Far from overthrowing or stepping outside that tradition, Wittgenstein builds on it, draws from it, and contributes brilliantly to the fruition of certain elements in it. In This Complicated Form of Life, Garver analyzes from several angles Wittgenstein's relationship to Kant, and to what Finch has called Wittgenstein's completion of Kant's revolt against the Cartesian hegemony of epistemology in philosophy.

Como pensar a ética a partir das contradições de um mundo que, no mesmo espaço e ao mesmo tempo, produz uma ciência e intelectuais dedicados a pesquisar princípios de vida e armas de morte; progressos nas comunicações e mecanismos sutis e aberrantes de censura? Eis as questões: falso bem, falsa justiça, falsa liberdade, falsa virtude, que, ao criarem o homem da concórdia, da submissão e da boa-fé, o tornam duas vezes escravo: da superstição e das convenções. Os textos que compõem (...) essa obra, originalmente produzidos para o curso livre Ética, procuram, assim, pensar as razões pelas quais os homens se comportam de determinada maneira e por que a maioria das doutrinas morais conserva vestígios da servidão, no momento mesmo em que promete instaurar a liberdade.ÍndiceCenários - Adauto NovaesA tragédia grega e o humano - Nicole LorauxHumanidade e justiça na historiografia grega, V-I a. C. - Catherine Darbo-PeschanskiAs delícias do jardim - José Américo Motta PessanhaA culpa dos reis: mando e transgressão no Ricardo II - Antonio CandidoO retorno do bom governo - Renato Janine RibeiroAs fronteiras da ética: Maquiavel - Newton BignottoPolítica do céu (anti-Maquiavel) - Antonio Alcir Bernárdez PécoraDilemas da moral iluminista - Sergio Paulo RouanetUma reinvenção da ética socialista - Nelson LevyEstado e Terror - Paulo Sérgio PinheiroO eterno retorno do mesmo: tese cosmológica ou imperativo ético? - Scarlett MartonA mentira: um capítulo das relações entre a ética e a política - Celso LaferMoralidade pública e moralidade privada - José Arthur GianottiO sujeito e a norma - Gerd BornheimA mulher e a lei - Maria Rita KehlImpasses da ética naturalista: Gide e o homoerotismo - Jurandir Freire CostaBom dia, senhor Coubert! - Jorge ColiVer o invisível: a ética das imagens - Nelson Brissac PeixotoIlusões perdidas - José Miguel WisnikPúblico, privado, despotismo - Marilena Chauí. (shrink)

We all think that science is special. Its products—its technological spin-off—dominate our lives which are thereby sometimes enriched and sometimes impoverished but always affected. Even the most outlandish critics of science such as Feyerabend implicitly recognize its success. Feyerabend told us that science was a congame. Scientists had so successfully hood-winked us into adopting its ideology that other equally legitimate forms of activity—alchemy, witchcraft and magic—lost out. He conjured up a vision of much enriched lives if only we could free (...) ourselves from the domination of the ‘one true ideology’ of science just as our ancestors freed us from the domination of the Church. But he told us these things in Switzerland and in California happily commuting between them in that most ubiquitous product of science—the aeroplane. (shrink)

First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Our purpose in this paper is to delineate an ontology for quantum mechanics that results adequate to the formalism of the theory. We will restrict our aim to the search of an ontology that expresses the conceptual content of the recently proposed modal-Hamiltonian interpretation, according to which the domain referred to by non-relativistic quantum mechanics is an ontology of properties. The usual strategy in the literature has been to focus on only one of the interpretive problems of the theory and (...) to design an interpretation to solve it, leaving aside the remaining difficulties. On the contrary, our aim in the present work is to formulate a “global” solution, according to which different problems can be adequately tackled in terms of a single ontology populated of properties, in which systems are bundles of properties. In particular, we will conceive indistinguishability between bundles as a relation derived from indistinguishability between properties, and we will show that states, when operating on combinations of indistinguishable bundles, act as if they were symmetric with no need of a symmetrization postulate. (shrink)

Taken as a whole, the volume provides an unparalleled survey of all the topical areas, major methods, and stances in the philosophy of science.

We present some recent technical results of us on the incompleteness of classical analysis and then discuss our work on the Arnol'd decision problems for the stability of fixed points of dynamical systems.

First published in 1985. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

An introduction to the model-theoretic approach in the philosophy of science is given and it is argued that this program is further enhanced by the introduction of partial structures. It is then shown that this leads to a natural and intuitive account of both "iconic" and mathematical models and of the role of the former in science itself.

SummaryEllis, Jardine and Putnam have argued that the would‐be scientific realist can only avoid being a metaphysical realist by becoming an “internal realist” . While metaphysical realism is unattractive, the approaches to truth offered by Ellis, Jardine and Putnam are quite unacceptable. However, the is no reason to think that one who wishes to be a scientific realist is limited to these two options.

Originally published in 1980. What is time? How is its structure determined? The enduring controversy about the nature and structure of time has traditionally been a diametrical argument between those who see time as a container into which events are placed, and those for whom time cannot exist without events. This controversy between the absolutist and the relativist theories of time is a central theme of this study. The author's impressive arguments provide grounds for rejecting both these theories, firstly by (...) establishing that 'empty' time is possible, and secondly by showing, through a discussion of the structure of time which involves considering whether time might be cyclical, branching, beginning or non-beginning, that the absolutist theory of time is untenable. This book then advances two new theories, and succeeds in shifting the traditional debate about time to a consideration of time as a theoretical structure and as a theoretical framework. (shrink)

This paper is a historical companion to a previous one, in which it was studied the so-called abstract Galois theory as formulated by the Portuguese mathematician José Sebastião e Silva ). Our purpose is to present some applications of abstract Galois theory to higher-order model theory, to discuss Silva’s notion of expressibility and to outline a classical Galois theory that can be obtained inside the two versions of the abstract theory, those of Mark Krasner and of Silva. Some comments are (...) made on the universal theory of structures. (shrink)

O fundamento da supraconstitucionalidade para Kelsen é a lógica jurídica; para Kant é a liberdade política, o desafio de um Estado global deve ser analisado a partir da perspectiva crítica da lógica kelseniana, reconduzindo o Direito Internacional a bases de legitimidade que não reduzam validade a legitimidade, o que passa pelo respeito aos direitos humanos pelos Estados.

RESUMO O presente artigo parte de várias considerações de Bakhtin a respeito do discurso romanesco a fim de compreender alguns aspectos discursivos do Dom Quixote, de Miguel de Cervantes. Procede-se, então, a uma comparação com o discurso de outra obra que reproduz parcialmente o Dom Quixote: o conto Pierre Menard, autor do Quixote, de Jorge Luis Borges. Por fim, discute-se brevemente o problema da quase ausência do Dom Quixote nas discussões de Bakhtin sobre o romance, apresentando-se a hipótese de Walter (...) Reed de que, tal como no conto de Borges, a própria teoria bakhtiniana também reproduz parcialmente o peculiar pensamento do Quixote. ABSTRACT This article discusses several of Bakhtin’s concepts regarding discourse in the novel genre as a way to understand some discursive aspects of Miguel de Cervantes’ Dom Quixote. We then proceed to a comparison with the discourse in another literary work that partially reproduces Dom Quixote: the short story “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote,” by Jorge Luis Borges. Finally, we briefly discuss the problem of Dom Quixote’s almost absence in Bakhtin’s work about the novel genre, while presenting the hypothesis by Walter Reed that, as in Borges’ short story, Bakhtin’s theory itself also partially reproduces the Quixote’s particular way of thinking. (shrink)

Questions of nature’s role in politics — what constitutes a people, justice, necessity — thread together into a singular significant problem: what is religious? This essay begins with the aim of defining religiosity—to say what it is. Thucydides serves as an invaluable educator. With Thucydides’ History we can analyse human nature writ large: we see the rise of a people, observe their division, note the dissolution of their ‘ancestral’ and finally question the cancer of self-doubt that sets in as to (...) the justness of their Justice — that is to say: their crisis of faith. But how to question Thucydides? The questions Nietzsche raised in his ‘On the Use and Abuse of History for Life’ aremost relevant and revealing to the topic at hand. What is Religious? examines the nascent emergence and mature decline of a people, it strives to grasp the modus operandi behind it, it seeks a forward philosophy. (shrink)

In view of the limitations of classical, free, and modal logics to deal with fictional names, we develop in this paper a four-valued logical framework that we see as a promising strategy for modeling contexts of reasoning in which those names occur. Specifically, we propose to evaluate statements in terms of factual and fictional truth values in such a way that, say, declaring ‘Socrates is a man’ to be true does not come down to the same thing as declaring ‘Sherlock (...) Holmes is a man’ to be so. As a result, our framework is capable of representing reasoning involving fictional characters that avoids evaluating statements according to the same semantic standards. The framework encompasses two logics that differ according to alternative ways one may interpret the relationships among the factual and fictional truth values. (shrink)