Sometimes, art theory addresses the same type of image from discursive disparity. This is the case of the portrait, whose imprecise definition complicates its conceptual and formal definition within the limits of the Western culture. Although this text does not intend to resolve doubts about one of the most significant questions in art—even the question of art, if portraits are born with it—it does attempt to show the difficulties in reaching an agreement on the conventions that define it, from its (...) antecedents in Antiquity and its establishment in modern times, up to the advent of its contemporary crisis that some authors attribute to the saturation suffered by the image in mass society, and others, to the new artistic paradigm that is imposed from Impressionism onwards. (shrink)

In addition to opening a fertile field for inquiry in analytical social epistemology, Miranda Fricker’s work has provided powerful conceptual tools that merge descriptive capacity and political potency. For this reason, over the last fifteen years, the conceptual repertoire introduced by the author has been well received in both academic and political arenas. At times, the concepts of both testimonial and hermeneutical injustice acquire excessive dimensions in the literature, and this undermines, on the one hand, their analytical precision and, on (...) the other, their usefulness. In this paper I argue against Fricker’s structural parallelism thesis and defend an independent treatment of each of these concepts. On this basis, to counteract the hyperinflation of the concept of hermeneutic injustice, I proceed with an exercise of conceptual precision. To this end, I identify the conditions that make hermeneutic injustice both unjust and hermeneutic. Finally, I present theoretical and practical reasons to encourage the rigorous use of these concepts. (shrink)

La utilización de la denominación “Escuela de Salamanca” en referencia a los aspectos económicos es confusa y problemática, porque no hay argumentos convincentes para sostener que fuera una auténtica escuela de pensamiento económico (tal como la definen Schumpeter y Stigler). Sin embargo, desde Larraz y Grice-Hutchinson, los historiadores del pensamiento económico han utilizado habitualmente dicha denominación por su poder como “marca comercial” para la divulgación, y también para hacer referencia de forma breve y sencilla a las notables aportaciones analíticas de (...) un conjunto de doctores escolásticos españoles. De hecho, las monografías de los historiadores se han concentrado sobre todo en analizar las contribuciones de estos escolásticos (teoría monetaria, derechos de propiedad, etc.), más que en discutir los criterios que podrían definirles como una escuela en asuntos económicos. (shrink)

There are numerous studies that, from different perspectives, have dealt with the debate held in the Spanish Empire during the 16th century on the slavery of the American Indians, starring –among others– by Francisco de Vitoria and his disciples from the School of Salamanca, and also –outside the academic sphere– by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. The purpose of this work is to study whether this debate made its mark in Spanish society. For this, it (...) is analyzed three theatrical pieces from the Golden Age signed by playwrights of the stature of Tirso de Molina, Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de Barca, who –given their enormous popularity– had the capacity to reach the wide audience that congregated in the corrals of comedies. Were these three writers influenced by the controversy over the Indians carried out, among other authors, by Vitoria, Las Casas and Sepúlveda? Did they fully grasp in their works the subtle debate that Vitoria, Las Casas and Sepúlveda maintained when they interpreted Aristotelian arguments on slavery and the consequences that derived from them in terms of the possibility of enslaving or not the Indians? (shrink)

La revolución digital de trasfondo transhumanista en la que estamos inmersos plantea un escenario de robotización también de la función jurisdiccional. El uso intensivo de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) abriría la posibilidad de que sean las máquinas quienes razonen jurídicamente y sean -en definitiva- quienes tomen las decisiones dirimentes de los conflictos sociales so capa de una mayor rapidez, objetividad y predictibilidad; en definitiva, dada su evidente eficiencia en comparación con los juzgadores humanos. Sin embargo, conviene examinar atentamente (...) las limitaciones de la IA aplicada a la argumentación jurídica. Merece la pena recapacitar acerca de la idoneidad social de una eventualidad tal. Se concluye escuchando voces autorizadas que se han pronunciado al respecto, cuestionando la existencia de una ‘justicia transhumanista’, pues el uso intensivo y extensivo de la IA no dejaría de ser una capitulación de la ciencia jurídica. Ahora bien, un uso encuadrado dentro de sus posibilidades abre una oportunidad para el mejor razonamiento jurídico y la extensión de los métodos de resolución de conflictos alternativos a la jurisdicción estatal. (shrink)

In this study, we investigated endorsement of two types of prescriptive views of aging, namely active aging and altruistic disengagement. The study comprised a large international sample of middle-aged and older adults, covering the age range from 40 to 90 years. Participants rated their personal endorsement of prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement targeting older adults in general. Findings showed that endorsement was higher for prescriptions for active aging than for prescriptions for altruistic disengagement. Age groups in the (...) sample differed regarding their endorsement of both prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement with older adults showing higher endorsement than middle-aged adults did. Prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement related positively to each other and to the superordinate social belief that older adults should not become a burden, which attests to their functional similarity. In contrast, prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement were associated with psychological adjustment in opposite ways, with endorsement of active aging being related to better adjustment outcomes such as life satisfaction and subjective health. Our findings highlight the internalization of prescriptive views of aging in older people and their implications for their development and well-being. (shrink)

Wie nahe stehen sich die jüdische Gedankenwelt und die Ideen Sören Kierkegaards? In einer dialogischen Konstellation findet die geistige Wahlverwandtschaft darauf eine Antwort. Richard Blättel nimmt dazu drei alttestamentarische Erzählungen mit existenzieller Färbung in den Blick: den Sündenfall, die Opferung Isaaks und Hiob. Sowohl Kierkegaard als auch die jüdischen Denker haben sich mit den biblischen Narrativen befasst, wobei das Motiv der Wiederholung zum Brennpunkt wird. Zwischen Schöpfung und Offenbarung kreist das erzählende Denken, das sich von der traditionellen Denkgeschichte des Abendlandes (...) abgrenzt. Dabei entsteht philosophisches Pathos als eine Form leidenschaftlichen Denkens. (shrink)

Wie nahe stehen sich die jüdische Gedankenwelt und die Ideen Sören Kierkegaards? In einer dialogischen Konstellation findet die geistige Wahlverwandtschaft darauf eine Antwort. Richard Blättel nimmt dazu drei alttestamentarische Erzählungen mit existenzieller Färbung in den Blick: den Sündenfall, die Opferung Isaaks und Hiob. Sowohl Kierkegaard als auch die jüdischen Denker haben sich mit den biblischen Narrativen befasst, wobei das Motiv der Wiederholung zum Brennpunkt wird. Zwischen Schöpfung und Offenbarung kreist das erzählende Denken, das sich von der traditionellen Denkgeschichte des Abendlandes (...) abgrenzt. Dabei entsteht philosophisches Pathos als eine Form leidenschaftlichen Denkens. (shrink)

I will discuss the relationship between two different accounts of remedial duty ascriptions. According to one account, the beneficiary account, individuals who benefit innocently from injustices ought to bear remedial responsibilities towards the victims of these injustices. According to another account, the causal account, individuals who caused injustices ought to bear remedial duties towards the victim. In this paper, I examine the relation between the principles central to these accounts: the Beneficiary Pays Principle and the well-established principle of Strict Liability (...) in law. I argue that both principles display a strong yet unexplored similarity as they make certain kinds of causal connection sufficient for incurring liability. Because of this similarity, I suggest that insights into the Beneficiary Pays Principle can be gained from exploring its relation with Strict Liability. In particular, I examine two new positive arguments that could be adapted to support of the Beneficiary Pays Principle: the Minimising Injustice Argument and the Normative Connection Argument. However, I’ll show that only one of those arguments, namely the Normative Connection Argument, can truly support the Beneficiary Pays Principle. I conclude that, if you endorse the Normative Connection Argument for Strict Liability, you have at least a strong prima facie reason to endorse the parallel argument for the Beneficiary Pays Principle. (shrink)

Los ODS marcan el camino de las empresas hacia la sostenibilidad. Pero no sabemos si las empresas audiovisuales, cinematográficas o televisivas van por el mismo camino. Además, existen algunos sellos y códigos de buenas prácticas que intentan poner la sostenibilidad en el rodaje. Esta investigación trata de explicar las iniciativas más antiguas e importantes sobre rodajes sostenibles:: Green Production Guide y Albert. Mostramos si enfocan la sostenibilidad en la huella de carbono o también en acciones sociales y de gobernanza, los (...) tres ejes de la sostenibilidad. Los resultados arrojan una serie de similitudes en los procesos, en la certificación interna y en el interés en la formación; así como diferencias en algunos ámbitos de aplicación y en asuntos sociales y de gobernanza. (shrink)

Right from the start of the Spanish Civil War, thousands of prisoners were executed by shooting. Today, many of them remain anonymous, but others, thanks to their writing, have passed into history. In the final hours before their execution, these men and women had the chance to write a few farewell letters to their nearest and dearest. These letters, known by historians as ?chapel letters,? passed either through official channels exercising prior censorship or else were sent clandestinely. In their farewell (...) letters, the condemned to death informed their families of their tragic fate and dedicated their last words to them. Genuine family relics, material and spiritual testaments, instruments of denunciation and propaganda, these chapel letters are regarded as the most sincere documents of any historical period. Since prisoners expressed in them their most intimate feelings and thoughts, they constitute the most exceptional testimony of all epistolary forms practised behind bars. By using an interdisciplinary approach this essay seeks to define the material and functional characteristics of this genre and to contextualise it in the framework of ordinary writings and scribal culture. (shrink)

Reseña de la obra de Rodríguez González, Mariano: _Filosofía de la Mente_. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense, 2021, pp. 287.

La elaboración del dossier temático de la revista Aletheia sobre memorias y experiencias de identidades de género disidentes en Argentina se constituyó en una oportunidad para cuestionar y evidenciar problemáticas que recorren y estructuran los debates sobre el tema en el ámbito académico-universitario. Dichas reflexiones se encuentran condensadas en este escrito, un texto dialógico producto de un intercambio reflexivo entre el autor y las coordinadoras del dossier. Blas es profesor de filosofía, becario doctoral (CONICET) y activista de Derechos Humanos. (...) Es docente de Gnoseología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y co-coordinador de la Cátedra Libre de Estudios Trans. Este escrito es el producto de conversaciones conjuntas, entrecortadas, pausadas, de preguntas y respuestas construidas a lo largo de los últimos meses. Un diálogo que pretende abrir nuevos interrogantes sobre cómo entendemos, construimos y habitamos los espacios académico-universitarios, qué estrategias se despliegan en la pretendida búsqueda de políticas de inclusión y cuáles son sus limitaciones de las que no podemos escapar. Ello nos conduce a repensar cómo entendemos el género y las identidades. (shrink)

This paper explores disagreements due to active ignorance as a kind of deep di-sagreement. It recovers Fogelin’s notion of “deep disagreement”, which stressed the limits of argumentation to build consensus and to dissipate deep disagree-ments; and it discusses his contention that deep disagreements cannot be sol-ved through rational resolution. The paper examines a disagreement that has practical implications and involves subjects asymmetrically situated in a web of power relations and builds on that case to conclude that disagreements due to ignorance (...) are not impervious to rational resolution. Specifically, it argues that practices of “epistemic activism” (Medina 2019) count as rational and reasona-ble mechanisms of resolution of deep disagreements due to active ignorance. (shrink)

Salem, Sara. “Feminismo islámico, interseccionalidad y decolonialidad.” Tábula Rasa 21 (2014): 111-122.

In the fifty-one years since its publication Dirac's magnetic monopole conjecture has stimulated a theoretical outpouring rich in variety. We review here the experimental techniques with which monopoles have been sought and we will describe the limits on monopole properties these searches have established.

The excessive use of social networks needs to be addressed, and this phenomenon needs to be measured for the purpose of evaluation, prevention, and intervention among adolescents and young people. The objective of the study was to adapt and psychometrically validate the Brief Scale of Addiction to Social Networks among Mexican adolescents and young adults. The participating sample consisted of 2,789 students from 6 public educational campuses in Cuernavaca. Data collection was carried out through a web platform to strictly maintain (...) anonymity, voluntary participation, and confidentiality. Data analysis first focused on the detection of possible response biases, the quality of the response structure partial credit model, dimensionality, and the relationship with external variables. It was found that when the range of efficient response options was limited to less than five, reliability was high, and unidimensionality was maintained. Response biases slightly affected the dimensional structure of the instrument. Measurement invariance reached scalar invariance in the sex, age, and campus groups. The association with sensation seeking and depression, controlling for sex and age covariates, was statistically significant, small, and theoretically consistent. Implications of the results are discussed. (shrink)

The Roman Empire, as a form of government, set up from 31 BC, with the victory of Caio Otávio on Marco Antonio at the Battle of Actium. During this period, deployed in that period the work of the government of Emperor Adrianus Publilius Aelius characterized as part of Roman imperial policy. The concepts of image, imagination and power that are the main trainers theoretical characterization of the Hadrian as Roman Emperor. Even the images left by structural characters as Adriano also (...) helps us to compose their representation as Princeps, as well as the writings of Roman History and History of Augusta. (shrink)

In this paper, I both propose and discuss a novel account of truthmaking. I begin by showing what truthmaking is not: it is not grounding and it is not correspondence. I then show what truthmaking is by offering an account that appeals both to grounding and what I call ‘deep correspondence’. After I present the account and show that it is an account that unifies, I put it to work by showing how it can overcome an objection to truthmaking, how (...) we can get truthmaking from correspondence, what it says about truthmaker necessitation, and how it can explain a connection between truthmaker maximalism and pluralism about truth. (shrink)

Leituras em Educação - volume 9 - coletânea composta por treze artigos, reúne textos de professores pesquisadores que, entre saberes e leituras, analisam a educação por meio de um instrumental teórico para verificar a maneira como ocorre o entrelace educação com outros saberes e áreas. A pluralidade que pode ser depreendida da configuração desta obra, e que se expande no sumário e nos artigos que a compõem, remete para a diversidade e profusão da leitura e da educação. Os capítulos se (...) orientam por um conjunto diversificado de perspectivas e questões, mas todos eles, de alguma maneira, pensam a leitura, a prática pedagógica e os educadores ou gestores envolvidos nesse processo. (shrink)

Este trabajo investiga las capacidades epistémicas de las instituciones democráticas a través de una evaluación de tres modelos epistémicos de democracia: el Teorema del Jurado de Condorcet, el Teorema ‘Diversidad supera Habilidad’ y el modelo experimentalista de Dewey. El modelo de Dewey es superior a los demás en su capacidad de modelar las funciones epistémicas de tres características constitutivas de la democracia: la diversidad epistémica de los participantes, la interacción de la votación con el debate y los mecanismos de retroalimentación (...) como las elecciones periódicas y las protestas. Considera que la democracia es una institución para reunir información ampliamente distribuida sobre problemas y políticas de interés público mediante la participación de conocedores epistémicamente diversos. Las normas democráticas de libre discurso, disenso, retroalimentación y rendición de cuentas funcionan para garantizar el aprendizaje colectivo y con base experimental a partir de las diversas experiencias de los diferentes conocedores. Ilustro estos puntos con un estudio de caso de grupos forestales comunitarios en el Asia meridional, cuyas capacidades epistémicas se han visto perjudicadas por la supresión de la participación de las mujeres. (shrink)

Desinformação enquanto um fenômeno social criou uma nova desordem global, onde as novas condições de produção, circulação e consumo de informação fizeram das notícias falsas um importante instrumento geoestratégico que, associado às técnicas híbridas, coloca as ações das mídias comunicacionais em sintonia na geração de notícias falsas. Analisamos a maneira como os meios de comunicação disseminam informações tomando como base cinco filtros indicados por Chomsky e Herman (2003): Filtro 1: Importância, propriedade e orientação dos benefícios dos meios de comunicação; Filtro (...) 2: A publicidade como principal fonte de renda; Filtro 3: O fornecimento de notícias para a mídia; Filtro 4: As medidas corretivas como método para disciplinar a mídia; Filtro 5: Anticomunismo como mecanismo de controle. A análise realizada demonstra que, além de notícias falsas, as notícias reais são manipuladas e orientadas para polarizar ideologicamente, requerendo uma adaptação da sociedade na construção de marcos regulatórios, ao passo que as empresas (desenvolvedoras das redes sociais, por exemplo) e seus logaritmos não conseguem contrariar as redes globais da desinformação que atravessam países, continentes e línguas. (shrink)