The article examines Wittgenstein’s thought on the language of pain in first and third person. Relevant grammatical differences, according to the typical analytical method of this philosopher, are highlighted not only in relation to the two perspectives, but also regarding the use of cognitive verbs such as ‘feeling’ and ‘knowing’. The exam of many texts suggests some issues concerning the relationship between personal experiences, empathic grasping of other’s feelings and their conceptual translation. A brief comparison with some Thomas Aquinas’ texts (...) complements the proposal of the existence of non intentional knowledge. (shrink)

This paper regards Leonardo Polo’s motivation for his proposal of a new method in metaphysics, the science of being. It is presented a brief comparison with similar motivations in the area of Thomistic thought. The three main points of the proposal are: the problem of the mental limit, the notion of habitual knowledge, the distinction between metaphysics and the transcendental anthropology.

Espléndido manual de teoría del conocimiento en el que se abordan todos los temas clásicos desde una perspectiva renovadora.

This paper presents current trends in philosophy of mind and philosophy of neuroscience, with a special focus on neuroscientists dealing with some topics usually discussed by philosophers of mind. The aim is to detect the philosophical views of those scientists, such as Eccles, Gazzaniga, Damasio, Changeux, and others, which are not easy to classify according to the standard divisions of dualism, functionalism, emergentism, and others. As the variety of opinions in these fields is sometimes a source of confusion, it is (...) worth the effort to obtain an overall panorama of the topic. A general conclusion on epistemological and ontological issues, concerning the relationship between neurobiology and philosophy and the multi-level account of the embodied mind, is proposed. (shrink)

The article proposes to interpret the Thomistic notion of cognitive species and its relationship with the ‘mental word’ in terms of a pre-objective and pre-conscious mental background capable to become an objective thought and to be used in human rational behaviour. Some particular points about intentionality, sensitive perception and human consciousness will be considered in this study.

Being-in-the-world defines in Heidegger an ontological and practical existential situation that in a first approach characterizes intellectual knowledge, an approach related to the Husserlian notion of intentionality. In his Curso de teoría del co- nocimiento, Polo rectifies this characterization, stressing the primacy of theory regarding action, and interpreting the practical (technical) relation- ship with the world as a lower level of “having”. Ma- king some comparisons between Husserl, Scheler and Jonas, in connection with Polo’s thought, the article presents different accounts (...) of the notion of the world (phenomenological, metaphysical, mo- ral) that allow to clarify the problem of the rela- tionship between contemplation and action in the world. (shrink)

Este artículo compara el supuesto 'neoparmenidismo' de la filosofía de Severino con Polo como filósofo 'antiparmenidiano'. Siguiendo la visión de Polo, puede dilucidarse el método fundamental seguido por Severino, que consiste en asumir la mismidad de Parménides y en proyectarla en la dialéctica de Hegel. Al usar el principio de no contradicción, Severino recurre preferentemente a la operación mental de negar.

This paper considers the relevance of the theory of the cogitative power in Aquinas, as highlighted by Cornelio Fabro during his early research in the fourth decade of the past century, in contemporary neuropsychological studies, and particularly as a specific way of overcoming a dualistic approach in the psychology of perception. The thesis is coherent with an anthropological view based on the substantial unity between soul and body. As a consequence, the capacities of the cogitative faculty (estimative in animals) involve (...) a special account of perception, irreducible to pure thought and to sensations as well, an account that is present in the psychological view of M. Merleau-Ponty and J. J. Gibson. (shrink)

The article presents the relationship between religious faith and natural sciences within a historical perspective. Three great periods are distinguished: classical, enjoying a substantial harmony between science and belief in God; modern period, characterized by a radical rationalism that can be seen as the root of the structural conflict between science and religion; contemporary phase, with the collapse of rationalism, notwithstanding the great prestige of natural science, often perceived within a secularist framework. It is argued that no objective reasons oppose (...) today scientific knowledge to theology and religion. The present state of natural sciences is favourable for a new complementarity between secular/rational views and theological/religious faith. (shrink)

The author brings out three interpretations of the relationship between neuroscience, philosophy and theology. Then he presents the character of neuroscience in contrast with biology and psycholo- gy. Critical consideration is given to different currents of neuroscience on the central theme of the relationship brain-mind, soul-body and the reductionism of body alone. He opts for the Thomistic view which holds that the spiritual soul is essentially linked to the body, making it the identity of the human person. Finally, he analyses (...) the relationship between neuroscience, philosophy and Christian Faith, concluding with some key meeting points between anthropology and neuroscience. (shrink)

The Thomistic account of freedom as election and freedom as love of the transcendental good, which in its perfect achievement is indefectible, introduces a new and unexpected approach in relation to contemporary debates concerning compatibilism and incompatibilism between freedom and determinism. This article develops both aspects of freedom and tries to bring new light to the problem of defining and evaluating the concepts of determination and indeterminacy.

Life as self-organization is philosophically understood by L. Polo in terms of co-causality between matter, formal configuration and intrinsic efficiency. This characterization provides a dynamic account of life and soul, capable to explain both its identity and its continuous renovation. In this article I especially highlight in this author the metaphysical notions of finality, unity and cosmos, which may be helpful to understand the sense of biological systems in the universe.

The article describes how Cornelio Fabro views the history of Western Metaphysics in a partial agreement with Heidegger's account of the same topic.

Abstract: Being-in-the-world defines in Heidegger an ontological and practical existential situation that in a first approach characterizes intellectual knowledge, an approach related to the Husserlian notion of intentionality. In his Curso de teoría del conocimiento, Polo rectifies this characterization, stressing the primacy of theory regarding action, and interpreting the practical (technical) relationship with the world as a lower level of “having”. Making some comparisons between Husserl, Scheler and Jonas, in connection with Polo’s thought, the article presents different accounts of the (...) notion of the world (phenomenological, metaphysical, moral) that allow to clarify the problem of the relationship between contemplation and action in the world. (shrink)

The article considers the notion of contingency and chance in Thomas Aquinas.

The article studies the Thomistic view of the universe as a synthesis between unity and multiplicity, mediated through order. The metaphysical notion of multiplicity is related to the transcendental "unum". Even some account of multiplicity may belong to transcendentals. Notions of non-being and distinction are distingued.

This paper aims to explain how the human Self can be said a cause of his/her free actions, especially when they are voluntary and physical. First it is analyzed the natural causation in the physical world, particularly in self-organized living beings and afterwards in animal intentional behaviour, which is guided by cognition and emotions. An important distinction between downward causation and bottom-up causation is useful to explain the complex causality in self-organized intentional beings. Downward causation, coming from a higher level, (...) has in influence over lower ontological levels. Bottom-up causation operates inversely. It is also drawn a distinction between the “natural Self” (nature enhanced by habits) and the “intentional Self” (a subject endowed with consciousness and the power of controlling operations). This framework is applied to man, whose higher downward causality comes from the person (intellect and free will) and, guiding the sensitive lower layer of his/her nature, reaches in a quite natural way the voluntary control of the body. (shrink)

En esta voz se considera el tiempo como una dimensión de la realidad física que se manifiesta en la percepción de las cosas en su devenir y cuya realidad ontológica se apoya en las transformaciones naturales. Primeramente se afronta la temática del tiempo físico y sus características en una perspectiva filosófica. Se tocan cuestiones fundamentales como el estatuto ontológico del presente/pasado/futuro, la realidad o irrealidad del instante, la simultaneidad, la unidad y pluralidad de tiempos, la dirección temporal (flecha irreversible del (...) tiempo) y la relación entre tiempo y causalidad. Se distingue entre tiempo natural, tiempo fenomenológico (percepción humana del tiempo) y tiempo métrico (medidas humanas temporales). En segundo término, se estudia la conceptualización científica de la temporalidad, con cuestiones ontológicas como, por ejemplo, la posibilidad o no de los viajes en el tiempo, la temática del tiempo absoluto o relativo, y la cuestión del inicio y final del tiempo cosmológico. En tercer lugar, se considera la temporalidad tal como se manifiesta en la vida humana en forma de historicidad, así como la trascendencia del espíritu humano sobre el tiempo, con un vínculo especial con la eternidad. En cuarto y último lugar, se estudia la temporalidad a la luz de la teología bíblica, donde el tiempo cósmico e histórico quedan transfigurados en el tiempo salvífico, estableciéndose así una relación especial con la vida eterna de Dios, de la que el hombre, en el Cristianismo, se hace partícipe a través de Cristo. (shrink)

See Abstract in piece of paper uploaded.

The article considers the possibility of saying the same truth in different expressions. It is relevant the Fregean distinction between sense and reference. The author shows the deep difference between the objective Fregean notion of truth and Aquinas' version, according to which the truth of the proposition is related, in many cases, to the situation of the speaker.

This paper studies the notion of self-knowledge in Aristotle and principally in Aquinas. According to Aristotle, sensitive operations like seeing or hearing can be perceived by the knower (sensitive consciousness), while there can be also an understanding of the understanding, mainly attributed to God, but not exclusively. In his ethical writings, Aristotle acknowledges the human capacity of understanding and perceiving one’s life and existence, extended also to other persons in the case of friendship. Aquinas receives this heritage and includes also (...) the habitual self-awareness of the mind which was held by Augustine. A more ontological view is taken from the Neoplatonic notion of complete reflexivity of the intellectual soul upon its own essence as a manifestation of total immateriality and self-possession, which is a higher way of existing and living. Thus, the modern idea of self-consciousness is not absent in the Thomistic account of self-understanding, though the term “conscience” was reserved to the moral judgment upon one’s actions as right or wrong. The Thomistic distinction between habitual existential self-knowledge, which is an intellectual experience including perception and judgment, and scientific and abstract human self-knowledge, is useful and provides insight to the ontological value of existential self-knowledge. The last part of the paper argues that according to Aquinas there is a deep connection between self-knowledge and self-love, provided they are rooted on truth and virtue. This point has many consequence in the notion of shared self-awareness and mutual joy in friendship. The author concludes as well that a genuine self-understanding is possible only in friendship based upon virtue. (shrink)

Some paradoxes emerging when the universe is thought of in terms of objectivity are considered in this article, in the light of the philosophy of L. Polo. Current metaphysical speculations on the basis of modern cosmology cannot easily avoid this risk. The author examines in particular the problem of the beginning of time, with a confrontation between Polo and Aquinas. It is argued that cosmological thought must be carefully controlled in order to be referred to a metaphysical perspective.

Este artículo analiza las caracterizaciones de la vida como autopoiesis, autoorganización, sistema complejo organizado, en términos de la visión de Polo de la vida como praxis orgánica. Se consideran especialmente las notas del automovimiento y el crecimiento. El viviente puede entenderse a la luz de la concausalidad como sustancia "más que hilemórfica" en cuanto la forma viviente incorpora el movimiento de un modo intrínseco.

El dolor nace de la sensibilidad ante la privación de un bien que tiene que ver con la vida y sus funciones. Cuando afecta a la persona de un modo grave e irremediable, aparece como incomprensible e insuperable. Hegel pone el significado del dolor en la negatividad del espíritu. El dolor surge del carácter dialéctico del ser y así está instalado en Dios. Leonardo Polo sostiene la ininteligibilidad del sufrimiento humano. La persona no sólo sufre, sino que su existencia misma (...) es dolorosa. Su última raíz es el pecado. Lo único que da sentido al sufrimiento humano es la Pasión de Cristo, en la que el dolor y el mal voluntario son vencidos por el amor. (shrink)

The article considers the topic of realism in science. First, it presents some considerations of Max Planck on this issue. Second, it displays several arguments in favour of scientic realism, provided one takes into consideration the metaphysical presuppositions of the scientific endeavour, and assumes that scientific knowledge is partial.

A textobook on classical Aristotelian and Thomistic Logic, with some comparisons with modern authors. Topics: Conceptos, Universals, Predicables, Analogy, Proposition, Syllogism,Sophisms, Scientific Knowledge.

This book studies the notions of order and universe in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. It provides an overview of an array of metaphysical concepts in Aquinas such as relation, proportion, types of order, composition, whole and part. It is claimed that Aquinas' metaphysics is mainaly a metaphysics of the order of the universe.

Freedom in L. Polo’s transcendental anthropology is seen as equivalent to the human person, conceived as a peculiar act of existence different from the act of being attributed to the material universe. More precisely, freedom constitutes, together with co-existence, intellect and self-donating love, the four personal transcendentals of the being-person. The structure of self-donating love is the dynamics of giving and accepting. At the level of essence as a manifestation of the person, freedom appears as the self which is capable (...) of voluntary acts. Voluntary actions perform, through many good works, what is originally required by self-donating love. (shrink)

The Importance of Neuroscience in the Study of Religiosity The article aims to determine whether neuroscience is relevant for a better comprehension of religious activities. The answer to this problem emphasizes the distinction between mental operations and their intentional content. Neurobiological studies, I argue, can be important to evaluate the psychological and neural dimension of religious acts, with caution due to their great complexity, but not to evaluate the truth and genuineness of their content, neither to solve objective religious problems. (...) Neuroscience may be helpful for the discernment of some extraordinary religious experiences and to study pseudo-religious pathologies as well. (shrink)

Cognitive science, and especially neuroscience, currently addresses the philosophical problem of human free choice. This article proposes addressing the problem with the methodology of a confrontation between a phenomenological analysis of human decisions and some main points of philosophy of mind and of neuroscience. The author offers a proposal for the meaning of a 'free' decision, within the context of intentional actions. While avoiding dualism, which is linked to a pure opposition between a disincarnate act of will and a merely (...) physiological account of what is going on in the brain, the author proposes a unitary conception of intentional cognitive/emotional circuits both in animals and in human beings. Neural activations are just a dimension of those circuits and need to be analyzed at the intentional level. Truth and good as a permanent background in human intentional powers provide the root of free choices, as essentially different from animal choices. (shrink)

In this study first we delineate an overview of the main philosophical positions on the problem of the distinction between mental acts and physical acts in man. There follows an exposition of the topic, inspired by Aristotle’s and Aquinas’s principles. Sensitive operations are physical, but in the sense of an ‘elevated body,’ thanks to a higher formal dimension, which informs the organic basis. Intellectual operations, by contrast, are completely immaterial, though they act united to the sensitive cerebral basis. Accordingly, they (...) have neurological correlations, guided by the intentional causality of the intellect. The intellectual act and its neural basis form a unique act, which is integrated by several cognitive dimensions. Our intelligence uses the brain as an intrinsic instrument, but we also need external ‘cognitive’instruments, namely written texts and computers. The intellectual development of people can be explained by the interaction of these different dimensions. (shrink)

Alasdair MacIntyre planteaba en una conferencia en 1984, Is Patriotism a Virtue?, una incompatibilidad entre el patriotismo de la visión liberal, que aparece como fácilmente criticable ante una racionalidad universal abstracta, y el patriotismo de la visión comunitarista, en el que esta virtud se presenta como fidelidad incondicional a un proyecto de nación. En este trabajo presentamos el patriotismo como la virtud política del amor a la patria, compatible con un sincero sentido universalista y con la posible auto-crítica, lejos del (...) riesgo del historicismo si se entronca con el conocimiento metafísico universal. Así entendido, el patriotismo, virtud propia del orden civil natural, resulta fortificado por la fe cristiana y sus exigencias de universalidad en la caridad y la justicia. (shrink)

This paper considers the notion of the present in Aristotle, Heidegger and Polo. The Aristotelian analysis of the "now" is subjected to oscillations between identity and diversity. Heidegger considers that the "now" is related to a special presentation of being. Polo's thesis about the mental presence as an articulation of time entails the overcoming of Heidegger's historicism and appears as the right way for a metaphysical study of time.

Following Polo’s philosophy, this paper deals with the relationship between human and physical times, through the mediation of culture and scientific knowledge. The analysis shows an inedited richness of the different senses of temporality , allowing to look for their unity and significance for human life.

This books mainly attemps to present and clarify the concept of scientific knowledge and method in Aristotle and Kant. The background is the evlution of the notion of scientific rationality along the centuries. It is considered the passage from the classical scientific rationality to the modern view.

This papers follows the history of the differents views on the distinction between science and philosophy (or metaphysics): classical philosophy, modern rationalism, contemporary philosophy.