nivel supranoético, puede hablarse de un conocimiento de sí solo en sentido traslaticio y “eminencial”, puesto que el primer principio de la realidad, que es absoluta unidad, al no tener duplicidad alguna, en sentido estricto no puede tener pensamiento, ni siquiera de sí mismo, pero, al mismo, no es algo inherte, si no absoluta plenitud. El trabajo intenta mostrar cómo Plotino se apoya en el tipo de conocimiento de la inteligencia, que le sirve de punto nodal, para articular los tres modos de conocimiento y para caracterizar un “infra-autoconocimiento”, el del alma, y un “supra-autoconocimiento”, el de lo Uno. (shrink)

I argue that creativity is compatible with determinism and therefore with naturalistic explanation. I explore different kinds of novelty, corresponding with four distinct concepts of creativity – anthropological, historical, psychological and metaphysical. Psychological creativity incorporates originality and spontaneity. Taken together, these point to the independence of the creative mind from social learning, experience and previously acquired knowledge. This independence is nevertheless compatible with determinism. Creativity is opposed to specific causal factors, but it does not exclude causal determination as such. So (...) creativity can be naturalized. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta seis ponencias en torno a los problemas que atraviesan distintos sectores de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad social en el goce de sus derechos humanos en el contexto de la pandemia global de COVID-19. Las exposiciones reflexionan sobre los prejuicios y vulnerabilidades que atraviesan las personas adultas mayores; las violencias de género en contextos de aislamiento; las personas en contextos de movilidad excluidas de las medidas de protección; el tratamiento y priorización de las personas con discapacidad (...) en los centros de derivación de COVID-19; la protección de las garantías penales en la administración de justicia durante los juicios de lesa humanidad llevados en forma remota; y el avance de las causas por crímenes de lesa humanidad durante la pandemia. (shrink)

In this conceptual article, we argue that defining corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility as opposite constructs produces a lack of clarity between responsible and irresponsible acts. Furthermore, we contend that the treatment of the CSR and CSI concepts as opposites de-emphasizes the value of CSI as a stand-alone construct. Thus, we reorient the CSI discussion to include multiple aspects that current conceptualizations have not adequately accommodated. We provide an in-depth exploration of how researchers define CSI and both identify (...) and analyze three important gray zones between CSR and CSI: the role of harm and benefit, the role of the actor and intentionality, and the role of rectification. We offer these gray zones as factors contributing to the present lack of conceptual clarity of the term CSI, as a concept in its own right, leading to difficulties that researchers and managers experience in categorizing CSI acts as distinct from CSR. (shrink)

O que nos moveu na feitura deste trabalho foi a necessidade de efetuarmos uma reflexão para melhor compreendermos o processo de criação da obra artística e opapel que ― no dar-nos a conhecer o objeto construído ― desempenha a críticagenética, uma metodologia de referência no estudo dos processos de criação.Esta nossa reflexão, que teve como base metodológica de apoio uma pesquisabibliográfica sobre autores que escreveram sobre as temáticas, permitiu-nos ummelhor entendimento relativamente aos objetivos que nos propúnhamos.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo llevar al campo de las prácticas de investigación el debate respecto a cómo considerar al conocimiento en las claves objetividad/subjetividad, más aún cuando las temáticas a trabajar implican directamente al investigador. En particular, se centrará en el plant..

En Político (268d-277a) la historia ficticia de la reversión periódica del universo expresa la existencia en el universo de dos fuerzas o tendencias en concurrencia: la que orienta al mundo y al hombre hacia su télos, que es lo más perfecto, y la tendencia hacia el desorden y la confusión, es decir, la puramente mecánica y azarosa. Finalidad y mecanismo las dos tendencias que están presentes en Timeo, reaparecen en el libro de Leyes bajo la forma de un alma buena (...) y un alma mala. La primera es la que da cuenta del movimiento racional del mundo, en tanto que la segunda es causante de su movimiento alocado e irregular (897c-d). En Político las dos tendencias o fuerzas rectoras del universo alternan su predominancia, están en tensión. Y es la medida de esa alternancia la que salva al mundo de la destrucción y hace que se mantenga el equilibrio. Ese juego de tensiones traduce la existencia de una proporcionalidad en el seno del universo, gracias a la cual el mundo es precisamente un kósmos. En el Timeo el equilibrio resulta de la persuasión que la inteligencia ejerce sobre la necesidad, orientándola hacia lo mejor. También en Leyes reaparece esta idea, en X 906a ese equilibrio consiste en una tensión entre lo racional y lo irracional que hay en el universo. (shrink)

The present article approaches, from the point of view of research practices, the debate on how to consider knowledge in terms of the objectivity/subjectivity pair, especially when the topics studied involve the researcher directly. Specifically, the article will focus on situated knowledge, arguing for rigorous but non-neutral objectivity and for the legitimacy of producing scientific knowledge from the perspective of those involved in the issues studied. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo llevar al campo de las prácticas de investigación el (...) debate respecto a cómo considerar al conocimiento en las claves objetividad/subjetividad, más aún cuando las temáticas a trabajar implican directamente al investigador. En particular, se centrará en el planteamiento de los conocimientos situados, donde junto con fundamentar una objetividad rigurosa pero no neutral, se afirma la legitimidad de producir conocimiento científico desde quienes están implicados en las problemáticas estudiadas. (shrink)

En este artículo se presenta la recepción que tuvo en la modernidad la teoría de Leibniz conocida como doctrina del optimismo. Aunque son las interpretaciones de Kant y de Hegel las que nos van a ocupar, para contextualizar la doctrina del mejor de los mundos posibles, será imprescindible referirnos a la acogida inmediata que la tesis tuvo en la Ilustración. A continuación, se analizará el texto de Kant «Algunas observaciones sobre el optimismo» y su defensa de las tesis de Leibniz. (...) Dedicamos el último apartado del artículo a la lección que Hegel dedicó a la cuestión del optimismo de Leibniz en sus Lecciones sobre la historia de la filosofía. (shrink)

In the realm of Polish law, arbitration is anything but a new concept. In an ever-developing economy, arbitration has become a useful tool in resolving disputes that are commercial in nature. The issue pertinent to the choice of language in an arbitral proceeding has been thoroughly investigated in the doctrine of international arbitration, yet the conclusions are not set in stone and are likely to change and evolve over time. As evidenced by the technological revolution, introduction of mechanical translations, and (...) artificial intelligence (“AI”) it may seem that the challenges will be difficult to predict. Alternatively, the status quo of the English language as the number one language in the arbitral proceedings will remain. The parties can easily dismiss the linguistic and interpretative problems surrounding arbitration agreements. Thus, this article endeavors to consider the possible implications of a case scenario, wherein a party would attempt to arbitrate an international dispute with a Polish party on the basis of a contract that would be in a language that differs from Polish. Additionally, attention is drawn to the role of witnesses in an arbitration proceeding as such witnesses may speak languages that are the same, similar, or entirely different to the language spoken by the parties involved in the arbitration, as well as differ from the primary language of the arbiters. This article examines the aforementioned hypothetical case-scenario with the emphasis on relevant Polish acts of law. The research presented in this article is also focused on the examination of regulations vested in the statute of the most prominent Arbitration Court in Poland, and its provisions pertinent to language. (shrink)

Though judges and lawyers encourage claimants to settle disputes out of courts, lawyers may struggle managing out-of-court dispute resolution processes. Some of the dispute management struggles are related to emotions of clients. One of the reasons why it may be difficult to manage a client’s emotions is because out-of-court disputes require a different communication skillset from lawyers. The following note features some advice for law students on how to incorporate compassionate communication methods in personal injury disputes. Personal injury disputes may (...) be emotionally challenging for clients. Such challenges may manifest in communication issues and prolonged suffering of clients. Yet, both students and academics may dismiss the importance of soft-skill development in due course of legal education. As lawyer-socialization institutions, law schools have a duty to foster skills that are necessary to successfully assist clients in emotionally challenging disputes. This contribution discusses the notion of human suffering and compassion-based counselling scholarship in relation to personal injury disputes. The paper advocates for normalizing emotions in personal injury disputes, and through testimonials of Michigan lawyers, presents real life examples of how lawyers can communicate compassionately with their clients. Law students can benefit from learning about real-life examples of communication patterns between lawyers and clients to have better conversations with their clients. (shrink)

El centro histórico de San Miguel de Tucumán está conformado por el área fundacional (1685) y el área del ensanche (1872). En total reúne 252 manzanas que concentran la mayor cantidad de las expresiones del patrimonio arquitectónico y urbano local y, a la manera de un palimpsesto, aún se leen las huellas de la cuadrícula fundacional, las intervenciones urbanas decimonónicas y la impronta de las construcciones del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX, se manifiestan notas (...) de la modernidad que produjeron profundas tensiones. En un ambiente pluritemporal, la coexistencia del centro histórico con el área central encuentra una condición paradojal, la permanencia y el cambio, en un escenario de tensión como en la mayoría de sus pares latinoamericanas. Se define entonces un cuadro de situación compartido que nos habilita a reflexionar sobre la complejización del abordaje patrimonial en la actualidad. En la década de 1990, desde el Instituto de Historia (FAU, UNT) se realiza una significativa contribución que aporta entre otras ideas, bases técnico-legales para la protección del patrimonio. Los resultados obtenidos han marcado el pulso del patrimonio en la ciudad y, aún pasados más de 20 años, su impronta se mantiene. Sobre la base de esta construcción metodológica y normativa, se realiza un estudio en profundidad desde la perspectiva histórico-patrimonial. Se analizan los trazos de estas ideas-acciones en la evolución de la ciudad y se recuperan y amplían diferentes nociones que nos permiten interpretar los conflictos y las oportunidades que acompañan a los procesos de cambio y transformación sucedidos, exponiendo sus tensiones y divergencias, así como los mecanismos que se activan para su salvaguarda. (shrink)

The proposal of the research is to review and analyse the role of the media as constructors of social imaginaries, and to do so, we will analyse the power of the audiovisual industry to create and re-create stereotypes about lesbians, and as generators of a social imaginary, we will also analyse lesbian plots and characters, through which direct messages are sent to society in general, but also to lesbians.Finally, after conducting discussion groups and focus groups with lesbians who have participated (...) in the research, we present some conclusions. (shrink)

In this article, we present a work developed with palliative patients with the aim of, through art, enabling them to find answers that would help them overcome situations that kept them involved in thoughts, fears, and anxiety that consumed their energy, joy, and will to live. For this purpose, we used a qualitative methodology —research-action— and the attained results revealed how arts can be useful to these patients by providing them, through the work they have developed, with an improvement in (...) self-esteem, disposition, and well-being in disease avoidance and the expression and communication of emotions. (shrink)

The article brings up the problem of making use of trust in organization management. Modern organizations and the conditions of their functioning enforce some inevitable changes in different areas of their activity. An attempt at adapting to these changes may be shaping trust culture and an opportunity to use this tool in organization management. The article contains elements of trust theory as well as organizational culture theory. It also presents an effort put into defining the guidelines for organization management concerning (...) the trust culture shaping (on the basis of a theoretical model) and positive aspects of trust existing in an organization as well as a possibility of using it in management science as an effective tool. (shrink)

En este trabajo se aborda la relación entre la vida del iusfilósofo español, Gregorio Peces-Barba Martínez y el desarrollo de los derechos humanos y de los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito universitario español de los años noventa. Se analiza de manera comparada su evolución en la Argentina en el mismo período de tiempo. Por último, se ponen de resalto tanto las bases integrales (y tridimensionales) del pensamiento del maestro español, como su alcance en el presente y en el porvenir de (...) los derechos. (shrink)

This article offers reflections on the practice of governement admission exams for foreign language teachers in Brazil basic education. To this end, we part from the theoretical contribution of an enunciative perspective (Maingueneau, 1984, 1987, 2000) and ergological concepts (Schwartz, 1988, 200) that takes into account a broaden conception of the work situation (Rocha, Daher & Ant’Anna, 2002). The reflections are also based on our work as a juror examiner to contribute to professional discussions of the work of linguists, its (...) possibilities of intervention on social issues, particularly those regarding impasses and renormalizations linked to the performance of such work. At the end, a post-scriptum is presented. (shrink)

Image is said in many ways. In view of its equivocal nature, we could choose to clear its analytical path, replace its historical transit or give up. Instead, this paper proposes an alternative by reflecting on the temporal dimension of the image. For this reason, it makes use of two nodal reflections: the Benjaminian notion of dialectical image, and the link between image and emotions as explored contemporaneously by queer theory. The notion of dialectical image allows us to envision, even (...) beyond its author, another link between image and history, which allows us to understand it not only as a linguistic phenomenon, but also in its visual and audiovisual dimension. Queer theory in its affective turn has presented a possible link between images and affects that allows the composition of an ephemeral archive that declassifies our temporal categories (CVETKOVICH, 2018) and the ethical question about our primary responses in the face of the image (BUTLER, 2010). The journey through both notions addresses, ultimately, the temporality of images in its critical power, that old insistence on thinking of images that contain their own destruction. (shrink)

La postulación de una ontología socio-corporal en el último recorrido intelectual de Judith Butler reside en un doble desplazamiento. Por un lado, rubrica una concepción de la materialidad que no escinde ni puede escindir al cuerpo de las significaciones sociales que asume. Por el otro, como corolario del primero y quizás más significativo, provoca un desvío respecto del clásico postulado del individualismo ontológico bajo la forma de una crítica al sujeto soberano. Sostenida en este doble desplazamiento, la ontología social corporal (...) ofrece la posibilidad de leer aquí una idea clave para pensar la acción política en términos performativos, bajo la revisión de dos nociones centrales para esta ontología: la categoría de marcos y la noción de precariedad a la hora de comprender a los cuerpos ya siempre en alianza. (shrink)