La concepción de una correspondencia entre μακροκόσμος y μικροκόσμος, entre el universo y el hombre, es muy antigua y está ampliamente extendida, de un modo especial en el mundo de las religiones. En la cultura griega entra, como tantas otras doctrinas, mediante influencias orientales. Así se manifiesta ya entre los presocráticos en Anaxímenes. Sin embargo es recién Demócrito quien hace una referencia explícita al hombre como microcosmos. Aquí hay que aclarar que Diels acepta la evidencia del filósofo armenio David, el (...) cual sostiene que Demócrito habló del hombre como un «pequeño mundo» o microcosmos. Esto parece haber influido extensamente en la filosofía posterior. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to extend the knowledge about why procedural justice has behavioral implications within organizations. Since prior studies show that PJ leads to legitimacy, the author suggests that, when formal regulations are unfairly implemented, they lose their validity or efficacy. This “rule deactivation,” in turn, leads to two proposed destructive work behaviors, namely, workplace deviance and decreased citizenship behaviors. The results support this mediating role of RD, thus suggesting that it forms part of the generative mechanism (...) through which unfair procedures influence ethical behavior within organizations. The author ends the article by discussing behavioral ethics and managerial implications as well as suggestions for future research. (shrink)

The model emphasizes the ethical dynamics of compassion in hospitality settings by suggesting that under an organizational ethical climate, the hotel staff will be more morally aware of peers’ pain and suffering, and motivated to participate in delivering compassion. Based on the positive psychology focus on compassion as individual states and traits supporting interpersonal dealings, the paper operationalizes compassion based on four individual factors involved in the compassionate process: empathic concern, or an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with (...) the perceived welfare of a person in need; mindfulness, a state of consciousness in which attention is focused on present-moment phenomena occurring both externally and internally; kindness, or understanding the pain or suffering of others; and common humanity, or seeing others’ experiences as part of the larger human experience. Data were collected from 280 employees at ten hotels in the Canary Islands. With the exception of self-interest, results of multiple linear regressions demonstrate that each of the six interpreted factors of ethical climate has substantive effects on any of the studied elements of staff compassion. The egoistic-related and principle-related climate factors generated a more consistent and intense compassionate reaction, suggesting that the staff is moved to act out of compassion either to assure that the team succeeds or to support each other out of moral obligation. (shrink)

Samuel Scheffler has recently argued that some relationships are non-instrumentally valuable; that such relationships give rise to “underived” special responsibilities; that there is a genuine tension between cosmopolitan egalitarianism and special responsibilities; and that we must consequently strike a balance between the two. We argue that there is no such tension and propose an alternative approach to the relation between cosmopolitan egalitarianism and special responsibilities. First, while some relationships are non-instrumentally valuable, no relationship is unconditionally valuable. Second, whether such relationships (...) give rise to special responsibilities is conditional on those relationships not violating certain moral constraints. Third, these moral constraints arise from within cosmopolitan egalitarianism itself. Thus the value of relationships and the special responsibilities to which they give rise arise within the parameters of cosmopolitan egalitarianism itself. The real tension is not between cosmopolitan equality and special responsibilities, but between special responsibilities and the various general duties that arise from the recognition, demanded by cosmopolitan egalitarianism, of a multiplicity of other basic goods. Indeed, even the recognition of special relationships itself gives rise to general duties that may condition and/or weigh against putative special responsibilities. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende examinar las relaciones entre derecho, ideología y discurso. Para ello se asume la teoría sociocognitiva de la ideología de Teun van Dijk y el enfoque institucional acerca de la naturaleza del derecho de Joseph Raz explorando la posibilidad de la existencia de ideologías legales. A partir de un ejemplo, se muestra la imbricación del campo político con el campo de la justicia y se concluye que los jueces adhieren al menos a dos grupos ideológicos, uno de carácter (...) político y otro de carácter profesional. This paper aims to examine the relationship between law, ideology and discourse. To do this, the sociocognitive theory of Teun van Dijk’s ideology is ascribed together with Joseph Raz’s institutional approach to the nature of law by exploring the possibility of existence of legal ideologies. Starting from an example, we show the overlap between the political field with the field of justice and conclude that judges adhere to at least two ideological groups, one of a political nature and the other of a professional nature. (shrink)

Este trabajo quedó segundo en la IV Olimpiada de filosofía que organiza FICUM en la modalidad de secundaria y bachillerato para promocionar la filosofía entre los jóvenes.

In two occasions a Bibliography of Structuralism has been published in Erkenntnis (1989, 1994). Since then a lot of water has flowed under the bridge and the structuralist program has shown a continuous development. The aim of the present bibliography is to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the publication of An Architectonic for Science –structuralism’s main reference work– and of its recent translation into Spanish by updating the previous bibliographies with titles which have appeared since 1994 as well as before (...) that year but which are not included in them. As in the former deliveries, this bibliography only covers books and articles that are concerned directly with the structuralist approach in the philosophy of science. We would like to thank the many colleagues who have helped us in collecting all the information. Notwithstanding we apologize in advance for the possible entries that we missed to include in this third Bibliography of Structuralism. (shrink)

In two occasions a Bibliography of Structuralism has been published in Erkenntnis (1989, 1994). Since then a lot of water has flowed under the bridge and the structuralist program has shown a continuous development. The aim of the present bibliography is to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the publication of An Architectonic for Science –structuralism’s main reference work– and of its recent translation into Spanish by updating the previous bibliographies with titles which have appeared since 1994 as well as before (...) that year but which are not included in them. As in the former deliveries, this bibliography only covers books and articles that are concerned directly with the structuralist approach in the philosophy of science. We would like to thank the many colleagues who have helped us in collecting all the information. Notwithstanding we apologize in advance for the possible entries that we missed to include in this third Bibliography of Structuralism. (shrink)

The colonial model imposed in Cuba by the creole oligarchy and the cabinet in Madrid. Thwarted every possibility of an economy diversificied development and doonet the isle to a story where the slavery supergroning production with all its social and political implications prevailed. This system, that implied a crisis in itself, was absolutely artificial: it was a creator of richness for a very small group, and of course, it was unable to correct the tremendous condetions thas implied. The system hastered (...) in the underdevelopment and in the independency to Cuba at the same time that morgatet its future as a nation. (shrink)

Although the link between epistemic and ontological aspects of social reality has always been a problematic issue for the social sciences, this debate loses centrality from the second half of the twentieth century. This article critically reviews the epistemic reasons for that loss, mainly in relation with "hard" constructivism, arguing for the need to return to the ontological debate about sociological foundations. At the same time, it presents a theoretical proposal: social ontology constitutes itself epistemically; that is, the question about (...) "the social" inevitably involves the question about beliefs that constitute it. But social reality is not exhausted in beliefs, since it requires a material component to exist. From this proposal, this paper makes an explicit defense for a realist approach in sociology. To do this, critically reviews John Searle’s social ontology and makes concretes contributions to sociological theory, emphasizing the importance of action, power and causal reciprocity between individual and society, to have a social ontology that shows the specificity of the social. Aun cuando la vinculación entre los aspectos epistémicos y ontológicos de la realidad social ha sido siempre un asunto problemático para las ciencias sociales, este debate pierde centralidad desde mediados del siglo XX. Este artículo revisa críticamente las razones epistémicas de esa pérdida de centralidad, principalmente en relación con el constructivismo "duro", argumentando la necesidad de retomar el debate ontológico acerca de los fundamentos de la disciplina sociológica, al mismo tiempo que plantea una propuesta teórica de elucidación: la ontología de lo social se constituye epistémicamente; vale decir, la pregunta acerca de qué es lo social implica inevitablemente la pregunta por las creencias que lo constituyen. No obstante, la realidad social no se agota en las creencias, puesto que requiere de un componente material para existir. Desde esa propuesta, en una segunda parte, el artículo defiende la necesidad de adoptar una postura realista en sociología. Para ello, revisa críticamente la propuesta de ontología social de Searle y realiza aportes concretos desde la teoría sociológica, concluyendo la importancia de la acción, del poder y de la reciprocidad causal entre individuo y sociedad, para contar con una ontología que dé cuenta de la especificidad propia de lo social. (shrink)

El propósito del presente trabajo es examinar la concepción kantiana del pensamiento y de su negativo a la luz de la crítica deleuziana a la imagen del pensamiento. Luego de cotejar las afirmaciones del filósofo francés con la letra de Kant, sostendremos que, si el concepto de ilusión trascendental se aparta de la misma en tanto cuestiona la buena naturaleza de la razón y la afinidad del pensamiento con lo verdadero, la ilusión es conjurada mediante su legitimación moral y, así, (...) Kant continúa postulando su rectitud natural. Mediante el análisis de la concepción kantiana del error, mostraremos asimismo que las afirmaciones deleuzianas relativas a la superación del concepto clásico de error como desviación del pensamiento por parte de Kant no pueden sostenerse sino que, por el contrario, Kant concebía las facultades como naturalmente rectas, pudiendo ser desviadas solo por interposiciones externas. (shrink)

This paper critically reviews the principal elements of Searle’s proposed social ontology which is scattered in different books and papers. It discusses the philosophical and conceptual affinities between his philosophy of social reality and sociological theory, and proposes some solutions to dilemmas arising from the strong mentalism of his proposal, using tools from classical sociological theory and the sociology of knowledge. The main objective is to help lay the foundation for a comprehensive social ontology, whose structure is supported by the (...) complementarity between the proposed Searle's social ontology and sociological theory. Este artículo revisa de manera crítica los elementos fundamentales de la propuesta de ontología social de Searle que se encuentra diseminada en sus diversos libros y artículos, abordando analíticamente aquellos aspectos que dan cuenta de las afinidades filosóficas y conceptuales entre su filosofía de la realidad social y la teoría sociológica, utilizando herramientas provenientes de la teoría sociológica clásica y de la sociología del conocimiento. El objetivo principal es contribuir a sentar las basespara una ontología social comprensiva, cuya estructura esté sustentada por la complementariedad entre la propuesta de ontología social de Searle y la teoría sociológica. (shrink)

In this article, we present the case for regarding the principles by which scholarly publications are disseminated and shared as a matter of academic ethics. The ethics of access have to do with recognizing people's right to know what is known, as well as the value to humanity of having one of its best forms of arriving at knowledge as widely shared as possible. The level of access is often reduced by the financial interests of publishers in a market in (...) which there is little sense of a rational order, given huge discrepancies in prices for similar products. At the same time, there are risks to limiting researchers? access to scholarly resources, both for the quality of the knowledge that is not entirely open to review and for the production of new knowledge that it might inspire. Then, there are issues of access beyond the academy for professional practice and out of human interest, for both of which undue limitations raise what are, for us, more than academic ethical questions. (shrink)

The problems and issues arising from globalization are difficult to resolve, in part because our ways of conceptualizing the conflicts and responding to them are inadequate. This book fills this gap, conceiving of globalization as a consequence of economic, political, technological, scientific, and cultural changes. A. Pablo Iannone provides a taxonomy of globalization processes, investigates the consequences of each, and formulates a comprehensive approach for dealing with them. While his emphasis is philosophical, this is not a single-discipline book. Rather, (...) it belongs at the intersection of philosophy, economics, political science, and technology. Its discussions address issues concerning globalization and correlate the processes of fragmentation and dislocation in a realistic manner. Iannone focuses on concrete and current cases, from the global economic and financial issues posed by the multi-centered nature of contemporary business and technology, through the pressures of ever increasing information overload across the planet. He explores the environmental and social challenges associated with current Amazonian development and its significance to weather patterns on Earth. He considers the issues surrounding the use of robots in war from Pakistan through Mexico, and the militarization of space. In short, the approach, while based on theoretical concerns, is solidly grounded in highly practical applications, which are global in their implications. (shrink)

La matriz del problema de la demarcación se instala en la función misma de la filosofía de la ciencia, sin embargo, su contenido puede ser aplicado al ámbito de las teorías sociales. En este sentido, el siguiente paper tiene el cometido de analizar a partir del libro del 2015 de Judith Butler «Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly», como en el campo de los social el problema de la demarcación produce la distinción entre aquellos que pueden ser considerados como (...) humanos y dignes de la posesión de los derechos básicos de aquellos que no. En consecuencia, en primer lugar, se indicará el itinerario teórico dentro de la obra de Karl Popper del problema de la demarcación y como su aplicación puede ocupar los ámbitos de lo práctico y lo político. En segundo lugar, mostrar cómo se puede aplicar el problema de la demarcación en los planteos de Judith Butler, tanto en el sentido de una formación legítima de la subjetividad humana, como dentro del campo de lo colectivo. En tercer lugar, mostrar cómo en el espacio público asambleario se da una respuesta ético-política a la separación que produce la demarcación entre sujetos precarizados y sujetos dignos de derechos. Finalmente, reflexionar y ofrecer algunas conclusiones. (shrink)

En primer término, se aborda la relación asimétrica de humanidades y ciencias en las instituciones contemporáneas de conocimiento sugiriendo la inconveniencia de acentuar la diferencia entre unas y otras, en la medida en que ambos órdenes epistémicos están sometidos hoy a los mismos condicionamientos estructurales. El efecto que estos tienen sobre las humanidades es analizado a través de dos aspectos críticos. En segundo término, se discute la significación epistémica de la ocurrencia como principio común de ciencias y humanidades apelando a (...) la obra de Georg Christoph Lichtenberg a manera de caso ejemplar. En esta, experimentalismo y ensayo, singularidades, ficción y variación dan cuenta de un mismo brote epistémico en humanidades (y literatura) y ciencias. (shrink)

A partir del libro referido en el subtítulo, se ocupa este breve ensayo de la conjunta cuestión de lo humano y lo animal. Luego de atender a las condiciones que el autor del libro propone para el examen de esa cuestión en la huella del pensamiento de Jacques Derrida, la discusión se centra en la tesis de un “humanismo trascendental”, que es sometida a prueba confrontándola con dos momentos del programa crítico kantiano, pertenecientes a la Fundamentación de la metafísica de (...) las costumbres y a la tercera Crítica, respectivamente, en que el tema de lo humano asume particular relevancia. En el segundo de esos momentos cabría leer una vacilación acerca de lo humano, con epicentro en la fórmula “a la vez animal”. (shrink)

La lectio divina es un ejercicio ascético y espiritual usado por la comunicad cristiana en las asambleas litúrgicas. Desde los Padres del Desierto su práctica nunca se ha extinguido como ejercicio espiritual. Ahora parece haber vuelto con fuerza como ejercicio de lectura de la Palabra de Dios. La primera parte del artículo recrea los datos históricos fundamentales, la segunda explica su validez para los cristianos y las comunidades de nuestro tiempo.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la crítica de Gilles Deleuze a la dualidad kantiana de la estética. El autor atribuye la no-coincidencia entre la estética trascendental como teoría de la sensibilidad y la estética como teoría del gusto a una doble presuposición que se debe abandonar, esta es, relegar la síntesis a la actividad, y la noción de condiciones de la experiencia posible en lugar de condiciones de la experiencia real. El intento deleuziano por superar la dualidad corre el riesgo de (...) recaer en dos estéticas, y se sugiere una manera diferente de realizar dicho proyecto por medio del concepto de sensación.This paper analyses the critique posed by Gilles Deleuze to the Kantian duality of aesthetics. The noncoincidence between transcendental aesthetics as theory of sensibility and aesthetics as theory of taste is, according to the French philosopher, due to a double assumption that must be left behind: firstly, the relegation of synthesis to activity, and secondly, the notion of conditions of a possible experience instead of conditions of real experience. We argue that the Deleuzean attempt of overcoming the duality risks falling back into two aesthetics and suggest a different way of achieving that project through the concept of sensation. (shrink)

“Deleuze and the Inversion of Kantism”. In this paper we aim to look into French philosopher Gilles Deleuze’s work in order to see whether there is such a thing as a ‘reversal of Kantianism’, parallel to his more well-known reversal of Platonism. To this end, we will propose, firstly, to read in the key of reversal the movements made by Deleuze regarding intensity and extension, on the one hand, and the paradox of inner sense, on the other. Then, we will (...) analyze why Kant had already accomplished two great reversals, regarding the classical conception of both time and law, and consequently, we will develop the Deleuzean conception of Nietzschean eternal return as a simultaneous reversal of both aspects. Finally, we will inquire about the tropos of the aforementioned reversal, calling on the concepts of humor and irony. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone analizar el concepto de entendimiento infinito tal como es presentado por Salomon Maimon en el Versuch über die Transzendentalphilosophie y por Kant en los parágrafos §§76-78 de la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar. Nos guiará la hipótesis de que Kant pudo haberse visto influenciado por Maimon, tanto en la formulación de dicho concepto como en el modo de abordar el problema que este viene a resolver, a saber, el de la indeterminación material de los (...) objetos de la filosofía trascendental. La comparación entre los planteos de ambos filósofos servirá para poner de relieve una problemática común. Sostendremos que, mientras que Kant ya había considerado un concepto de entendimiento infinito en la primera Crítica, es solo a partir del problema de la indeterminación que defenderá, luego de leer el manuscrito de Maimon, un uso crítico de dicho concepto. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of Gilles Deleuze’s interpreta- tion of the Critique of Pure Reason such as it appears in his 1963 monographic work La Philosophie critique de Kant. We will show that the originality of Deleuze’s reading lies in reading the critical project in retrospect, taking the sensus communis problem from the Critique of the Power of Judgment and applying it to the first Critique. In so doing, he points out the survival of (...) a pre-established harmony, now interiorized, both between heterogeneous faculties and between the matter of phenomena and the Ideas of reason. This implies a reinterpretation of the critical project that has passed unnoticed within Kantian studies and that places the Third Critique as the ground of the previous ones, unveiling common sense as a condition of possibility of knowledge. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se procurará subrayar la dimensión política del concepto de sentido común en la filosofía de Gilles Deleuze, señalando algunas transformaciones al respecto desde Diferencia y repetición hasta sus textos de los años ‘80. Mostraremos que el sentido común implica una presencia implícita de la comunidad en el ejercicio de las facultades, que sin embargo invisibiliza y despolitiza su propia presencia, y rastrearemos la letra kantiana para señalar que la comunidad implícita en el sensus communisse revela como (...) una comunidad “mayoritaria” relativa a un modelo que no se corresponde con los devenires efectivos. (shrink)

Sponsored by the Argentine Association for the Progress of Sciences, Ciencia e Investigación magazine released its first issue in 1945. In order to circulate the discoveries in the areas of medical and natural sciences, and to instruct on scientific thought, the magazine was introduced as a knowledge disseminating one and attempted to address a general audience. However, during its first publication decade the CEI editors faced two challenges related to scientific communication. On the one hand, they exhibited the conflicts implied (...) in research writing and the typical conditions of the language of science. On the other, they manifested their interest to bestow a discursive style on the magazine which, although simple and oriented to a wide audience, would not corrupt scientific veracity. This paper follows the French approach to discourse analysis, whose purpose is the simultaneous and reciprocal study of the verbal and the socio-institutional dimension of discourses, and analyses the sociolinguistic representations of the language of science and of its dissemination formulated in CEI between 1945-1955, a period - besides - complex for the scientific development in Argentina, characterized by state interventionism in different institutions. To this aim, editorials and articles that address the aforementioned problems have been selected and examined. The results exhibit the discursive complexities of scientific dissemination in an environment unaware of this practice and, consequently, the difficulty of determining a reader profile for the magazine. In general terms, they reveal the importance of the reflection on the language for the development and communication of science. (shrink)

_El exilio como síntoma_ es un libro complejo. Lo es por su tema, lo es por el tratamiento del tema, cuidadoso, lúcido, “desde dentro”, por la mucha literatura, las muchas fuentes con las que —rigurosamente— se va tramando, por su escritura plural, autobiográfica y heterográfica a la vez, de ensayo y testimonio, de comentario y —casi me atrevería a decir— de responso, el responso de un duelo resistente...

Esta conversación tuvo lugar durante una visita de varios días de Pablo Posada Varela a la casa de Marc Richir en Haut-Vaucluse en junio de 2012. He aquí tres extractos (de extensión variable) de una conversación del 8 de junio, y algunos otros fechados el 10 de junio.

Human dignity: social movements invoke it, several national constitutions enshrine it, and it features prominently in international human rights documents. But what is it, why is it important, and what is its relationship to human rights and social justice? Pablo Gilabert offers a systematic defence of the view that human dignity is the moral heart of justice. In Human Dignity and Human Rights (OUP 2019), he advanced an account of human dignity for the context of human rights discourse, which (...) covers the most urgent, basic claims of dignity. This book extends the dignitarian approach to more ambitious claims of maximal dignity of the kind encoded in democratic socialist conceptions of social justice. In particular, this book focuses on the just organization of working practices. It recasts in a dignitarian format the critique of capitalist society as involving exploitation, alienation, and domination of workers, and revamps a neglected but inspiring socialist principle. In its dignitarian interpretation, the Abilities/Needs Principle (‘From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs!’) yields reasonable and feasible requirements on social cooperation geared to empowering each human being to lead a flourishing life. While Human Dignity and Human Rights offered the first systematic philosophical account of human dignity in human rights discourse, Human Dignity and Social Justice presents the first systematic application of the dignitarian framework to the core ideals of democratic socialism. (shrink)