Results for 'Ruth M. Todd'

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  1.  5
    Illness.Ruth M. Todd - 2009 - Nursing Philosophy 10 (3):225-226.
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  2.  7
    Law and ethics.Ruth M. Todd - 2007 - Nursing Philosophy 8 (4):297–298.
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  3.  19
    Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart.Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter M. Todd & A. B. C. Research Group - 1999 - New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press USA. Edited by Peter M. Todd.
    Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart invites readers to embark on a new journey into a land of rationality that differs from the familiar territory of cognitive science and economics. Traditional views of rationality tend to see decision makers as possessing superhuman powers of reason, limitless knowledge, and all of eternity in which to ponder choices. To understand decisions in the real world, we need a different, more psychologically plausible notion of rationality, and this book provides it. It is about (...)
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  4. Philosophical Reflections on Physical Strength.M. Holowchak & Terry Todd (eds.) - 2010 - Mellen Press.
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  5.  14
    The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality.Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2005 - MIT Press.
    A leading scholar in the psychology of thinking and reasoning argues that the counterfactual imagination—the creation of "if only" alternatives to ...
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  6.  3
    The Cambridge Handbook of Classical Liberal Thought.M. Todd Henderson (ed.) - 2018 - Cambridge University Press.
    Polls suggest up to twenty percent of Americans describe their beliefs as 'libertarian', but libertarians are often derided as heartless Social Darwinists or naïve idealists. This illuminating handbook brings together scholars from a range of fields and political perspectives to consider how classical liberal principles can help us understand and potentially address a variety of pressing social problems including immigration, climate change, the growth of the prison population, and a host of others. Anyone interested in political theory or practical law (...)
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  7.  9
    Presupposition and the delimitation of semantics.Ruth M. Kempson - 1975 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    In this book, first published in 1975, Dr Kempson argues that previous work on presupposition - whether in philosophy or linguistics - has been mistakenly based on a conflation of two different disciplines: semantics, the study of the meanings assigned to the formal system which constitutes a language, and pragmatics, the study of the use of that system in communication. The first part of the book deals generally with the nature of semantics in linguistic theory and its formal representation within (...)
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  8.  16
    Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals.Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1989 - Cognition 31 (1):61-83.
    Three experiments are reported which show that in certain contexts subjects reject instances of the valid modus ponens and modus tollens inference form in conditional arguments. For example, when a conditional premise, such as: If she meets her friend then she will go to a play, is accompanied by a conditional containing an additional requirement: If she has enough money then she will go to a play, subjects reject the inference from the categorical premise: She meets her friend, to the (...)
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  9.  1
    Dynamics of Hierarchy in African Thought.Ruth M. Lucier - 1989 - Listening 24 (1):29-40.
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  10.  3
    Moral hindsight for good actions and the effects of imagined alternatives to reality.Ruth M. J. Byrne & Shane Timmons - 2018 - Cognition 178 (C):82-91.
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  11.  6
    Can valid inferences be suppressed?Ruth M. J. Byrne - 1991 - Cognition 39 (1):71-78.
  12.  22
    Semantic theory.Ruth M. Kempson - 1977 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Semantics is a bridge discipline between linguistics and philosophy; but linguistics student are rarely able to reach that bridge, let alone cross it to inspect and assess the activity on the other side. Professor Kempson's textbook seeks particularly to encourage such exchanges. She deals with the standard linguistic topics like componential analysis, semantic universals and the syntax-semantics controversy. But she also provides for students with no training in philosophy or logic an introduction to such central topics in the philosophy of (...)
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  13.  6
    Ambiguity and quantification.Ruth M. Kempson & Annabel Cormack - 1980 - Linguistics and Philosophy 4 (2):259 - 309.
    In the opening sections of this paper, we defined ambiguity in terms of distinct sentences (for a single sentence-string) with, in particular, distinct sets of truth conditions for the corresponding negative sentence-string. Lexical vagueness was defined as equivalent to disjunction, for under conditions of the negation of a sentence-string containing such an expression, all the relevant more specific interpretations of the string had also to be negated. Yet in the case of mixed quantification sentences, the strengthened, more specific, interpretations of (...)
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  14.  8
    The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task.Ruth M. Krebs, Carsten N. Boehler & Marty G. Woldorff - 2010 - Cognition 117 (3):341-347.
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  15.  12
    Emerging Ethical Issues in Reproductive Medicine: Are Bioethics Educators Ready?.Ruth M. Farrell, Jonathan S. Metcalfe, Michelle L. McGowan, Kathryn L. Weise, Patricia K. Agatisa & Jessica Berg - 2014 - Hastings Center Report 44 (5):21-29.
    Advocates for the professionalization of clinical bioethics argue that bioethics professionals play an important role in contemporary medicine and patient care, especially when addressing complex ethical questions that arise in the delivery of reproductive medicine. For bioethics consultants to serve effectively, they need adequate training in the medical and ethical issues that patients and clinicians will face, and they need skills to facilitate effective dialog among all parties. Because clinical ethics consultation is a “high‐stakes endeavor” that can acutely affect patient (...)
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  16.  14
    Testimony and intellectual virtues in Hume’s epistemology.Ruth M. Espinosa - 2019 - Trans/Form/Ação 42 (4):29-46.
    : In this paper, I consider some issues concerning Hume’s epistemology of testimony. I’ll particularly focus on the accusation of reductivism and individualism brought by scholars against Hume’s view on testimonial evidence, based on the tenth section of his An enquiry concerning human understanding. I first explain the arguments against Hume’s position, and address some replies in the literature in order to offer an alternative interpretation concerning the way such a defense should go. My strategy is closely connected with Hume’s (...)
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  17.  6
    Education, gender and the nature/culture controversy.Ruth M. Jonathan - 1983 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 17 (1):5–20.
    Ruth M Jonathan; Education, Gender and the Nature/Culture Controversy, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 17, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 5–20, https://.
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  18.  13
    Facts and Possibilities: A Model‐Based Theory of Sentential Reasoning.Sangeet S. Khemlani, Ruth M. J. Byrne & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (6):1887-1924.
    This article presents a fundamental advance in the theory of mental models as an explanation of reasoning about facts, possibilities, and probabilities. It postulates that the meanings of compound assertions, such as conditionals (if) and disjunctions (or), unlike those in logic, refer to conjunctions of epistemic possibilities that hold in default of information to the contrary. Various factors such as general knowledge can modulate these interpretations. New information can always override sentential inferences; that is, reasoning in daily life is defeasible (...)
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  19.  7
    An Index of References to Claims in Spinoza’s Ethics.Ruth M. Mattern - 1979 - Philosophy Research Archives 5:259-274.
    This index gives the location of each reference in Spinoza's Ethics to every axiom, definition, corollary, scholium, and proposition in that work.
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  20.  8
    The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task.Marty G. Woldorff Ruth M. Krebs, Carsten N. Boehler - 2010 - Cognition 117 (3):341.
  21.  2
    Two concepts of education? A reply to D. J. O'Connor.Ruth M. Jonathan - 1982 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 16 (2):147–154.
    Ruth M Jonathan; Two Concepts of Education? A reply to D. J. O’Connor, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, 30 May 2006, Pages 147–154, https.
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  22.  6
    Mental Representations: The Interface between Language and Reality.Ruth M. Kempson (ed.) - 1988 - Cambridge University Press.
    This dynamic collection provides an overview of the relationship between linguistic form and interpretation as exemplified by the most influential of these ...
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  23.  12
    Considering Reprogenomics in the Ethical Future of Fetal Therapy Trials.Marsha Michie & Ruth M. Farrell - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 22 (3):71-73.
    Much has changed in maternal-fetal medicine since the early 2000s, when the previous ethical frameworks for fetal therapy trials were established. We applaud Hendriks and colleagues for taking on t...
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  24.  10
    Studies in Cognitive Development: Essays in Honour of Jean Piaget.Ruth M. Beard, David Elkind & John H. Flavell - 1970 - British Journal of Educational Studies 18 (1):93.
  25.  9
    Quantification and pragmatics.Ruth M. Kempson & Annabel Cormack - 1980 - Linguistics and Philosophy 4 (4):607 - 618.
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  26.  9
    Education in a destitute time[1]. (A heideggarian approach to the problem of education in the age of modern technology).Ruth M. Jonathan - 1983 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 17 (1):21–33.
    Michael Bonnett; Education in a Destitute Time[1], Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 17, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1.
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  27.  9
    Diversity, Inclusion, Equity and the Threat to Academic Freedom.M. López-Corredoira, T. Todd & E. J. Olsson (eds.) - 2022 - Imprint Academic.
    There can be no doubt that discrimination based on sex, race, ethnicity, religion or beliefs should not be tolerated in academia. Surprisingly, however, in recent years, policies of Diversity, Inclusion and Equity (DIE), officially introduced to counteract discrimination, have increasingly led to quite the opposite result: the exclusion of individuals who do not share a radical 'woke' ideology on identity politics (feminism, other gender activisms, critical race theory, etc.), and to the suppression of the academic freedom to discuss such dogmas. (...)
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  28.  10
    “If only” counterfactual thoughts about cooperative and uncooperative decisions in social dilemmas.Stefania Pighin, Ruth M. J. Byrne & Katya Tentori - 2022 - Thinking and Reasoning 28 (2):193-225.
    We examined how people think about how things could have turned out differently after they made a decision to cooperate or not in three social interactions: the Prisoner’s dilemma (Experiment 1), the Stag Hunt dilemma (Experiment 2), and the Chicken game (Experiment 3). We found that participants who took part in the game imagined the outcome would have been different if a different decision had been made by the other player, not themselves; they did so whether the outcome was good (...)
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  29.  10
    Thinking About the Opposite of What Is Said: Counterfactual Conditionals and Symbolic or Alternate Simulations of Negation.Orlando Espino & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2459-2501.
    When people understand a counterfactual such as “if the flowers had been roses, the trees would have been orange trees,” they think about the conjecture, “there were roses and orange trees,” and they also think about its opposite, the presupposed facts. We test whether people think about the opposite by representing alternates, for example, “poppies and apple trees,” or whether models can contain symbols, for example, “no roses and no orange trees.” We report the discovery of an inference‐to‐alternates effect—a tendency (...)
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  30.  7
    R.I.P. to the PIP: PCNA‐binding motif no longer considered specific.Elizabeth M. Boehm & M. Todd Washington - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (11):1117-1122.
    Many proteins responsible for genome maintenance interact with one another via short sequence motifs. The best known of these are PIP motifs, which mediate interactions with the replication protein PCNA. Others include RIR motifs, which bind the translesion synthesis protein Rev1, and MIP motifs, which bind the mismatch repair protein Mlh1. Although these motifs have similar consensus sequences, they have traditionally been viewed as separate motifs, each with their own target protein. In this article, we review several recent studies that (...)
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  31.  14
    Balancing Risks: The Core of Women's Decisions About Noninvasive Prenatal Testing.Ruth M. Farrell, Patricia K. Agatisa, Mary Beth Mercer, Marissa B. Smith & Elliot Philipson - 2015 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 6 (1):42-53.
  32. Semantics, Pragmatics, and Natural-Language Interpretation.Ruth M. Kempson - 1996 - In Shalom Lappin (ed.), The handbook of contemporary semantic theory. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell Reference. pp. 561--598.
  33.  13
    The Suppression of Inferences From Counterfactual Conditionals.Orlando Espino & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2020 - Cognitive Science 44 (4):e12827.
    We examine two competing effects of beliefs on conditional inferences. The suppression effect occurs for conditionals, for example, “if she watered the plants they bloomed,” when beliefs about additional background conditions, for example, “if the sun shone they bloomed” decrease the frequency of inferences such as modus tollens (from “the plants did not bloom” to “therefore she did not water them”). In contrast, the counterfactual elevation effect occurs for counterfactual conditionals, for example, “if she had watered the plants they would (...)
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  34.  9
    The Source and Significance of "The Jew and the Pagan".Ruth M. Ames - 1957 - Mediaeval Studies 19 (1):37-47.
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  35.  7
    Philosophy of linguistics.Ruth M. Kempson, Tim Fernando & Nicholas Asher (eds.) - 2012 - Boston: North Holland.
    Philosophy of Linguistics investigates the foundational concepts and methods of linguistics, the scientific study of human language. This groundbreaking collection, the most thorough treatment of the philosophy of linguistics ever published, brings together philosophers, scientists and historians to map out both the foundational assumptions set during the second half of the last century and the unfolding shifts in perspective in which more functionalist perspectives are explored. The opening chapter lays out the philosophical background in preparation for the papers that follow, (...)
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  36.  5
    Montaigne, Des boyteux and the Question of Causality.Ruth M. Calder - 1983 - Bibliothèque d'Humanisme Et Renaissance 45 (3):445-460.
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  37.  19
    Counterfactual and semi-factual thoughts in moral judgements about failed attempts to harm.Mary Parkinson & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2017 - Thinking and Reasoning 23 (4):409-448.
    People judge that an individual who attempts to harm someone but fails should be blamed and punished more when they imagine how things could have turned out worse, compared to when they imagine how things could have turned out the same, or when they think only about what happened. This moral counterfactual amplification effect occurs when people believe the protagonist had no reason for the attempt to harm, and not when the protagonist had a reason, as Experiment 1 shows. It (...)
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  38.  16
    The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study.Araceli Flores, Marsha M. Linehan, S. Rob Todd & Hunter G. Hoffman - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  39. In Practice: True North.Ruth M. Farrell - forthcoming - Hastings Center Report.
     
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  40.  1
    True North.Ruth M. Farrell - 2009 - Hastings Center Report 39 (2):9-10.
  41.  19
    Early intervention and the growth of children's fluid intelligence: A cognitive developmental perspective.Ruth M. Ford - 2006 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (2):133-134.
    From the stance of cognitive developmental theories, claims that general g is an entity of the mind are compatible with notions about domain-general development and age-invariant individual differences. Whether executive function is equated with general g or fluid g, research into the mechanisms by which development occurs is essential to elucidate the kinds of environmental inputs that engender effective intervention. (Published Online April 5 2006).
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  42.  4
    Has mysticism a moral value?Ruth M. Gordon - 1920 - International Journal of Ethics 31 (1):66-83.
  43.  7
    Inferences from disclosures about the truth and falsity of expert testimony.Sergio Moreno-Ríos & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 24 (1):41-78.
    Participants acting as mock jurors made inferences about whether a person was a suspect in a murder based on an expert's testimony about the presence of objects at the crime scene and the disclosure that the testimony was true or false. Experiment 1 showed that participants made more correct inferences, and made inferences more quickly, when the truth or falsity of the expert's testimony was disclosed immediately after the testimony rather than when the disclosure was delayed. Experiment 2 showed no (...)
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  44.  17
    On Gender and Reproductive Decision-Making in Uterine Transplantation.Hilary Mabel, Ruth M. Farrell & Andreas G. Tzakis - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (7):3-5.
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  45.  17
    Exploring social influences on the joint Simon task: empathy and friendship.Ruth M. Ford & Bradley Aberdein - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  46.  4
    Croisade contre la différence: le règne de la "terreur linquistique".Ruth M. Mésavage & Sylvain Massé - 1990 - Bulletin de la Société Américaine de Philosophie de Langue Française 2 (1-2):3-22.
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  47. Dialogue and Illusion in Jacques le fataliste in A la mémoire de JR Loy (1918-1985).Ruth M. Mésavage - 1986 - Diderot Studies 22:79-87.
     
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  48.  4
    Science, Stewardship, and Earth.Ruth M. Lucier - 2008 - Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 23:71-75.
    In this paper I discuss two views that focus on the natural environment, namely (1) a western or “W” view (hereafter W) basedloosely on the kind of liberal outlook offered by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice and (2) a primal or “P” view (hereafter, P) stemming from environmental teachings of primal peoples. I suggest that while the W tradition has produced many truly helpful and comfortable amenities, it is nevertheless oriented toward commitments to resource acquisition and “detached” objectivity (...)
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  49.  9
    Has Mysticism a Moral Value?Ruth M. Gordon - 1920 - International Journal of Ethics 31 (1):66-83.
  50.  4
    Inferencia no demostrativa y causalidad: Russell y el problema de Hume.Ruth M. Espinosa Sarmiento - 2015 - Cuadernos Salmantinos de Filosofía 42:27-42.
    En este artículo se abordan las perspectivas de David Hume y Bertrand Rus-sell en tormo dos asuntos estrechamente vinculados, a saber, el problema de la justificación de la inferencia no demostrativa y de la validez del principio de causalidad, ambos configu-ran el así llamado “problema de Hume”. Desde una perspectiva analítica y comparativa, se intenta mostrar que a pesar de la lectura fuertemente crítica que Russell adopta respecto del filósofo escocés, ambos filósofos comparten en cierta medida un programa filosófico común. (...)
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