In a time marked by the development of innovative treatments in healthcare and the need for health professionals to deal with resulting ethical dilemmas in clinical practice, this study was developed to determine the influence of the bioethics teaching on the moral competence of medical and nursing students. The authors conduct a longitudinal study using the Moral Competence Test extended version before and after attending the ethics curricular unit, in three nursing schools and three medical schools of Portugal. In this (...) questionnaire the participant is confronted with three ethical dilemmas and asked to evaluate arguments for and against the attitude of the main character. For both nursing and medical students, C-score was lower after the attendance of the ethics curricular units, with a statistically significant decrease in the total score for nursing students and a decrease not statistically significant for medical students. A multivariate analysis did not find any association between this decrease and gender, course, or age. The phenomenon of moral segmentation was observed, with better performance in the worker and judge dilemma, than in the doctor dilemma. These results highlight the need to reflect on the curricular strategies that can be implemented for health professionals to better develop moral competence and decision-making, allowing for the provision of humanized health care. (shrink)

The world of work has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high instability observed in the labor market, bringing several new challenges for leaders and employees. The present study aims to analyze the role of organizational and job resources in predicting employees’ job insecurity during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, through the mediating role of work engagement. A sample of 207 Portuguese employees participated, of which 64.7% were women. Data was collected using an online (...) survey, including self-report measures of organizational resources, job resources, job insecurity, and work engagement. Data showed that job and organizational resources negatively influenced job insecurity. Moreover, work engagement was a significant mediator of the relation between performance feedback and job insecurity. Findings suggest that investing in job and organizational resources can act as protective factors to minimize feelings of job insecurity. Likewise, leaders should foster work engagement among employees to help them balance the relation between these resources and job insecurity, especially in crisis situations. Overall, this study takes a new, underexplored perspective, theoretically bridging organizational and job resources with job insecurity and work engagement during a time of great uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

Résumé Depuis 1959, Pierre Parlebas tente de développer une éducation physique scientifique centrée sur la personne qui se meut et non plus sur le mouvement produit ou observé. La pierre angulaire de ce virage copernicien est un concept plein de résonances sémiologiques: la conduite motrice, entendue comme « organisation signifiante du comportement moteur ». En fait, sa proposition pédagogique est toujours allée de pair avec un projet épistémologique dont le noyau dur est une sémiologie de la motricité, c’est à dire (...) une « semiotricité ». Si l’action motrice est le fer de lance de l’éducation physique la sémiotricité, c’est le fer de lance de la praxéologie motrice. Cinquante ans après son démarrage, nous proposons revisiter les fondements de cette conception de l’éducation physique qui reste aujourd’hui révolutionnaire. La sémiologie de la motricité est née sous l’égide de la Sorbonne du milieu du XXe siècle. Les principes du sémiologie linguistique de Saussure inspirent les concepts et les modèles de « un champ du signe discordant » qui bénéficie également des contributions d’autres auteurs pertinents du moment. Cependant, à cette époque, le pragmatisme et la sémiotique américains étaient bien connus. Une question se pose aussitôt: à quoi ressemblerait une sémiotricité triadique? Les processus de communication praxique déclenchent phénomènes d’anticipation et préaction motrices basés en une continuelle interprétation des intentions d’autrui. Paradoxalement, autant ces phénomènes communicatifs que les signes propres des situations ludomotrices peuvent être plus facilement conçus et analysés avec un modèle plus complexe, voire triadique, que nous aimerions partager avec sémioticiens et praxéologues. (shrink)

The book forms a balanced structure in which the three conceptual pillars of Spinoza's natural law theory (individuality, natural laws, and power) are first analyzed from the viewpoint of his ontology and then from the viewpoint of his ...

Some adaptationist explanations are regarded as maximally solid and others fanciful just-so stories. Just-so stories are explanations based on very little evidence. Lack of evidence leads to circular-sounding reasoning: “this trait was shaped by selection in unseen ancestral populations and this selection must have occurred because the trait is present.” Well-supported adaptationist explanations include evidence that is not only abundant but selected from comparative, populational, and optimality perspectives, the three adaptationist subdisciplines. Each subdiscipline obtains its broad relevance in evolutionary biology (...) via assumptions that can only be tested with the methods of the other subdisciplines. However, even in the best-supported explanations, assumptions regarding variation, heritability, and fitness in unseen ancestral populations are always present. These assumptions are accepted given how well they would explain the data if they were true. This means that some degree of “circularity” is present in all evolutionary explanations. Evolutionary explanation corresponds not to a deductive structure, as biologists usually assert, but instead to ones such as abduction or induction. With these structures in mind, we show the way to a healthier view of “circularity” in evolutionary biology, and why integration across the comparative, populational, and optimality approaches is necessary. (shrink)

As Social Economy financial institutions, credit unions have traditionally been considered less efficient than traditional banking entities. However, like banks and savings banks, they have to be as efficient and competitive as possible to survive in today’s business environment, especially at times of crisis. To date, there have been very few studies on their efficiency and practically none for the crisis period. Moreover, almost all the existing studies assess only financial efficiency, without considering their social function. This study examines the (...) levels of both financial and social efficiency in Spanish credit unions as well as their main determinants during the recent crisis. We apply the two-stage double bootstrap data envelopment analysis methodology based on panel data corresponding to all the credit unions active in Spain between 2008 and 2013. The empirical results indicate that financial and social efficiency achieved an acceptable level, although on average the former was slightly greater than the latter. We also find that both age and merger and acquisition activity were positively influential on the financial efficiency of credit unions but had a significant negative effect on their social efficiency. Moreover, the regional location of such entities and the financial crisis were also crucial determinants of both types of efficiency. Our findings are therefore useful for all the stakeholders of credit unions to know if these entities have been efficient according to a double bottom line accounting in the crisis period and hence to maintain successful social management that is compatible with satisfactory financial efficiency. (shrink)

This article presents a study that identifies the gender dynamics prevailing in a specific context of tokenism – elementary school teaching – in which the members of an otherwise socially dominant group are proportionally scarce – men. The results contradict Kanter’s theory by showing that male elementary school teachers do not experience the tokenism dynamics. In line with Williams’ gender perspective and Amâncio’s gender symbolic asymmetry, the article finds that although men constitute a small minority in elementary education, they do (...) not lose the social advantages they generally have: on the contrary, they seem rather to gain several privileges. Indeed, the results show strong links between the tokenism dynamics and gender asymmetry, putting the token men at an advantage. Thus, tokenism seems to be limited to maintaining the gender social order. (shrink)

The "justice of markets" is intricately connected to the treatment of the poor and the disadvantaged in market economies. The increased interest of multinational corporations in low-income market segments affords, on one hand, the opportunity for a more inclusive capitalism, and on the other, the threat of greater exploitation of poor and disadvantaged consumers. This article traces the contributions of Catholic Social Teaching and its basic principles toward providing insight into what constitutes "justice" in such "marketing to the impoverished" situations.

Successful biomedical data mining and information extraction require a complete picture of biological phenomena such as genes, biological processes, and diseases; as these exist on different levels of granularity. To realize this goal, several freely available heterogeneous databases as well as proprietary structured datasets have to be integrated into a single global customizable scheme. We will present a tool to integrate different biological data sources by mapping them to a proprietary biomedical ontology that has been developed for the purposes of (...) making computers understand medical natural language. (shrink)

ABSTRACTOne of the recurrent motifs in political thought is the idea of the social contract, according to which a society, a government, or moral principles depend for their existence on agreements...

Esse artigo investiga a fenomenologia do tempo de Merleau-Ponty e centra seu foco na crítica merleau-pontiana às "Lições sobre a consciência íntima do tempo" de Husserl. A partir dessa crítica e da diferença entre os dois autores, o artigo mostra como Merleau-Ponty se afasta do modelo husserliano de uma fenomenologia da Razão.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Tempo. Sujeito. Transcendental. Empírico. Time and Subject The transcendental and the empirical in Merleau-Ponty´s PhenomenologyAbstractThis article investigates Merleau-Ponty´s phenomenology of time and focuses on Merleau-Pontys critique of Husserls (...) Lessons about the intimate consciousness of time. Based on this critique and on the difference between the two authors, the article shows how Merleau-Ponty moves away from the Husserlian model of a phenomenology of Reason.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Time. Subject. Transcendental. Empirical. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo investiga a presença de Bergson na obra de Merleau-Ponty e o labirinto de questões que aí se desdobra. Procura mostrar como, na avaliação de Merleau-Ponty, o conceito de natureza em Bergson o impede de passar à história. Para tanto, toma como referência e debate Presença e campo transcendental, de Bento Prado Júnior.: This paper investigates the presence of Bergson in the work of Merleau-Ponty, and the labyrinth of questions that unfold from there. It shows how, for Merleau-Ponty, (...) Bergson's concept of nature prevented him from moving on to history. For this purpose, we take as a starting point Bento Prado Júnior's "Presença e campo transcendental". (shrink)

The concept of ‘relevance’ is crucial to legal information retrieval, but because of its intuitive understanding it goes undefined too easily and unexplored too often. We discuss a conceptual framework on relevance within legal information retrieval, based on a typology of relevance dimensions used within general information retrieval science, but tailored to the specific features of legal information. This framework can be used for the development and improvement of legal information retrieval systems.

Con el objetivo de estudiar algunos problemas de ética relacionados con situaciones clínicas que involucran a la familia, se presenta una revisión sistemática de este término para entenderla y definirla. Concebida como un cuerpo orgánico en su constitución, estructura y organización, en el presente artículo se analizan las variadas circunstancias en las que existe una relación entre la ética clínica y la familia, principalmente haciendo énfasis a la diferencia entre la autonomía individual y la autoridad familiar.

This paper develops a future-oriented and person-centred normative argument based on expectancies that is immune to most of the problems identified in the rights of future persons. The argument unfolds in four parts. The first draws on the notion of expectancies present in inheritance law and maintains that it is possible to formulate a rule of prospective beneficiaries that correlates with entitlements and legitimate claims without necessarily acquiring the status of rights. The second extends expectancies to future persons and concludes (...) that the latter can be considered present holders of such currently binding entitlements. The third section raises the question of whether democracies are bound to a principle of fidelity towards expectancies in such a way that outweighs current people’s rights in cases of conflicts. The response does not prove particularly future-beneficial in such cases. However, section four clarifies why expectancies still carry a crucial moral weight in democracies, one that is not sufficiently established by depersonalised forms of future-oriented ethics. (shrink)

The truth-making principle is one of the main subjects in contemporary meta- physics, and this paper is an elementar exposition of the main issues of the on-going debate. I will proceed as follows. First, I will expose the basics, including the principle’s range, the main kinds of truth-making, the main interpretations of the principle, and some applications. Second, I will expose some technical issues about ontological commitment, reification, necessity, reality, and truth.

The place of the State in Spinoza's ontology has emerged in scholarly literature as one of the most complex issues involving Spinoza's political thought. At issue is whether Spinoza's State is an actual individual with its own conatus . Some consider it a completely real individual, others say that its individuality can only be metaphoric, whilst others point out the conceptual insufficiency of this polarity for explaining the ontological status of political aggregates and try to overcome it through new concepts, (...) such as the multitude, transindividuality, and figuration. In this paper, each of these interpretations is analyzed and dismissed in favour of a new one stating that Spinoza's State is actually a dynamic network of political concepts operating in resemblance of individuality and reflecting the main characteristics of the modern Nation-State. (shrink)

O texto apresenta uma Filosofia Africana da Educação a partir da cartografia da encruzilhada das Filosofias africanas. O tímido diálogo dasfilosofias a partir das experiências africanas na filosofia da educação brasileira se evidencia no combate ao negro-africano no projeto políticobrasileiro. Portanto, problematiza o enclausuramento epistemológico desde a cartografia da encruzilhada na crítica e superação do semiocídiocultural e do epistemicídio, apontando uma descolonização no sentido do educar.

Resenhas dos seguintes livros: Scarlett Marton. Nietzsche e as mulheres: Figuras, imagens e tipos femininos. Autêntica, 2022; Marie-Frédérique Pellegrin. Pensées du corps et différences des sexes à l’époque moderne. ENS Éditions, 2020; e Ana Gabriela Colantoni; Georgia Cristina Amitrano; Carla Milani Damião (orgs.). Ensaios de filósofas brasileiras. Ape’Ku Editora, 2022.

A pesquisa sobre quilombos tem se ampliado consideravelmente nos últimos anos, incorporando diferentes referenciais teóricos. Dentre os pesquisadores que têm contribuído para a renovação dos estudos sobre comunidades quilombolas está José Maurício Arruti, doutor em Antropologia Social e professor da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. O professor Arruti pesquisa comunidades quilombolas e povos indígenas, em especial sobre os temas Políticas de Reconhecimento, Território, Memória e Educação. Apresentamos, a seguir, a entrevista por ele concedida, em que discute aspectos de sua trajetória de (...) formação, a produção de conhecimentos sobre comunidades quilombolas, a inserção na pesquisa sobre a temática, as principais dificuldades enfrentadas por essas comunidades no atual contexto de perda gradativa de direitos. Finalizamos a entrevista com o professor Arruti nos apontando sobre seus atuais interesses de ensino e pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Quilombos; Memória; Território; Educação. (shrink)

O gênero trágico conheceu um tempo de declínio ao longo do primeiro século antes de nossa era, acentuado, particularmente, pelo desinteresse de Augusto. Na dinastia claudiana, contudo, reaparece desenvolvido por uma nova figura: Sêneca. Embora inspirado nos tragediógrafos áticos, Sêneca revela originalidade, sobretudo nos cânticos corais que entremeiam os episódios das tragédias, muito diferentes dos coros presentes nas peças gregas, como se pode observar em Medéia.

This article presents an analysis of the answer given by the Spanish State to violence against women through the “Integral Law for Protection from Gender Violence”. There is recognition of violence as a crime against an - other person in unfavorable conditions which can seriously affect their emoti..

En el presente trabajo se replantea el denominado «A. Smith’s problem» como base para una reconsideración de la interrelación entre Ética y Economía. A partir de la revisión crítica de los intentos de integrar la obra de Smith, se propone una alternativa de solución construida sobre los conceptos de simpatía y espectador imparcial. En particular, se pone de manifiesto que la moral entendida como extensión de relaciones de simpatía constituye una precondición para la existencia de cualquier forma de mercado. El (...) análisis llevado a cabo permite aclarar cómo la moral constituye una base del sistema económico y cómo éste, a su vez, condiciona la propia moral. (shrink)

Resumo: A teoria marxiana do trabalho alienado ocupa um papel de destaque na Filosofia política moderna. Seguindo a esteira de Hegel, Marx concebe o homem como sendo o produto de sua própria atividade, isto é, a autoproduçáo do homem pelo trabalho. Isso significa que o ser humano náo é um ser que nasce acabado, mas que se desenvolve como ser humano enquanto desenvolve as potencialidades que lhe sáo inerentes. Imerso no estudo da sociedade capitalista, Marx percebe como nela se interdita (...) esse postulado da autoproduçáo do homem pelo trabalho. Mas, se a realizaçáo da humanidade depende da genuína atividade produtiva, do exercício do trabalho, sem alienar-se em relaçáo ao seu produto, surge a necessidade de se criarem alternativas frente a esse modo de produçáo, no intuito de se assegurarem as condições de realizaçáo da humanidade do trabalhador. As condições para o exercício do trabalho náo-alienado seráo superadas, na medida em que se superar a propriedade privada e a divisáo social do trabalho. E na linha de pensamento de Marx, a tese de que o trabalho perdeu sua centralidade náo tem lugar. Vale dizer que, se tal tese fosse admitida, seriam suprimidas as condições de realizaçáo do ser humano, pois, para Marx, trabalho e o desenvolvimento das potencialidades humanas sáo indissociáveis. O que precisa ser superado é o trabalho alienado e náo o trabalho como tal. Palavras-Chave: Divisáo do Trabalho. Marx. Propriedade Privada. Trabalho Alienado. (shrink)

Resumo: Este estudo objetiva analisar as perspectivas de futuros professores em relação às práticas pedagógicas necessárias para a inclusão de alunos com deficiência, assim como a possibilidade de construí-las no cotidiano escolar. Para participar da pesquisa, foram selecionadas dezesseis futuras professoras que estão cursando os últimos semestres do curso de Pedagogia e já atuam como estagiárias na Educação Básica. A pesquisa se fundamenta na abordagem qualitativa e utilizou as narrativas como instrumento da coleta de dados. A partir do processo de (...) análise textual discursiva, identificaram-se três dimensões, com base nas temáticas utilizadas nesse estudo: Educação Inclusiva; Práticas Pedagógicas Inclusivas; Experiência. Os resultados do estudo indicam as experiências das professoras como novas e significativas e que o elemento principal para a transformação da educação inclusiva passa pela necessidade de formação, estudos e trocas de experiências e de constante construção teórico-prática, que se faz mister no processo inclusivo. Palavras-chave: Educação Superior; Educação Inclusiva; Formação de Professores; Práticas Pedagógicas. The perspectives of Inclusive Education in the Education course: narratives of beginning teachers Abstract: This study aims to analyze the perspectives of future teachers in relation to the pedagogical practices necessary for the inclusion of students with disabilities, as well as the possibility of building them in the school routine. In order to participate in the research, sixteen future teachers who are attending the last semesters of the Education course and already work as interns in Basic Education were selected. The research is based on a qualitative approach and it uses narratives as an instrument for data collection. From the discursive textual analysis process, three dimensions were identified, based on the themes used in this study: Inclusive Education; Inclusive Pedagogical Practices; Experience. The results of the study indicate the experiences of the teachers as new and significant, and that the main element for the transformation of inclusive education involves the need for training, studies and exchanges of experiences as well as constant theoretical-practical construction, which is essential in the inclusive process. Keywords: Higher Education; Inclusive Education; Teacher Training; Pedagogical Practices. Las perspectivas de la Educación Inclusiva en el curso de Pedagogía: narrativas de profesores principiantes Resumen: Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar las perspectivas de futuros profesores con relación a las prácticas pedagógicas necesarias para la inclusión de alumnos con discapacidad, así como la posibilidad de construirlas en el cotidiano escolar. Para participar de la pesquisa, fueron seleccionadas dieciséis futuras profesoras que están cursando los últimos semestres del curso de Pedagogía y ya actúan como pasantes en la Educación Básica. La investigación se fundamenta en un enfoque cualitativo y utilizó las narrativas como instrumento de recogida de dados. A partir del proceso de análisis textual discursivo, fueron identificados tres dimensiones, con base en las temáticas utilizadas en este estudio: Educación Inclusiva; Prácticas Pedagógicas Inclusivas; Experiencia. Los resultados del estudio indican las experiencias de las profesoras como nuevas y significativas y que el elemento principal para la transformación de la educación inclusiva pasa por la necesidad de formación, estudios y cambios de experiencias además de constante construcción teórico-práctica, que es esencial en el proceso inclusivo. Palabras clave: Educación Universitaria; Educación Inclusiva; Formación de Profesores; Prácticas Pedagógicas. Data de registro: 14/04/2021 Data de aceite: 19/01/2022. (shrink)

Na obra política de Maquiavel, o poder aparece sempre associado à capacidade de produzir ordenações e, consequentemente, comportamentos coletivos, isto é, tem poder aquele que tem “autoridade” (autorità). O secretário florentino, através da descrição do processo de construção da autoridade pelo aumento da reputação(O Príncipe, IX, 3), parece delinear uma certa forma de poder que se funda sobre a opinião pública a respeito dos indivíduos e não sobre as leis e ordenações políticas. O reconhecimento da autoridade – a reputação – (...) pode ser interpretado, então, como uma espécie de poder não-jurídico, construído sobre a opinião que os indivíduos têm das ações uns dos outros. (shrink)

In representative democracies, the absence of responsiveness by elected officials to the interests of the represented often generates problems of legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness. However, responsiveness also tends to narrow the time horizons of democratic decision-making and promote short-termism. This paper advances the notion that responsiveness to interests involving distant time horizons is possible by reconfiguring the franchise in a time-sensitive and future-oriented way. It is divided into two parts. The first pinpoints a few inconsistencies in the available proposals for (...) making responsiveness and the long term compatible (e.g., promoting youth turnout, narrowing the franchise to robust epistemic fitness, establishing future-oriented institutions). The second advances the creation of temporal electoral circles operating alongside territorial electoral circles in order to prompt responsiveness to multitemporal interests. The conclusion asserts that this kind of franchise design is the best available option for introducing temporal aspects into the character of democratic representation. (shrink)

Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza bibliográfica, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, de caráter descritivo-exploratório que objetiva analisar a produção do conhecimento do Curso de Educação Física da Universidade do Estado do Pará em Altamira, no período de 2011-2018. Os achados apontam uma evolução do modo de produzir conhecimento, pois constatou-se uma redução dos vazios analíticos presentes nas pesquisas analisadas. Conclui que há um aumento no rigor cientifico presente nas produções devido uma maior utilização de técnicas, metodologias e teorias consistentes para a (...) verificação da realidade pesquisada e para a elaboração das respostas (R) dos problemas (P) investigados. (shrink)

The basic assumption present in these articles is that naturalism is highly compatible with a wide range of relevant philosophical questions and that, regardless of the classical problems faced by the naturalist, the price paid in endorsing naturalism is lower than that paid by essentialist or supernaturalist theories. Yet, the reader will find a variety of approaches, from naturalism in Moral Philosophy and Epistemology to naturalism in the Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind and of the Aesthetics.

Foi em 2009 que tive o primeiro contato com o professor Luizir de Oliveira. Nesse período ele atuava como coordenador do curso de filosofia da Universidade Federal no Piauí, e eu havia ingressado naquele ano para dar início à graduação em filosofia. A primeira impressão que tive foi de uma pessoa muito gentil, organizada, competente e sempre disposta a ajudar. Pude perceber também que ele era muito querido pelos veteranos.