Arabic language; linguistics; studying and teaching.

L’article est extrait d’une étude sur le devenir des militants chrétiens de la gauche libanaise dans le contexte de la confessionnalisation de la guerre civile libanaise (1975-1990). Optant pour la technique de l’histoire orale qui met en valeur la subjectivité individuelle, à rebours des grilles d’analyse communautaristes du Liban, et en s’appuyant sur la notion de « conversion politique », l’auteur retrace le parcours d’un ancien militant de la gauche libanaise propalestinienne. Né en 1952 d’un père européen naturalisé et d’une (...) mère libanaise chrétienne, il s’engage, au terme d’un processus de confessionnalisation, aux côtés de la droite chrétienne (Forces Libanaises) avant de connaître un processus de désidéologisation et une « conversion à l’altérité ». (shrink)

World Futures, Volume 67, Issue 7, Page 510-514, October 2011.

Recent studies from Western countries indicate significant levels of questionable research practices, but similar data from low and middle-income countries are limited. Our aims were to assess the prevalence of and attitudes regarding research misconduct among researchers in several universities in the Middle East and to identify factors that might account for our findings. We distributed an anonymous questionnaire to a convenience sample of investigators at several universities in Egypt, Lebanon, and Bahrain. Participants were asked to a) self-report their extent (...) of research misconducts, as well as their knowledge of colleagues engaging in similar research misconducts and b) provide their extent of agreement with certain attitudes about research misconduct. We used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression statistics to analyze the data. Data from 278 participants showed a high prevalence of misconduct, as 59.4% of our respondents self-reported to committing at least one misbehaviors and 74.5% reported having knowledge of any misbehaviors among any of their colleagues. The most common type of self-report misconduct was “circumventing research ethics regulations” followed by “fabrication and falsification”. A significant predictor of misconduct included a lack of “prior ethics training”. Scientific misconduct represents a significant issue in several universities in the Middle East. The demonstration that a lack of “prior ethics training” was a significant predictor of misconduct should lead to educational initiatives in research integrity. Further studies are needed to confirm whether our results can be generalized to other universities in the Middle East. (shrink)

Znaczenie kolegiów jezuickich w rozwoju szkolnictwa na ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej, podobnie jak wkład członków Towarzystwa Jezusowego w postęp naukowy, tak polski jak i europejski pozostają bezsprzeczne. Warto wszak zwrócić uwagę na fakt propagowania przez jezuitów wiedzy na temat Dalekiego Wschodu, misji chrystianizacyjnych prowadzonych w Indiach, Chinach i Japonii, a także społeczne, kulturowe i polityczne konsekwencje działań podjętych przez nich w tym zakresie. Szczególne znaczenie ma tutaj działalność poszczególnych kolegiów, które kształcąc na dość wysokim poziomie, stawały się miejscem wzrastania powołań kapłańskich, a (...) co za tym idzie także powołań misyjnych. Relacje i listy z krajów Dalekiego Wschodu nie pozostały bez wpływu na decyzje podejmowane przez poszczególnych uczniów, którzy pragnęli wzorem jezuickich świętych i męczenników głosić Ewangelię wśród mieszkańców Indii, Chin oraz Japonii. Misje chrystianizacyjne, jak i dzieje oraz kultura krajów Dalekiego Wschodu interesowały wszak nie tylko uczniów kolegiów, ale o wiele szersze grono osób, chcących poszerzyć swoją wiedzą. Celom tym służyły polskie tłumaczenia autorów jezuickich, którzy w swoich dziełach opisywali Daleki Wschód. Ponadto wśród metod propagowania wiedzy niezwykle ważne miejsce zajmowały widowiska parateatralne i spektakle sceniczne, w których pojawiały się wątki orientalne. Zarówno one, jak i wspomniane działania translatorskie obejmowały swoim zasięgiem niezwykle szerokie grono osób, co w późniejszym czasie przełożyło się na znaczący wzrost zainteresowania Dalekim Wschodem, w konsekwencji zaś pojawieniem się mody na tzw. „chińszczyznę”. Celem niniejszego artykuł jest zatem prześledzenie wskazanych powyżej wątków, które – jak łatwo można zauważyć – pozostają w ciągu przyczynowo-skutkowym. W konsekwencji można zatem stwierdzić, że rola kolegiów jezuickich, jako ośrodków, z których wyszedł impuls propagowania wiedzy o krajach Dalekiego Wschodu wydaje się być niepodważalna. (shrink)

This article aims to show that our acceptance or non-acceptance of certain facts is influenced by our adoption of a philosophical world-picture as a kind of background knowledge on the basis of which one decides what does or does not exist, and what is true or false. For this purpose, I discuss the positions of the existential Thomists, as well as those of Wittgenstein and Abel, while also occasionally invoking the work of Putnam and Fleck. To begin with, it is (...) demonstrated that philosophical facts are accepted on the basis of a world-picture that is itself a tangle of facts, values, and theories exhibiting varying degrees of generality. Whether we embrace them or not is thus not determined by any sort of direct experience. There are no neutral philosophical facts. Our world-picture suggests what sort of facts we are prepared to accept, and what methods we use to explain them. It is on precisely this that the heuristic role played by world-pictures in “creating” philosophical facts depends. (shrink)

Tematem artykułu jest eksplanacyjna rola jaką mogą pełnić teorie filozoficzne w badaniach z zakresu kognitywistyki. Wyróżnione zostają cztery uzupełniające się role, powiązane z różnymi koncepcjami wyjaśniania. Zgodnie z pierwszą rolą eksplanacyjną teorie filozoficzne wyjaśniają na sposób opisywany w koncepcjach naukowego wyjaśniania. Uzyskanie tego rodzaju wyjaśnień przy użyciu teorii filozoficznych wymaga jednak przeformułowania ich tez, przy użyciu pewnych rozumowań analogicznych, w twierdzenia mające charakter naukowy. Wedle drugiej roli ekplanacyjnej teorie filozoficzne wyjaśniają poprzez sformułowanie koniecznych i wystarczających warunków, które muszą być (...) spełnione przez schemat pojęciowy opisujący pewien stan rzeczy. Podobnie w przypadku trzeciej roli teoria filozoficzna wyjaśnia poprzez wskazanie koniecznych i wystarczających warunków zgodności pomiędzy pojęciami używanymi w teorii naukowej a strukturą tej teorii. Wreszcie zgodnie z czwartą rolą teorie filozoficzne wyjaśniają poprzez zastosowanie argumentacji transcendentalnej. W końcowej części artykułu zaprezentowane są wzajemne powiązania pomiędzy czterema powyższymi rolami eksplanacyjnymi. (shrink)

Biological reality does not consist of chemistry and physics of organism alone. It also includes their information content. This information regulates developmental and reproductive processes. Its quantity is finite. We observe mixing of information (mating patterns, reduction division, hybridisation, genetic engineering), its loss (species extinction, reduction of genetic diversity in domestication, isolation, inbreeding) and increase of useless or injurious information (duplications, neutral and harmful mutations, genetic load). On the other hand we do not observe new useful biological information arising (positive (...) mutations). New useful information does not appear by accident. Nature and man made selections reduce the information resources, mutations debilitate them, population reduction and its isolation cause accidental losses of information. Acquired resistance to antibiotics or herbicides, which is often presented as an example of increase of information, is only a defence mechanism against loss of functionality of an organism or population (e.g. by immunological adaptation). Such mechanisms belong to the already existing information content. No new organs or functions are produced. Until natural sciences come up with an indication of the mode by which useful information resources can be increased in nature, by which new functions or organs are produced, the theory of evolution will remain a hypothesis without substantiation in facts. (shrink)

The dominant contemporary interpretation of Adam Smith’s thought endeavors to show his anti-state attitude. According to this interpretation, Smith, as the father of economics would also be an opponent of state interference in the activity of private entities. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive presentation of the social system described by a Scottish philosopher. This task is accomplished by drawing attention to Smith’s views on the state and the law, as well as on his participation in the creation (...) of an area of knowledge known then as political economy. In order to reconcile the seemingly inconsistent views presented in Smith’s most famous works, the main subject of this analysis are the less frequently studied _Lectures on Jurisprudence_. This book, which offers Smith’s views on the role of the state and law, is the key to the correct reading of the thesis put in _Theory of Moral Sentiments_ and _An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations_. The social system emerging from these works referred to by Smith as the civil government, can in retrospect be regarded as the progenitor of liberal democracy. The state and the law play a vital role in the economic life of this system. (shrink)

The Role of Negation in the Description of the World According to Aristote’s Metaphysics. The notions of ‘being’ and ‘non-being’ have entered philosophical language, forming the basis of ontology and meontology, as the counterparts of the Greek expressions to on and to me on (nominalised forms, affirmative and negative, of the participle of the verb einai). Originally, however, these expressions did not have any objectifying meaning, but played the role of meta-language names, representing the copula einai in all its forms, (...) most generally in its affirmative and negative forms. The copula itself, which in later philosophy took on the existential meaning, had functioned only as a semantically empty connective of predicates. Over time the participle on has been used as a universal name of all predicates. The above-mentioned expressions became central in Greek philosophical terminology thanks to the debates, initiated by Parmenides, on the role of negation in the description of the world. Parmenides himself proposed a complete excision of negative sentences as describing by elimination, and created a positive-monistic system which abandoned multiplicity, divisibility, and variability. Later philosophers defended negation, fighting back against the paradoxes formulated by the Eleatics and later by the Sophists. Plato observed that without negation it is impossible to describe the multiplicity of things. He also distinguished a relative negation which does not eliminate anything but makes it possible to confront some things with others. According to the atomists, the divisibility of physical things forces us to accept that they consist of a positive element in the form of an impenetrable body, and of another element lacking any characteristics, i.e. the void. Finally, Aristotle, when analysing the process of change, justified the consistency of the statement that something comes out of “not being” and “being”, under the assumption that the former is understood as being actual, and the latter as being potential. In all these conceptions there is nothing non-existent, there are only proposals of how to identify the aspects of reality whose explanation justifies the use of negation. The affirmative and negative forms of the above expressions have also provoked reflection on the problem of truth and falsity. It has been observed that they are used in everyday language not only to state an agreement or disagreement with the actual facts of the matter, but also to affirm or deny something. (shrink)

The fundamental topic of the farticle is to present the role of feelings in the process of assessment. The major point of reference is Max Scheler’s phenomenology of feelings together with his comprehension of love as the basis of the Christian morality. I start my analysis with the short presentation of a system of values, which is formulated by Scheler from the point of axiological absolutism, and proceed to the influence of emotional functions onto our perceiving values, which the philosopher (...) considers to be the intentional feelings of values. Together with the consideration of human emotional life, Scheler’s conception of a human being as a spiritual centre that is the background for developing a particular bond between the man and the God should be paid attention to. The objective of the article is to present the outline of Scheler’s conception of love as a cornerstone for getting to know the absolute, i.e. the experience of love as the essence of Christian faith. (shrink)