This paper presents philosophical perspectives related to the concept of boredom from the point of view of its forms and structural modes as developed by Martin Heidegger in his lectures at the University of Freiburg during the winter semesters of 1929 and 1930. We highlight a philosophical stance often overlooked in comparison to more traditional positions in Western philosophical thought—through the proposed hermeneutic-phenomenological processes, this will allow us to interweave their philosophical images with cinematographic narratives that enrich the factual understanding (...) of modernity. For this reason, we assume boredom and its essence, “tediousness”, as the fundamental mood of our era, thus permitting other mobilities of thought that warrant a study of phenomena relating to cultural entertainment as a symptom of the modern disease that distances Dasein from meeting, questioning, and self-care. (shrink)

El objetivo fundamental del presente artículo es la configuración de una constelación de ficciones delirantes en la literatura latinoamericana contemporánea, a partir de la conceptualización del delirio literario y el análisis del proceso de construcción del relato delirante. Dado que, algunos narradores latinoamericanos despliegan ficciones delirantes en nuestros días, y existe un amplio número de casos, en donde el delirio se evidencia en la literatura de nuestro continente, autores como: Mario Bellatin, Roberto Bolaño, Rita Indiana Hernández, Horacio Castellanos Moya, Cristina (...) Rivera Garza, entre otros. Por consiguiente, se centrará la atención en la creación de una base crítica para la interpretación del delirio de algunos personajes de la literatura latinoamericana contemporánea, como un constructo cultural que transgrede el orden social, y es asumido como resistencia y articulación de una praxis creativa. (shrink)

Mark Platts is responsible for the first systematic presentation of truth-conditional semantics and for turning a generation of philosophers on to the Davidsonian program. He is also a pioneer in discussions of moral realism, and has made important contributions to bioethics, the philosophy of human rights and moral responsibility. This book is a tribute to Platts's pioneering work in these areas, featuring contributions from number of leading scholars of his work from the US, UK and Mexico. It features replies to (...) the individual essays from Platts, as well as a concluding chapter reflecting on his philosophical career from Oxford to Mexico City. Mind, Language and Morality will be of interest to philosophers across a wide range of areas, including ethics, moral psychology, philosophy of law, and philosophy of language. (shrink)

This starting point of the deontological argument as formulated by Millán-Puelles is the absolute imperative of duty on conscience, and its terminus or culmination is God as an Absolute Person. The proof departs from the commanded conscience to the Conscience that commands. An imperative is not only a demand directed toward a free will, but likewise the demand that one will be directed by another. Each imperative is a dialogue betwen wills. Thence the need that the imperative be imposed (...) ultimately by a person. (shrink)

A partir de los textos de Millán-Puelles (1921-2005), se expone su enseñanza sobre la muerte, que gira alrededor de la índole general de la vida, la estructura hilemórfica del ser humano y la inmortalidad del alma intelectiva. Al final se presenta la posición de Millán-Puelles en cuestiones éticas referidas a la muerte: suicidio, pena de muerte, etc.

El presente artículo analiza, en su primera parte, aspectos recurrentes de la personalidad del comisario Maigret, famoso personaje de ficción del novelista belga Simenon. A continuación se procura advertir dos aparentes aporías cognoscitivas que plantean esas recurrencias: – Por un lado, la resuelta negación de método por parte del comisario compaginada con un comportamiento indagatorio idiosincrásico; – Por otro lado, unos resultados policiacos sorprendentes a la par que se supone, durante el desarrollo de las investigaciones, una permanente suspensión del pensamiento. (...) Para resolver estas contradicciones aparentemente irresolubles, se recurrirá, en el último apartado a dos categorías cognoscitivas elaboradas por la filosofía: el ya clásico conocimiento por connaturalidad; y la conciencia concomitante o inobjetiva, prestando especial atención, en lo referente a esta modalidad de conciencia, a la obra del filósofo español Antonio Millán- Puelles. (shrink)

A partir de la convicción de que la filosofía ha de atenerse a los datos de la realidad, de la imagen del filósofo como sometido a la fuerza de la verdad que se le impone, según la enseñanza de Aristóteles en su Metafísica, de que le está prohibido facilitarse la tarea descartando aquellas aristas de la experiencia reacias a encajar en sistemas previamente establecidos, Millán-Puelles desplegó su titánica labor filosófica. Esta posición totalizadora permitió que, a partir de la filosofía (...) de la Escuela, vitalmente asimilada, y en contacto con las principales corrientes del pensamiento moderno, especialmente Kant y la fenomenología, su pensamiento esclareciera importantes asuntos pertenecientes a distintas disciplinas filosóficas: la metafísica, la antropología, la ética, la filosofía política, la pedagogía, y también a campos afines como la economía, la historia y el arte.(Resumen de la editorial). (shrink)

This starting point of the deontological argument as formulated by Millán-Puelles is the absolute imperative of duty on conscience, and its terminus or culmination is God as an Absolute Person. The proof departs from the commanded conscience to the Conscience that commands. An imperative is not only a demand directed toward a free will, but likewise the demand that one will be directed by another. Each imperative is a dialogue betwen wills. Thence the need that the imperative be imposed (...) ultimately by a person. (shrink)

El lector interesado podra encontrar en este libro diversas, y tal vez novedosas, consideraciones psicoanaliticas y antropologicas, pertinentes incursiones en el campo de la etologia, y constantes referencias a la obra de Freud y de algunos de sus seguidores. Como novedad absoluta, hay que destacar la posibilidad de criticar la teoria freudiana sobre el origen del superyo y de la represion gracias a unos principios epistemologicos derivados del estudio de la confrontacion dialectica entre Socrates y la sofistica.

«El humano puede ser feliz.» Con esa afirmación arranca la travesía a la que nos invitan estas páginas, una travesía que recorre los temas que desde el principio de los tiempos han inquietado al ser humano, que se detiene en los pilares de la filosofía occidental con una mirada atrevida, y cuyo destino final no es otro que una reflexión abierta sobre la felicidad, el dolor o la muerte y la posibilidad de mejorar nuestra existencia a través del conocimiento. Partiendo (...) de la idea de que la felicidad es ausencia de dolor y que sólo en una sociedad democrática es plausible el bienestar, Rogeli Armengol establece un apasionante diálogo con la tradición y el presente, con la historia y la ética, con las filosofías de Sócrates, Kant o Freud y con la literatura de Homero, Sófocles o Shakespeare. Un diálogo que a veces se convierte en discusión y que, si bien recoge la sabiduría de los grandes pensadores, no duda en cuestionarlos cuando es necesario. ¿Por qué Aristóteles defendió la esclavitud? ¿No ha erigido la filosofía occidental una ética errónea cuando no ha tenido en cuenta el dolor? A la vez que examina estas incógnitas, Armengol nos revela algunas de las claves para llevar una buena vida: «La persona feliz no es aquella que consigue y satisface sus aspiraciones, sino quien es capaz de soportar la frustración y corregir el camino emprendido». La conclusión a la que llegamos es que conocerse y respetarse a uno mismo posibilita el conocimiento y el respeto de los demás. Sólo si somos capaces de salir del laberinto de nuestros errores entenderemos que la felicidad se cifra en el presente de lo ya conseguido y en los logros cotidianos más que en el futuro de las aspiraciones. (shrink)

Este trabajo aborda dos facetas complementarias del poeta francés Stéphane Mallarmé. En primer lugar, se estudia la poética, con su objetivo frustrado de alcanzar la Forma Pura y la presencia de la Nada y el Silencio, así como la función de los objetos en el proceso de escritura. La segunda parte trata sobre la revista La Dernière Mode, fundada y dirigida por Mallarmé entre 1874 y 1875, y después se centra en la crítica de arte escrita por Mallarmé, sobre todo (...) en su aproximación a Édouard Manet y los pintores impresionistas. (shrink)

Este artículo explora la escena teatral diseñada por Platón en el Banquete en que aparece Alcibíades ebrio y decepcionado tras sus intentos por cazar a Sócrates. El interés de este examen es precisar la relación que hay entre cultivo de sí y ejercicio filosófico. Alcibíades o sobre la ruina de sí. Sócrates o sobre el cultivo de sí. Teatro filosófico: drama acerca del cuidado de sí y encomio del Eros verdadero, Sócrates.

This paper aims to show that genders are enacted, by providing an account of how an individual can be said to enact a gender and explaining how, consequently, genders can be fluid. On the enactive-ecological view we defend, individuals first and foremost perceive the world as fields of affordances, that is, structured sets of action possibilities. Fields of natural affordances offer action possibilities because of the natural properties of organisms and environments. Handles offer graspability to humans because of physical-structural properties (...) of handles and the anatomical-physiological properties of humans. Although humans live in fields of bodily, action, and cultural affordances, our work focuses on cultural affordances, where action possibilities are offered to individuals because of the normative responses of individuals in that culture. Knocking on a door affords entrance because knocking provides cultured individuals on the other side of the door an affordance to which they themselves behave normatively. Usually, behaving normatively in response to cultural affordances brings about sequences of perception-action loops, which we will call “scripts”: for instance, closed doors afford knocking, which affords the individual inside opening the door, which affords an interpersonal meeting, which afford entrance. Although the notion of script has a strong cognitivist flavor, one of the aims of the paper to provide an ecological account of scripts, to show that what cognitivists viewed as representations are in fact environmentally structured perception-action loops. On our account of gender, gendered cultures build and maintain gendered cultural affordance landscapes, that is, landscapes in which the action possibilities individuals face are normed according to a specific body type or situation; most often biological sex. Individuals enact a given gender when they come to perceive the affordances reserved for one gender by their culture and respond in the culturally normative way, thus enacting gendered sequences of perception-action loops. With the shifting landscapes of cultural affordances brought about by several recent social, technological, and epistemic developments in some cultures, the gendered landscapes of affordances offered to individuals in these cultures have become more varied and less rigid, thus increasing the variety and flexibility of scripts individuals can enact. This entails that individuals in such cultures have an increased possibility for gender fluidity, which may in part explain the increasing number of people currently identifying outside the binary. (shrink)

en este ensayo presento seis consideraciones acerca del lugar de la moral en la crisis económica actual, a saber: 1) Esta crisis, ¿se puede reducir a criterios exclusivamente económicos?; 2) La paradoja de que, a pesar de que los recursos naturales son limitados, cada año se tiene que crecer: ¿pero hacia dónde?; 3) ¿Retorno a Marx o introducir unas gotas de moral al viejo capitalismo?; 4) Si el Estado existe porque el hombre es un lobo para el hombre, el “libre” (...) mercado, compuesto de esos lobos, ¿no será un lobo para el hombre, a menos que un Estado lo regule adecuadamente?; 5) La ética, al igual que la economía, o es consecuencialista, o no es; 6) ¿Cabe entender, por tanto, la economía al margen de la moral? (shrink)

The use of black box algorithms in medicine has raised scholarly concerns due to their opaqueness and lack of trustworthiness. Concerns about potential bias, accountability and responsibility, patient autonomy and compromised trust transpire with black box algorithms. These worries connect epistemic concerns with normative issues. In this paper, we outline that black box algorithms are less problematic for epistemic reasons than many scholars seem to believe. By outlining that more transparency in algorithms is not always necessary, and by explaining that (...) computational processes are indeed methodologically opaque to humans, we argue that the reliability of algorithms provides reasons for trusting the outcomes of medical artificial intelligence. To this end, we explain how computational reliabilism, which does not require transparency and supports the reliability of algorithms, justifies the belief that results of medical AI are to be trusted. We also argue that several ethical concerns remain with black box algorithms, even when the results are trustworthy. Having justified knowledge from reliable indicators is, therefore, necessary but not sufficient for normatively justifying physicians to act. This means that deliberation about the results of reliable algorithms is required to find out what is a desirable action. Thus understood, we argue that such challenges should not dismiss the use of black box algorithms altogether but should inform the way in which these algorithms are designed and implemented. When physicians are trained to acquire the necessary skills and expertise, and collaborate with medical informatics and data scientists, black box algorithms can contribute to improving medical care. (shrink)

El perdón ha sido estudiado en los últimos años desde diferentes perspectivas. El interés en este tema se explica por la necesidad de abordar estrategias de desarrollo personal e interpersonal. Si bien, las aproximaciones que se han hecho son insuficientes para una comprensión del perdón en toda su hondura. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el fundamento antropológico del perdón desde Hannah Arendt y Leonardo Polo, así como las repercusiones educativas que tiene esta virtud en el crecimiento (...) personal. El perdón, entendido como virtud, cobra especial relevancia y se destaca que no es únicamente un acto reparador, sino también regenerador de la persona. Se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica de los principales autores contemporáneos que lo comprenden así, asumiendo ambas dimensiones del perdón -reparador y regenerador-, entre los que se encuentran Paul Ricoeur, Jacques Derrida y Emmanuel Levinas. El trabajo profundiza en la propuesta de Hannah Arendt y en la antropología trascendental de Leonardo Polo por el interés de sus aportaciones al respecto y las repercusiones de carácter educativo que sugieren, en concreto, en torno al desarrollo personal con la adquisición de la virtud. En definitiva, el pensamiento de ambos autores sugiere la concepción del perdón como una virtud que contribuye al crecimiento personal y favorece las relaciones interpersonales. (shrink)

Several countries have implemented COVID-19 health passes or certificates to promote a safer return to in-person social activities. These passes have been proposed as a way to prove that someone has been vaccinated, has recovered from the disease, or has negative results on a diagnostic test. However, many people have questioned their ethical justification. This article presents some practical and ethical problems to consider in the event of wishing to implement these passes. Among the former, it is questioned how accurate (...) diagnostic tests are as a means of ensuring that a person is not contagious, whether vaccination guarantees immunity, the fact that health passes can be forged, whether they encourage vaccination, and the problem that there is no universally recognized health pass. Among the ethical issues, it is discussed whether health passes promote discrimination and inequality and whether they violate rights to privacy and freedom. It is concluded that health passes have enough ethical justification to be implemented. (shrink)

The general objective of this essay is to systematize Jean-Luc Nancy’s post- deconstructive reflections on the concept of evidence. A general claim of this paper is that the post-deconstructive concept of evidence is genuinely an epistemic concept of evidence insofar as it refers to structures involved in verification processes. Evidence is the presentation of a state of affairs that relates the presentation not only to what we claim about this state of affairs but also to the singular circumstances of its (...) production. Verification (the production of a claim’s truth) results directly from the singularities involved in the production or presentation of evidence. This means that evidence is never exhausted in the truth it produces or the knowledge it validates but remains a priori exposed or available to produce and validate unknown knowledge about unknown states of affairs. (shrink)

This article aims at raising awareness about the intersection of populism and bioethics. It argues that illiberal forms of populism may have negative consequences on the evolution of bioethics as a discipline and on its practical objectives. It identifies at least seven potential negative effects: (1) The rise of populist leaders fosters “epistemological populism,” devaluing the expert and scientific perspectives on which bioethics is usually based, potentially steering policies away from evidence-based foundations. (2) The impact of “moral populism” is evident (...) in legislative prioritization of the “morality of common people,” often solicited through popular consultations on issues like abortion, drug legalization, or LGBT issues. (3) Populist distrust in autonomous governmental agencies and advisory bodies, including national bioethics commissions, can compromise expert advice, challenging both their authority and decisions. (4) Populists may erode transparency by undermining institutions responsible for it, hindering access to vital information for bioethical research. (5) “Medical populism” creates adversarial dynamics, prompting politicians to make simplistic healthcare policy decisions based on political rather than informed criteria, adversely affecting vulnerable populations. (6) Radical-right populist parties’ “welfare chauvinism” may shape healthcare policies, impacting service access and resource allocation, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as migrants, but indirectly affecting the rest of the population. (7) Nationalist sentiments associated with populism may obstruct international collaborations, posing challenges for global bioethics that seeks to address ethical concerns beyond national borders. In summary, these dynamics raise significant bioethical concerns encompassing evidence-based decision-making, transparency, healthcare equity, and global collaboration. How bioethicists may respond to these challenges is discussed. (shrink)

Se intenta poner de manifiesto, en este artículo, a través de un somero análisis de la biografía y de la obra de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, como su contribución a la historia de la histología no fue un fruto del azar, sino de una profunda investigación propiciada por su deseo de saber.

Kitāb Shifāʾ al-asqām al-ʿāriḍa fī l-ẓāhir wa-l-bāṭin min al-ajsām li-l shaykh sayyid Aḥmad b. ʿUmar al-Raqqādī al-Kuntī. Edited by Floréal Sanagustin. VECMAS. 3 vols. Lyons: ENS Éditions, 2011. Pp. v + 167 ; v + 147 ; iv + 133.

Notas al pie de Gaza es una novela gráfica del artista Joe Sacco en la que se retoma el conflicto palestino-israelí ya tratado en Palestina: En la Franja de Gaza. En esta obra se abocará a la investigación de dos matanzas cometidas el año 1956 en territorio palestino.. En este trabajo nos centraremos en el controvertido final de la novela, en la que Sacco, mediante una notable técnica gráfica, obliga al lector a convertirse en una de las víctimas de la (...) matanza de Rafah. ¿Es esta técnica válida o éticamente cuestionable? Para contestar a esta pregunta buscaremos orientación mediante conceptos descriptivos de Dominick LaCapra y de Judith Butler. Este ejercicio teórico previo nos permitirá retomar una evaluación crítica más serena y exacta. (shrink)

Resumen: El trabajo se centra en la lectura de Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales, obra de Julio Cortázar de gran complejidad, un híbrido que hasta el momento ha sido poco difundido. La obra presenta la problemática entre compromiso ético y compromiso estético, ya que se centra en la asistencia y participación de Julio Cortázar en las sesiones del Tribunal Russell y las violaciones a los derechos humanos en países latinoamericanos. La propuesta de lectura es la de considerar la relación de (...) lo ético y lo estético desde el concepto derridiano de suplemento. Es decir, lo ético no sería un elemento marginal, tampoco habría una jerarquización entre ambos. El suplemento implica un nuevo modo de pensar toda relación binominal.: This work focuses on the interpretation of Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales,a narrative of great complexity by Julio Cortázar, a hybrid that is not so well-known. The novel presents the problematic between ethical commitment and aesthetical commitment, since it is focused on the assistance and participation of Cortázar on the Russel Tribunal sessions and human rights violations in Latin American countries. The proposal for interpretation is to consider the relationship between the ethical and the aesthetical in light of the derridian concept of supplement. In other words, the ethical is not a marginal element, and there are no hierarchical differences between both. The supplement implies a new way of thinking about all binomial relationships. (shrink)

ABSTRACTSince 2007, when Mexico City decriminalized abortion during the first trimester, a debate has been taking place regarding abortion and the right to conscientious objection. Many people argue that, since the provision of abortions is now a statutory duty of healthcare personnel there can be no place for “conscientious objection.” Others claim that, even if such an objection were to be allowed, it should not be seen as a right, since talk about a right to CO may lead to a (...) slippery slope where we may end up recognizing a right to disobey the law. In this paper, I argue that there is a right to CO and that this may be justified through the notions of autonomy and integrity, which a liberal democracy should respect. However, it cannot be an absolute right, and in the case of abortion, it conflicts with women’s reproductive rights. Therefore, CO should be carefully regulated so that it does not obstruct the exercise o... (shrink)

One debate in the experimental exploration of everyday judgments about free will is whether most people are compatibilists or incompatibilists. Some recent research suggests that many people who have incompatibilist intuitions are making a mistake; as such, they do not have genuine incompatibilist intuitions. Another worry is whether most people appropriately understand determinism or confuse it with similar, but different, notions such as fatalism. In five studies we demonstrate people distinguish determinism from fatalism. While people overall make this distinction, a (...) large percentage of people still judge that a person who is fated to perform an action is both free and morally responsible for that action. Those who thought that one freely performs and is morally responsible for a fated action had much stronger compatibilist judgments. These data suggest that a substantial percentage of people have “free will no matter what” intuitions. As a result, even though many people may appear to be compatibilist.. (shrink)

This article aims to develop a new account of scientific explanation for computer simulations. To this end, two questions are answered: what is the explanatory relation for computer simulations? And what kind of epistemic gain should be expected? For several reasons tailored to the benefits and needs of computer simulations, these questions are better answered within the unificationist model of scientific explanation. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, I submit that the explanatory relation is between the simulation model and the (...) results of the simulation. I also argue that our epistemic gain goes beyond the unificationist account, encompassing a practical dimension as well. (shrink)

En este artículo analizo la idea de que se puede hacer filosofía a través de la poesía y trato de darle sentido a la expresión “poesía filosófica”. Sostengo que hay básicamente dos modos de entender esta expresión: 1) como ejemplificación, es decir, la poesía puede servir como ejemplo filosófico de distintas maneras; y 2) como articulación de una teoría filosófica. Aquí analizo la idea de que se puede obtener un tipo de conocimiento sui generis a través de la poesía, así (...) como la de que la poesía puede justificar supuestas verdades filosóficas. Rechazo estas dos ideas y, con ellas, la tesis de que se puede articular una teoría filosófica a través de la poesía. Sin embargo, acepto que no hay nada intrínseco a la poesía que le impida hacerlo, aunque, en general, esto no sucede. (shrink)

Millán Brusslan focuses upon “Life Force or the Rhodian Genius: A Tale,” an essay Humboldt wrote for Schiller’s journal, Die Horen, to demonstrate that both thinkers are propelled by a life force (Lebenskraft) to the aesthetic realm. In Concerning the Sublime (1801), Schiller’s presentation of nature takes place as the limits of our cognitive faculties (the powers of apprehension) are balanced with that which is beyond mastery, taking us to the realm of freedom, where the ideas of the sublime (...) and of beauty find their home. Millán Brusslan argues that Schiller and Humboldt define this home for beauty and the sublime in distinct ways. Humboldt’s realm of freedom is nature itself, whereas Schiller’s idea of freedom is rooted in the human subject, a subject which eclipses nature. (shrink)

Este trabajo, inédito hasta ahora, recoge la transcripción de un encuentro que tuvo el autor con profesores de Filosofía para presentar algunas ideas desarrolladas en su libro El interés por la verdad. De acuerdo con el planteamiento que hace Millán-Puelles, dicho interés es de dos tipos: cognoscitivo y comunicativo. En estas páginas aborda el primero de ellos, a saber, el interés por conocer la verdad, y concretamente, ciertos aspectos morales de dicho interés.

Bioethics should pay more attention to globalization and some of its consequences than it has done so far. The COVID-19 pandemic would not have been possible without globalization, which has also increased some of its negative consequences. Globalization has intensified wildlife trade in the world. One of the main hypotheses about the origin of this pandemic is that it originated in illegal forms of wildlife trade in China. In the last 30 or 40 years, there have been zoonotic outbreaks at (...) a much frequent pace than before, many of those have been related to wildlife trade. Legal and illegal wildlife trade has grown in the shadow of globalization. Second, globalization has had a huge impact on the redistribution of wealth in the world. Since 1990 income inequality has increased in most high- and in many middle- and low-income countries. A country’s level of pre-COVID income inequality is the best predictor of the COVID death rate. These two issues are not unrelated. People living in poverty in LMIC tend to suffer more from infectious diseases and tend to be marginalized from the health sector. Additionally, poverty tends to reproduce the conditions under which zoonotic diseases can more easily spread. (shrink)

Tienen razón Francisco Lara y Olga Campos en afirmar en la introducción de su libro que “un mérito importante de este libro es que, de manera muy divulgativa, pretende dar respuestas filosóficas al debate sobre nuestra relación con los animales al aplicar ideas bási- cas a cuestiones prácticas como si debemos ser o no vegetarianos, si hay que experimentar con animales o hasta qué punto son justifica- bles las corridas de toros” (p. 15). Y efectivamente, de una manera muy clara, (...) el libro no sólo pretende, sino que en efecto da respuestas a cuestiones centrales sobre nuestra relación con los animales, en particular a la cuestión acerca de cuál es su estatus o su valor moral y, por ende, sobre si tenemos obligaciones morales hacia ellos. Su tesis es que los animales sí tienen un estatus moral independiente de los intereses humanos, que tienen derechos y que es nuestra obligación moral respetarlos. Parte de ese respeto consiste en no tratarlos como meros instrumentos o recursos al servicio de los inte- reses de los humanos. (shrink)

Goethe and Friedrich Schiller stand together immortalised in Ernst Rietschel's statue at the centre of Weimar. In their lifetime, Goethe and Schiller shaped the culture of German-speaking lands, not only through their poetry, plays, and novels, but also in their role as editors of journals that helped to set the intellectual tone of the period. Schiller's journalDie Horen and Goethe'sPropyläen, although short-lived, were important literary vehicles of the period and provided a forum that brought scientists, historians, philosophers, and poets into (...) conversation with one another. The late 1700s and early 1800s were years of intense intellectual development in Germanspeaking lands; the arts flourished and aesthetics developed as a serious branch of philosophy.During the ‘Age of Goethe and Schiller’, philosophy was dominated by Kant's philosophy and its post-Kantian variations. A problem with traditional philosophical histories of this period is the overwhelmingly Hegelian reading of it, a reading that subsumes all of the so-called minor figures under the shadows of the great system builder, Hegel. Richard Kroner's influentialVon Kant bis Hegelof 1921 set the tone for this reading. Silenced by such narratives are the voices of the early German Romantics, a group of thinkers whose impudence created problems for them, and whose work posed hermeneutical challenges that continue to plague a proper understanding of the movement and the worth of its contributions. As we shall see, Hegel himself began to prepare the ground for a history of philosophy that would dismiss the contributions of the early German Romantics, a dismissal that is unfair and unfortunate: unfair because it is based on false characterisations of the movement, and unfortunate because such misreadings lead us to overlook the wealth of insights offered by the early German Romantics. (shrink)

Hay ocasiones en que los valores que un agente sostiene entran en conflicto, tiene una presión para decidir y actuar y no sabe qué hacer. En ese momento se encuentra en un aprieto. De hecho, nuestros valores entran en conflicto constantemente, a veces es fácil decidir qué hacer porque tenemos una jerarquía de valores bien establecida, tenemos criterios que nos ayudan a decidir y preferimos cosas que valoramos más por sobre otras que valoramos menos. Todo el tiempo estamos tomando este (...) tipo de decisiones y nos resolvemos fácilmente por un curso de acción entre muchos otros que incesantemente se nos presentan. No obstante, en otras ocasiones la situación es más difícil ya sea porque tenemos que elegir entre dos o más cosas que valoramos mucho o porque existen dos obligaciones que nos demandan actuar en sentidos opuestos, no podemos satisfacer ambas demandas, no tenemos criterios o procedimientos que dirijan claramente nuestras decisiones y, con frecuencia, tenemos que sacrificar alguna de las opciones. Para la persona que se encuentra en este tipo de situaciones, estas no son agradables, sin embargo, para la filosofía son precisamente este tipo de situaciones difíciles las que son más atractivas. Y lo son porque nos revelan mucho acerca de nuestros sistemas normativos, de nuestros juicios de valor, de nuestras experiencias evaluativas y también de los sacrificios que a veces se demandan de nosotros. (shrink)