There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation are primarily habit- or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale has been proposed to capture inter-individual differences in habitual tendencies. It is subdivided into two dimensions: routine and automaticity. We first considered a French version of this questionnaire for validation, based on a sample of 386 undergraduates. The relationship between two dimensions (...) of habit and the risk of substance use disorder and impulsive personality traits was also investigated. COHS has good psychometric properties with both features of habits positively associated with an Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score. Besides, the propensity to rely more on routines was associated with lower levels of alcohol abuse and nicotine use, suggesting that some degree of routine might act as a protective factor against substance use. In contrast, a high automaticity score was associated with an increased risk of harmful alcohol use. These results demonstrate that the COHS is a valid measure of habitual tendencies and represents a useful tool for capturing inter-individual variations in drug use problems in undergraduates. (shrink)

Studying institutions as part of the research on cultural evolution prompts us to analyze one very important mechanism of cultural evolution: institutions do distribute cultural variants in the population. Also, it enables relating current research on cultural evolution to some more traditional social sciences: institutions, often seen as macro-social entities, are analyzed in terms of their constitutive micro-phenomena. This article presents Sperber’s characterization of institutions, and then gives some hints about the set of phenomena to which it applies.

Plotin, né à Alexandrie en 205 et père du néoplatonisme est un des penseurs les plus originaux de l' histoire de la philosophie. Il voit le monde comme émanation de l' être à partir de l' Un dont tout provient. C' est précisément dans son lien à l' Un que l' homme retrouve sa provenance. Le lien de l' Un et de l' être est ce lieu singulier dans lequel on peut lire la finalité de toute chose en comprenant son (...) origine. Penser le lien de l' Un et de l' être alors même qu' ils s' opposent mais sont indissociables, nous invite à reprendre l' unité entre continuité et altérité. (shrink)

Quoique le nom propre n’ait guère fait l’objet d’une véritable exploration de la part de Gustave Guillaume (pour qui le nom propre n’est d’ailleurs pas rigoureusement délimité), on peut distinguer deux états successifs de la théorie psychomécanique. Dans un premier temps, il est défini comme un « asémantème », un mot sans signification, qui dénote sans connoter, d’où l’annulation de la transition langue/discours dont l’article est l’outil. Mais il est plus tard conçu comme un nom dont la compréhension est maximale (...) et, partant, dont l’extension est minimale, ce qui explique différemment l’absence de détermination dont il fait l’objet. Après Guillaume, un linguiste comme Walter Hirtle replace dans le cadre de la dichotomie langue/discours la distinction opérée par d’autres entre proper noun (fait de langue) et proper name (fait de discours). (shrink)

Humans massively depend on communication with others, but this leaves them open to the risk of being accidentally or intentionally misinformed. To ensure that, despite this risk, communication remains advantageous, humans have, we claim, a suite of cognitive mechanisms for epistemic vigilance. Here we outline this claim and consider some of the ways in which epistemic vigilance works in mental and social life by surveying issues, research and theories in different domains of philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology and the social sciences.

Les théories linguistiques en général, et plus particulièrement la psychomécanique du langage, dont le modèle est essentiellement binaire, peinent à faire une place à l’absence de déterminant sémiologiquement marqué. Quoique le terme « article zéro » soit communément usité, il n’y a guère de consensus sur le sens à lui donner. Pour le français, où son emploi reste marginal, on observe une fracture entre une posture théorique consistant à l’intégrer au système de l’article et une autre revenant à en nier (...) l’existence. Pour l’anglais, où il est beaucoup plus fréquent, la théorie se heurte à une multiplicité d’emplois difficiles à rassembler sous un même phénomène. Or un examen attentif des occurrences du corpus permet de proposer, dans la continuité de la théorie psychomécanique, un modèle où coexistent d’une part l’absence de tout déterminant et, d’autre part, un article zéro dont on peut montrer qu’il recouvre une véritable opération de détermination définie comme une transition du nom de la langue au discours débouchant sur son aptitude à référer. (shrink)

Le désir et le goût. Une autre histoire regroupe dix-huit communications de collègues, d’élèves et de disciples de Jean-Louis Flandrin réunis en 2003 à l’université Paris 8 pour rendre hommage à cet historien des sensibilités décédé en 2001. Le titre du volume reprend l’intitulé du séminaire qu’il anima à l’EHESS et résume parfaitement, complété du sous-titre « une autre histoire », le parcours scientifique de cet historien qui consacra ses travaux à la famille (Familles, 1976) à la sexualité...

Le désir et le goût. Une autre histoire regroupe dix-huit communications de collègues, d’élèves et de disciples de Jean-Louis Flandrin réunis en 2003 à l’université Paris 8 pour rendre hommage à cet historien des sensibilités décédé en 2001. Le titre du volume reprend l’intitulé du séminaire qu’il anima à l’EHESS et résume parfaitement, complété du sous-titre « une autre histoire », le parcours scientifique de cet historien qui consacra ses travaux à la famille (Familles, 1976) à la sexualité...

What is a pirate? In this excerpt from a forthcoming book, Florent Latrive uses a series of historical examples to show that the pirate copy, as a legal and artificial construction, is a notion that varies in time and space. Who still remembers that as recently as 1976, the Hollywood majors dragged a diabolical technological invention, the tape deck, into the courts, and proved that if everyone could freely pirate the films broadcast over television, the entire film industry would (...) soon bite the dust ? (shrink)

El propósito de “Venganza imaginaria y espera escatológica” es demostrar como la temporalidad heredada de la religión cristiana se divide en dos regímenes distintos. Uno nos permite profundizar y ralentizar, según un largo proceso de incorporación. El otro, vinculado a una teleología fantasmática, es un tiempo acelerado por el ansioso esfuerzo de acabar con todo. En el conflicto que opone estas dos temporalidades, Nietzsche procura definir tres tipos de relaciones entre la espera y la expectativa.

Hannah Arendt réfléchit, dans toute son œuvre, aux conditions d’une action libre. Elle commence sa réflexion, à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, par interroger les bouleversements induits par les régimes totalitaires et montre en quoi ils ont détruit l’espace public qui sépare et relie les membres d’une société au profit de la domination de l’idéologie, qui récuse toute action. Mais il y a un héritage des totalitarismes, au-delà de leur défaite, c’est la disparition de l’autorité et de ses (...) figures historiques, parce que l’autorité ne se réduit pas à la contrainte et permet l’existence d’un cadre commun pour les libertés publiques, sans lequel ces dernières peuvent difficilement se rencontrer, se frotter, se féconder, coopérer. L’action décline alors au profit de la consommation, la liberté au profit de la seule indépendance privée. (shrink)

L'écologie est avant tout la prise de conscience que nomme est partie intégrante de son milieu, ce qui génère sa condition depuis ses origines. De tous temps et dans toutes les sociétés, elle est ce qui nous fait, ce qui nous rattache à une humanité commune. Notre civilisation s'est enfermée dans des impasses : prépondérance du court terme, épuisement des ressources naturelles, concurrence élevée au rang de modèle... Elle exerce sur nous des contraintes, souvent chargées de promesses alléchantes, et nous (...) prive du pouvoir d'être, individuellement comme collectivement, maîtres de nos vies, en vivant en harmonie avec nous-mêmes. Elle substitue à la réalité un récit imaginaire qui produit en nous insatisfaction et frustration. La logique de la technique moderne est de ne considérer dans la nature que ce qui sert directement à la croissance de la production, ignorant et détruisant tout le reste. Pourtant, l'humanité ne pourra aller jusqu'au bout de sa puissance, parce que cette fin correspondrait à son anéantissement. Il est grand temps de comprendre que notre condition n'est pas sans condition. Ce qui nous fait propose en toute simplicité une philosophie de l'homme à l'époque de la crise écologique afin d'ouvrir des pistes pour réconcilier l'humanité avec elle-même. (shrink)

From the observation that global education systems are failing to produce beaming adults, this article questions the meaning of the words generally used to discuss education and new teaching methods. Sidestepping the panacea of technology as the holy grail, it suggests ideas for exploring other possible educational forms, such as those guided by the renewal of humanism or neurosciences. Then, this article presents a model of understanding of man and his activities, leading to the conception of a work system that (...) makes the most of the evolution of contemporary sciences, such as transdisciplinary thinking and transpersonal psychology. It gives an example of a concrete organization in vocational training for future teachers and proposes an evaluation of five years of practices that have encouraged transformations towards individual and collective achievement. (shrink)

Michel ALHADEFF-JONES, Time and the Rhythms of Emancipatory Education : Rethinking the Temporal Complexity of Self and Society, Abingdon-on-Thames, New York, Routledge, 2016, 238 p. Le travail de Michel Alhadeff-Jones interroge la manière dont nous prenons en compte et dont nous vivons l'expérience du temps en éducation. Il vise à expliciter les différents rythmes vécus ou observés et les influences qui les relient. Il s'agit d'élucider, - Recensions.

Présentation puis transcription et annotation de la correspondance inédite (1879-1890) de Paul Janet (1823-1899) avec son neveu Pierre Janet (1859-1947).

Reasoning, defined as the production and evaluation of reasons, is a central process in science. The dominant view of reasoning, both in the psychology of reasoning and in the psychology of science, is of a mechanism with an asocial function: bettering the beliefs of the lone reasoner. Many observations, however, are difficult to reconcile with this view of reasoning; in particular, reasoning systematically searches for reasons that support the reasoner’s initial beliefs, and it only evaluates these reasons cursorily. By contrast, (...) reasoners are well able to evaluate others’ reasons: accepting strong arguments and rejecting weak ones. The argumentative theory of reasoning accounts for these traits of reasoning by postulating that the evolved function of reasoning is to argue: to find arguments to convince others and to change one’s mind when confronted with good arguments. Scientific reasoning, however, is often described as being at odds with such an argumentative mechanisms: scientists are supposed to reason objectively on their own, and to be pigheaded when their theories are challenged, even by good arguments. In this article, we review evidence showing that scientists, when reasoning, are subject to the same biases as are lay people while being able to change their mind when confronted with good arguments. We conclude that the argumentative theory of reasoning explains well key features of scientists’ reasoning and that differences in the way scientists and laypeople reason result from the institutional framework of science. (shrink)

In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a period of lockdown that impacted individuals’ lifestyles, in both professional and personal spheres. New problems and challenges arose, as well as opportunities. Numerous studies have examined the negative effects of lockdown measures, but few have attempted to shine light on the potential positive effects that may come out of these measures. We focused on one particular positive outcome that might have emerged from lockdown: creativity. To this end, this paper compared self-reported (...) professional creativity and everyday creativity before and during lockdown, using a questionnaire-based study conducted on a French sample. We expected participants to be more creative during than prior to lockdown, in both professional and everyday spheres. Regarding Pro-C, we did not see any significant differences between the two comparison points, before and during lockdown. Regarding everyday creativity, we observed a significant increase during lockdown. Furthermore, our results suggest that participants with a lower baseline creativity benefited more from the situation than those with a higher initial baseline creativity. Our results provide new insights on the impact of lockdown and its positive outcomes. These measures may have inarguably negative consequences on the physical and mental health of many, but their positive impact exists as well. (shrink)

Can commitments be generated without promises, commissive speech acts or gestures that are conventionally interpreted as such? While we remain neutral with respect to the normative answer to this question, we propose a psychological answer. Specifically, we hypothesize that people at least believe that commitments are in place if one agent (the sender) has led a second agent (the recipient) to rely on her to do something, and if this is mutually known by the two agents. Crucially, this situation can (...) occur even if the sender has neither uttered a commissive speech act nor performed any action that would conventionally be interpreted as such. In a series of online experiments, we tested this hypothesis by presenting participants with vignettes describing everyday situations in which a recipient’s expectations were frustrated by the sender’s behavior, and then eliciting moral judgments about the sender’s actions and character. We manipulated whether the recipient’s reliance on the sender was mutually known, and if so, whether the sender verbally acknowledged this or not. The results show that moral judgments differed significantly according to whether the recipient’s reliance was mutually known, but not according to whether this was verbally acknowledged. (shrink)

The paper investigates the interaction of lexical and constructional meaning in valency coercion processing, and the effect of (in)compatibility between verb and construction for its successful resolution (Perek, Florent & Martin Hilpert. 2014. Constructional tolerance: Cross-linguistic differences in the acceptability of non-conventional uses of constructions. Constructions and Frames 6(2). 266–304; Yoon, Soyeon. 2019. Coercion and language change: A usage-based approach. Linguistic Research 36(1). 111–139). We present an online experiment on valency coercion (the first one on Italian), by means of (...) a semantic priming protocol inspired by Johnson, Matt A. & Adele E. Goldberg. 2013. Evidence for automatic accessing of constructional meaning: Jabberwocky sentences prime associated verbs. Language & Cognitive Processes 28(10). 1439–1452. We test priming effects with a lexical decision task which presents different target verbs preceded by coercion instances of four Italian argument structure constructions, which serve as primes. Three types of verbs serve as target: lexical associate (LA), construction associate (CA), and unrelated (U) verbs. LAs are semantically similar to the main verb of the prime sentence, whereas CAs are prototypical verbs associated to the prime construction. U verbs serve as a mean of comparison for the two categories of interest. Results confirm that processing of valency coercion requires an integration of both lexical and constructional semantics. Moreover, compatibility is also found to influence coercion resolution. Specifically, constructional priming is primary and independent from compatibility. A secondary priming effect for LA verbs is also found, which suggests a contribution of lexical semantics in coercion resolution – especially for low-compatibility coercion coinages. (shrink)

La publication de l' "Emile" et du "Contrat social" a dressé les autorités de l'Europe entière contre Rousseau. A Genève, les deux ouvrages sont condamnés et brûlés le 18 juin 1762.

Pour Diderot, il est illusoire de croire que l'on peut rationaliser le droit pénal, comme Beccarla le suggère, et proportionner les peines aux délits selon une échelle nécessaire. L'arbitraire du juge est pour Diderot moins un obstacle pour la justice qu'une condition de possibilité. Cette critique adressée au juriste italien semble pourtant ne pas s'accorder avec le rôle qu'il attribue au législateur : élaborer un code de lois pleinement rationnel, qui fasse abstraction de la diversité des coutumes et des opinions. (...) La contradiction n'est qu'apparente : les deux propositions s'accordent, plus encore s'éclairent mutuellement. Elles se rejoignent dans une commune dénonciation du despotisme qui se cache derrière toute dévalorisation de la délibération. (shrink)

Pour Jean-Jacques Rousseau, on apprend à être citoyen dans les temps modernes en apprenant à être sociable. Si l’éducation doit renoncer à être publique, elle reste politique, tournée vers le développement des passions qui disposent à la reconnaissance.According to Rousseau, we learn to be citizens in modern times by learning to be sociable. Education can not be public one any more, as it was in the ancient cities. But it can be still a politic one : it aims to spread (...) out passions which incline to be grateful. (shrink)

M. Walzer considère que la philosophie, portée à constituer des propositions universelles, ne parvient pas à penser le pluralisme des voies démocratiques. La conception théorique qu’elle se fait de la démocratie est ce qu’il appelle un universalisme surplombant, extérieur aux réalités auxquelles il doit s’appliquer. Cet article vise à montrer d’une part que Walzer ne distingue pas suffisamment la constitution des propositions philosophiques et la question de la normativité de ces propositions, d’autre part que la construction philosophique de la démocratie (...) tente le plus souvent d’éviter de tomber dans l’universalisme surplombant. (shrink)

Pour Walzer, la tradition libérale, en rejetant les passions hors de la politique au profit de la rationalité des intérêts, n’a pas vu qu’il y avait de mauvaises et de bonnes passions, et qu’on ne pouvait corriger celles-là que par celles-ci. Ainsi, à l’envie susceptible de mettre en question le lien social dans les sociétés modernes industrialisées, il faut opposer le désir d’égalité. Seulement il faut le concevoir non comme la volonté d’une égalisation radicale des conditions, mais comme l’effort pour (...) maintenir séparées les sphères de distribution des différents biens. (shrink)

Democracy is usually seen as the regime of political equality. But there are many differences about the content of this equality and the reasons that can be invoked to justify it. Two types of arguments seem to be opposed on this point. One can consider, as R. Dahl for example, that political equality is required so that the election of the leaders can appear legitimate and not disputed. The argument is then procedural. One can also consider, as T. Nagel for (...) example, that this justification is insufficient because it is external to the democratic idea, and that if this implies that all have the same political status, it is because democracy is the general system of equality, and political equality is its first form. The argument is then substantial. The aim of this article is twofold. First, I try to understand why the defenders of a substantial conception of democracy blame those who define it in procedural terms. Next, I try to understand the reason why the procedural justification of political equality could be irrelevant, and must be completed by substantial arguments. (shrink)

La pensée postmoderne considère qu’on défend mal la démocratie en en proposant un modèle théorique surplombant et qu’il est préférable de s’en tenir à une appréciation immanente des expériences démocratiques. La philosophie politique serait ainsi incapable de s’affranchir de ses prétentions normatives pourtant inadaptées aux contextes historiques. La critique est stimulante mais partielle : car lorsque la philosophie politique avance des modèles de démocratie, c’est moins pour se placer en dehors de l’histoire qu’afin de rendre possible la délibération des citoyens (...) à l’intérieur de leur communauté d’appartenance. (shrink)

Insects use path integration (PI) to maintain a home vector, but can also store and recall vector-memories that take them from home to a food location, and even allow them to take novel shortcuts between food locations. The neural circuit of the Central Complex (a brain area that receives compass and optic flow information) forms a plausible substrate for these behaviours. A recent model, grounded in neurophysiological and neuroanatomical data, can account for PI during outbound exploratory routes and the control (...) of steering to return home. Here, we show that minor, hypothetical but neurally plausible, extensions of this model can additionally explain how insects could store and recall PI vectors to follow food-ward paths, take shortcuts, search at the feeder and re-calibrate their vector-memories with experience. In addition, a simple assumption about how one of multiple vector-memories might be chosen at any point in time can produce the development and maintenance of efficient routes between multiple locations, as observed in bees. The central complex circuitry is therefore well-suited to allow for a rich vector-based navigational repertoire. (shrink)

Human expression is open-ended, versatile, and diverse, ranging from ordinary language use to painting, from exaggerated displays of affection to micro-movements that aid coordination. Here we present and defend the claim that this expressive diversity is united by an interrelated suite of cognitive capacities, the evolved functions of which are the expression and recognition of informative intentions. We describe how evolutionary dynamics normally leash communication to narrow domains of statistical mutual benefit, and how expression is unleashed in humans. The relevant (...) cognitive capacities are cognitive adaptations to living in a partner choice social ecology; and they are, correspondingly, part of the ordinarily developing human cognitive phenotype, emerging early and reliably in ontogeny. In other words, we identify distinctive features of our species' social ecology to explain how and why humans, and only humans, evolved the cognitive capacities that, in turn, lead to massive diversity and open-endedness in means and modes of expression. Language use is but one of these modes of expression, albeit one of manifestly high importance. We make cross-species comparisons, describe how the relevant cognitive capacities can evolve in a gradual manner, and survey how unleashed expression facilitates not only language use, but also novel behaviour in many other domains too, focusing on the examples of joint action, teaching, punishment, and art, all of which are ubiquitous in human societies but relatively rare in other species. Much of this diversity derives from graded aspects of human expression, which can be used to satisfy informative intentions in creative and new ways. We aim to help reorient cognitive pragmatics, as a phenomenon that is not a supplement to linguistic communication and on the periphery of language science, but rather the foundation of the many of the most distinctive features of human behaviour, society, and culture. (shrink)

Perception of time is susceptible to distortions; among other factors, it has been suggested that the perceived duration of a stimulus is affected by the observer’s expectations. It has been hypothesized that the duration of an oddball stimulus is overestimated because it is unexpected, whereas repeated stimuli have a shorter perceived duration because they are expected. However, recent findings suggest instead that fulfilled expectations about a stimulus elicit an increase in perceived duration, and that the oddball effect occurs because the (...) oddball is a target stimulus, not because it is unexpected. Therefore, it has been suggested that top-down attention is sometimes sufficient to explain this effect, and sometimes only necessary, with an additional contribution from saliency. However, how the expectedness of a target stimulus and its salient features affect its perceived duration is still an open question. In the present study, participants’ expectations about and the saliency of target stimuli were orthogonally manipulated with stimuli presented on a short (Experiment 1) or long (Experiment 2) temporal scale. Four repetitive standard stimuli preceded each target stimulus in a task in which participants judged whether the target was longer or shorter in duration than the standards. Engagement of top-down attention to target stimuli increased their perceived duration to the same extent irrespective of their expectedness. A small but significant additional contribution to this effect from the saliency of target stimuli was dependent on the temporal scale of stimulus presentation. In Experiment 1, saliency only significantly increased perceived duration in the case of expected target stimuli. In contrast, in Experiment 2, saliency exerted a significant effect on the overestimation elicited by unexpected target stimuli, but the contribution of this variable was eliminated in the case of expected target stimuli. These findings point to top-down attention as the primary cognitive mechanism underlying the perceptual extraction and processing of task-relevant information, which may be strongly correlated with perceived duration. Furthermore, the scalar properties of timing were observed, favoring the pacemaker-accumulator model of timing as the underlying timing mechanism. (shrink)

Cultural Attraction Theory (CAT), also referred to as cultural epidemiology, is an evolutionary theory of culture. It provides conceptual tools and a theoretical framework for explaining why and how ideas, practices, artifacts and other cultural items spread and persist in a community and its habitat. It states that cultural phenomena result from psychological or ecological factors of attraction.