Understanding the clinical significance of variants associated with hereditary cancer risk requires access to a pooled data resource or network of resources—a “cancer gene variant commons”—incorporating representative, well-characterized genetic data, metadata, and, for some purposes, pathways to case-level data. Several initiatives have invested significant resources into collecting and sharing cancer gene variant data, but further progress hinges on identifying and addressing unresolved policy issues. This commentary provides insights from a modified policy Delphi process involving experts from a range of stakeholder (...) groups involved in the data-sharing ecosystem. In particular, we describe policy issues and options generated by Delphi participants in five domains critical to the development of an effective cancer gene variant commons: incentives, financial sustainability, privacy and security, equity, and data quality. Our intention is to stimulate wider discussion and lay a foundation for further work evaluating policy options more in-depth and mapping them to those who have the power to bring about change. Addressing issues in these five domains will contribute to a cancer gene variant commons that supports better care for at-risk and affected patients, empowers patient communities, and advances research on hereditary cancers. (shrink)

AimThe neurocognitive basis of Developmental Coordination Disorder remains an issue of continued debate. This combined systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis of recent experimental studies on the motor control, cognitive, and neural underpinnings of DCD.MethodsThe review included all published work conducted since September 2016 and up to April 2021. One-hundred papers with a DCD-Control comparison were included, with 1,374 effect sizes entered into a multi-level meta-analysis.ResultsThe most profound deficits were shown in: voluntary gaze control during movement; cognitive-motor integration; practice-/context-dependent (...) motor learning; internal modeling; more variable movement kinematics/kinetics; larger safety margins when locomoting, and atypical neural structure and function across sensori-motor and prefrontal regions.InterpretationTaken together, these results on DCD suggest fundamental deficits in visual-motor mapping and cognitive-motor integration, and abnormal maturation of motor networks, but also areas of pragmatic compensation for motor control deficits. Implications for current theory, future research, and evidence-based practice are discussed.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO, identifier: CRD42020185444. (shrink)

Der hier erstmals ver]ffentlichte Briefwechsel zwischen dem Psychiater C.G. Jung und dem Nobelpreistr{ger der Physik Wolfgang Pauli ist ein geistesgeschichtliches Dokument ersten Ranges. Ein privates Schicksal hat sie zusammengef}hrt, und daraus ist ein vorwissenschaftlicher Dialog erwachsen, in dem versucht wird, naturwissenschaftliches und psychologischesDenken zu vereinheitlichen. Die Briefe verdeutlichen, da~ es weder f}r den Psychologen zul{ssig ist, die methodischen Einsichten der Physik, noch f}r den Physiker, die Erfahrungen im Umgang mit dem Psychischenzu vernachl{ssigen.

We examine the performance of some standard causal discovery algorithms, both constraint-based and score-based, from the perspective of how robust they are against failures of the Causal Faithfulness Assumption. For this purpose, we make only the so-called Triangle-Faithfulness assumption, which is a fairly weak consequence of the Faithfulness assumption, and otherwise allows unfaithful distributions. In particular, we allow violations of Adjacency-Faithfulness and Orientation-Faithfulness. We show that the PC algorithm, a representative constraint-based method, can be made more robust against unfaithfulness by (...) incorporating elements of the GES algorithm, a representative score-based method; similarly, the GES algorithm can be made less error-prone by incorporating elements of the conservative PC algorithm. As our simulations demonstrate, the increased robustness seems to matter even when faithfulness is not exactly violated, for with only finite sample, distributions that are not exactly unfaithful may be sufficiently close to being unfaithful to make trouble. (shrink)

In his article Open Problems in the Philosophy of Information 1 Luciano Floridi presented a Philosophy of Information research program in the form of eighteen open problems, covering the following fundamental areas: Information definition, information semantics, intelligence/cognition, informational universe/nature and values/ethics. We revisit Floridis program, highlighting some of the major advances, commenting on unsolved problems and rendering the new landscape of the Philosophy of Information emerging at present. As we analyze the progress of PI we try to situate Floridis program (...) in the context of scientific and technological development that have been made last ten years. We emphasize that Philosophy of Information is a huge and vibrant research field, with its origins dating before Open Problems, and its domains extending even outside their scope. In this paper, we have been able only to sketch some of the developments during the past ten years. Our hope is that, even if fragmentary, this review may serve as a contribution to the effort of understanding the present state of the art and the paths of development of Philosophy of Information as seen through the lens of Open Problems. (shrink)

The history of twentieth century philosophy is characterised by the gap between analytic and continental philosophy -- even though both have their roots in a tradition referred to as 'Austrian' or 'Central-European' philosophy. The essays in this volume show in historical and systematic studies, how a reassessment of this 'Central-European' tradition can build an interesting bridge between phenomenology and analytic philosophy and, thus, create a new foundation that allows for an original perspective on central problems of philosophy.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Gymnasium as a “School for Mankind” Altertumswissenschaft and the Fate of Classicism.

Decisions in the environmental and in particular the climate domain are burdened with uncertainty. Here, we focus on uncertainties faced by individuals when making decisions about environmental behavior, and we use the statistical sampling framework to develop a classification of different sources of uncertainty they encounter. We then map these sources to different public policy strategies aiming to help individuals cope with uncertainty when making environmental decisions.

Leibniz’s De incerti aestimatione, which contains his solution to the division problem, has not received much attention, let alone much appreciation. This is surprising because it is in this work that the definition of probability in terms of equally possible cases appears for the first time. The division problem is used to establish and test probability theory; it can be stated as follows: if two players agree to play a game in which one has to win a certain number of (...) rounds in order to win the pool, but if they break the game off before either of them has won the required number of rounds, how should the pool be distributed?Our article has two aims: it provides the readers with the first published English translation of De incerti aestimatione, and it also gives them a brief commentary that explains Leibniz’s philosophical and mathematical concepts necessary in order to understand this work. The translation is as literal as possible throughout; it shows how Leibniz struggled at times to find a solution to the division problem and how he approached it from different angles. The commentary discusses Leibniz’s views on four key concepts: fairness, hope, authority and possibility. The commentary then outlines how Leibniz attempted to solve the problem of division. (shrink)

The purpose of this preliminary qualitative research study is to explore the role and function of multiple dynamic interactive aesthetic and intersubjective phenomena in the creative arts therapies process relative to transformation in perception, behavior, relationship, and well-being. A group of doctoral students and faculty studied these phenomena in an analogous creative arts therapies laboratory context using a method called Intrinsic Arts-Based Research. Intrinsic Arts-Based Research is a systematic study of psychological, emotional, relational, and arts-based phenomena, parallel to those emergent (...) in the creative arts therapies, using individual and collective intrinsic immersive and reflective experience in combination with qualitative and arts-based research methods. Our primary goal was to simulate the creative arts therapies experience in order to identify, document, and describe the complex transformative phenomena that occur at the nexus of arts-based expression, reflection, and relationships in the arts therapies. For the purposes of this paper transformation is defined as “.... a significant reconfiguration of perception and thought resulting in the lessening of psychic restraint and pain, allowing for the emergence of new psychological perspectives that contribute to living a more creative life” (Gerber et al. 2012, 45). Through a deductive thematic analysis of written accounts of these simulated creative arts therapies experiences by participant/researchers in the laboratory we identified three primary dynamic and interactive broad constructs that together, with more specific modifying themes, might account for and describe change within the creative arts therapies. These broad dynamic interactive themes are: ruptures, resolutions, and transformation; relationship and intersubjectivity; and, arts-based expressive processes. The more specific modifying themes include dialectical rupture and resolution, relational attunements and ruptures, imaginational flow, transcendence and ruptures, sensory/kinesthetic/embodied ways of knowing, and intersubjective transcendence. We propose that change in the creative arts therapies is driven more by a dynamic system of interactive phenomena the varying combinations of which create conditions for relational attunement, imagination, dialectical tensions and creative resolutions, and the ultimately creative transformation. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

The article investigates Cassirer's developing interest in the cultural sciences to display how his Philosophy of Symbolic Forms constitutes a philosophy of culture. The core concept in such a philosophy of culture is the symbolic formation that both possesses a structured-structuring dimension and appears as an historical process in which culture shows itself as a temporal creation. The philosophy of culture displays 'life in meaning', that is reality as it exhibits human reality manifested in and through the medium of linguistic, (...) artistic, religious, scientific "and so on" action and behaviour. This reality, therefore, is mediation between culture and nature through human spirit. Cassirer's philosophy of culture connects back to Kant's transcendental idealism by emphasizing that any concept of reality establishes itself through a modalization of reality, e.g. that reality constitutes itself in the mode of interpretation. This makes the basis for Cassirer's characteristic understanding of hermeneutics where cultural development is regarded as drama. (shrink)

Ernst Cassirer and Ernst Bloch are considered from the standpoint of the philosophy of culture as the object of comparative study. Instead of considering possible mutual correlative influences, their work is considered with regard to a possible systematic comparison. Bloch's Materialism, like Cassirer's Philosophy of symbolic Forms, can be read as a kind of philosophy of media, if we take »medium« to mean the dimension in which meaning is generated. Against this background Cassirer and Bloch make use of different means (...) to thematize the mediality of culture. (shrink)

This article is concerned with the role of experientia in medieval law. This could take a number of forms, three of which are treated by way of example. In the first part of the essay, the author discusses how experience first came to serve as a source for the creation and legitimisation of new law since Late Antiquity. Henceforth, it became an important principle within Canon Law that served not only to create legal regulations supplementary to traditional law but also (...) to overwrite and replace it. The second part of the essay is concerned with the role of expert reports (consilia) by men learned in the ius commune which were requested to help rule cases under local law. Being dispersed in collections after their use in court, consilia made a significant impact on common and local law. In the final section the author discusses the use of expert witnesses (from areas as diverse as medicine, agriculture, the arts and crafts etc.). Expert opinions were recognised by court as high-value evidence. (shrink)

The term ’Lebenswelt’ appears as such only in Husserl’s later work, but is prepared in his early work: it represents a deepening and concretization of the ’Generalthesis der natürlichen Einstellungf (Ideen I) and is meant to contribute to the improvement of the transcendental reduction. The pretheoretical, elementary, and concretely practeced human world experience that is referred to by Lebenswelt, however; evades a stable fixation, as it always points to something seemingly beyond itself In connection with Husserl’s later cultural criticism and (...) in relation to his manifold usage of the term ’Leben’ cultural-therapeutical expectations arise which can be instrumentauzea for politics, but overstrame Husserl’s concept of science. The widespread use of the word Lebenswelt ’ is certainly motivated by Husserl’s work, although the word appeared in single instances independently of him from 1908 until the 1920s. (shrink)

?Starting from the literary translations and reflections on the theory of translation of Christoph Martin Wieland, this book deals with different modalities and methods of translating and transmitting? not only from language to language, but also between literary genres, epochs, knowledge formations and nations. Wieland is portrayed as an author and editor who devoted himself? with experimental openness? to a project of mediating and resolving dichotomies such as cosmopolitism and nation.".

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

The text refers to Peter Sloterdijk‘s maybe most famous book which entails a long chapter about the Weimar Republic. This short time period of German history is seen as an exemplary historical example for a situation in which cynical thinking becomes general. In his first prominent book, he changed the leftist images and the narratives of Weimar Republic after 1968 as a laboratory for modernism and of a tragic end of revolutionary efforts. Instead the first democracy was presented as an (...) apocalyptical period in which cold intellectual affirmation was dominant. As the text argues, Sloterdijk widens the concept of cynical thinking in a way that seems to be problematic. His argumentation discusses melancholy, nihilism, social and cultural discontent under the terminological umbrella of the "cynic". (shrink)

Philosophical discussions are the main focus of the Nietzsche-Studien. However, the reception of Nietzsche in other disciplines such as classical studies, literary studies or theology are also considered. The Nietzsche-Studien, therefore, serve not just the ideas of any one school or direction, but rather introduce various different approaches to interpreting Nietzsche. The yearbook publishes papers, essays, lectures, short articles, and reviews of selected publications about Nietzsche. Each volume is completed by a name index, an index of Nietzsche quotes and an (...) index of the reviewed or cited Nietzsche literature. (shrink)

In 1932, Wolfgang Pauli was a world-renowned physicist and had already done the work that would win him the 1945 Nobel Prize. He was also in pain. His mother had poisoned herself after his father's involvement in an affair. Emerging from a brief marriage with a cabaret performer, Pauli drank heavily, quarreled frequently and sometimes publicly, and was disturbed by powerful dreams. He turned for help to C. G. Jung, setting a standing appointment for Mondays at noon. Thus bloomed (...) an extraordinary intellectual conjunction not just between a physicist and a psychologist but between physics and psychology. Eighty letters, written over twenty-six years, record that friendship. This artful translation presents them in English for the first time. Though Jung never analyzed Pauli formally, he interpreted more than 400 of his dreams--work that bore fruit later in Psychology and Alchemy and The Analysis of Dreams. As their acquaintance developed, Jung and Pauli exchanged views on the content of their work and the ideas of the day. They discussed the nature of dreams and their relation to reality, finding surprising common ground between depth psychology and quantum physics. Their collaboration resulted in the combined publication of Jung's treatise on synchronicity and Pauli's essay on archetypal ideas influencing Kepler's writings in The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche. Over time, their correspondence shaped and reshaped their understanding of the principle they called synchronicity, a term Jung had suggested earlier. Through the association of these two pioneering thinkers, developments in physics profoundly influenced the evolution of Jungian psychology. And many of Jung's abiding themes shaped how Pauli--and, through him, other physicists--understood the physical world. Of clear appeal to historians of science and anyone investigating the life and work of Pauli or Jung, this portrait of an incredible friendship will also draw readers interested in human creativity as well as those who merely like to be present when great minds meet. (shrink)

From its title, which since antiquity has occasioned interpretations of varying ingenuity and implausibility and which the book under review is probably right to judge both inauthentic and inappropriate, to its final chapter, thought to be post-Aristotelian or an exercise by Porphyry and the Greek commentators who followed him, On Interpretation has long been considered one of Aristotle’s most puzzling works. Brief as it is, this treatise was divided into four main parts by Ammonius, dealing with the principles of the (...) assertoric sentence, the proposition consisting of subject and predicate terms only, the proposition which contains an “added predicate”, and modal propositions. Modern commentators tend to find in the work important, but isolated, discussions of general semantic theory, the elements of grammar, and modality and fatalism, but not much else of interest. (shrink)

Kant maintained that in order for an act to have moral worth it is necessary that it be done from the motive of duty. On the traditional view of Kant, the motive of duty is constituted solely by one’s belief or cognition that some act is one’s duty. Desire must be ruled out as forming partof the moral motive. On this view, if an agent’s act is to have moral worth, then it must be the ease that his belief that (...) he has a duty has, on its own, motivational force.I attempt to argue that this view is mistaken, that for Kant desire does have a place in moral motivation, and that for Kant it is not possible that we can have an obligation, sincerely assert that we have, and at the same time have no desire to perform that obligation. (shrink)