Review text: "... ist diese Einführung als solche uneingeschränkt zu empfehlen, da sie ihrem "analytischen? Charakter im besten Sinne des Wortes gerecht wird."Werner Wolbert in: Salzburger Theologische Zeitschrift 2/2008.

Auch unter Befürwortern der Zulässigkeit einer Suizidassistenz durch Ärzte unter bestimmten Bedingungen besteht weitgehendes Einverständnis darüber, dass kein Arzt zu einer Suizidassistenz rechtlich oder berufsrechtlich verpflichtet sein sollte. Auch das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat in seinem Urteil vom Februar 2020 Suizidwilligen unter bestimmten Bedingungen nicht mehr als ein ungerichtetes in rem-Recht auf Suizidhilfe zugesprochen, das keinen Anspruch gegen einen einzelnen Arzt begründet. Mit dem letzten Satz seines Urteils hat es vielmehr die Freiheit jedes einzelnen Arztes – wie auch jedes anderen potenziellen Helfers (...) –, Nein zu sagen, nachdrücklich bekräftigt. Auf dem Hintergrund einer empirischen Untersuchung der Gründe, die in der Schweiz für die Ablehnung entsprechender Patientenanfragen gegeben werden, untersucht und gewichtet der Beitrag die Gründe, die für diese Freiheit sprechen, unter ethischen Gesichtspunkten und verteidigt ein bedingtes Recht auf Ablehnung gegen dessen jüngste Kritiker. In Fällen, in denen die Bedingungen erfüllt sind, durch die das Bundesverwaltungsgericht in seinem Urteil vom März 2017 „extreme Notlagen“ definiert hat, sollte jedoch zumindest eine moralische Pflicht anerkannt werden, den Patienten an einen Arzt zu verweisen, der zu einer Unterstützung bereit ist. (shrink)

Für die 3. Auflage wurde der Band durchgesehen und die Literaturliste aktualisiert. Der Band gibt einen Überblick über die Probleme der Moralphilosophie und die Antworten der Ethik auf die Frage nach dem Wesen, den Funktionen und den Inhalten der Moral. Ein besonderer Akzent liegt auf der Unterscheidung der Ebenen, auf denen moralische und ethische Diskurse geführt werden. Geeignet ist die Einführung auch für Leser ohne besondere Vorkenntnisse.

The article is devoted to the problem of moral motivation. Author presents a view which, as he argues, is able to bridge the gap between acceptance of a moral rule and an action according to this rule. The main issue here is the future ethics that could possibly become a part of environmental ethics if it takes into consideration future goods and condition of nature. The author discusses rationality of moral norms in future ethics from a perspective of a universalistic (...) paradigm. Drawing from Hare and Sidgwick he maintains that temporal position of someone harmed by a present action cannot be relevant to the moral evaluation of the action in question. He also emphasizes that in case when moral agent is a future and abstract one, there is an important factor involved which could have an influence on our moral identity. It plays a crucial role because our ,,natural” motivation to act according to a rule concerns, first of all, moral subjects within a moral community. Birnbacher claims that taking non-moral motivations into account makes the prospects of future-oriented action appear much less gloomy. Therefore, in his project of future ethics, he fuses together levels of moral theory and of emotional basis of our motivation. He illustrates the point by demonstrating that the course of psychological factors has an impact on our motivation for action by the data drawn from empirical social research conducted in Europe and USA. Key words MORAL MOTIVATION, FUTURE. (shrink)

Ethics in the 21st century is threatened by a split between practical philosophy as a full-blown academic discipline and applied ethics as pragmatic problem-solving inside the political process. The place of the professional philosopher sitting on medical and other 'ethics committees' as an 'ethical expert' is somewhere in between. But where exactly? How is his role defined? Is the expertise he brings to bear on practical decisions of a purely technical or of a substantially moral kind? These issues are discussed (...) both 'from the outside' and 'from the inside'. First, some of the theoretical controversies surrounding 'ethical expertise' are discussed on the background of a rapidly growing literature in the field. These are then related to the realities of commission work as they confront the academic ethicist in practice. (shrink)

I review arguments demonstrating how the concept of “particle” numbers arises in the form of equidistant energy eigenvalues of coupled harmonic oscillators representing free fields. Their quantum numbers (numbers of nodes of the wave functions) can be interpreted as occupation numbers for objects with a formal mass (defined by the field equation) and spatial wave number (“momentum”) characterizing classical field modes. A superposition of different oscillator eigenstates, all consisting of n modes having one node, while all others have none, defines (...) a non-degenerate “n-particle wave function”. Other discrete properties and phenomena (such as particle positions and “events”) can be understood by means of the fast but continuous process of decoherence: the irreversible dislocalization of superpositions. Any wave-particle dualism thus becomes obsolete. The observation of individual outcomes of this decoherence process in measurements requires either a subsequent collapse of the wave function or a “branching observer” in accordance with the Schrödinger equation—both possibilities applying clearly after the decoherence process. Any probability interpretation of the wave function in terms of local elements of reality, such as particles or other classical concepts, would open a Pandora’s box of paradoxes, as is illustrated by various misnomers that have become popular in quantum theory. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the problem of moral motivation. Author presents a view which, as he argues, is able to bridge the gap between acceptance of a moral rule and an action according to this rule. The main issue here is the future ethics that could possibly become a part of environmental ethics if it takes into consideration future goods and condition of nature. The author discusses rationality of moral norms in future ethics from a perspective of a universalistic (...) paradigm. Drawing from Hare and Sidgwick he maintains that temporal position of someone harmed by a present action cannot be relevant to the moral evaluation of the action in question. He also emphasizes that in case when moral agent is a future and abstract one, there is an important factor involved which could have an influence on our moral identity. It plays a crucial role because our,,natural” motivation to act according to a rule concerns, first of all, moral subjects within a moral community. Birnbacher claims that taking non-moral motivations into account makes the prospects of future-oriented action appear much less gloomy. Therefore, in his project of future ethics, he fuses together levels of moral theory and of emotional basis of our motivation. He illustrates the point by demonstrating that the course of psychological factors has an impact on our motivation for action by the data drawn from empirical social research conducted in Europe and USA. Key words MORAL MOTIVATION, FUTURE. (shrink)

Frank L. Tipler's book The Physics of Immortality is a striking attempt by a scientist to resolve the conflict between theology and science on the basis of a physicalist position that identifies theology as a branch of physics, and that calculates God “in exactly the same way as physicists calculate the characteristics of electrons.” Tipler's work may be seen as a scientistic myth, and its critique is organized around the three basic characteristics of such myths: (1) it is illogical in (...) that it argues as if physics were in fact metaphysics; (2) it is grim in that its glorification of technology is insensitive to ethical issues; (3) it is meaningless in that its espousal of a strong theory of artificial intelligence empties concrete personal histories by subsuming them under abstractions that distort our understandings both of God and of resurrection. (shrink)

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäckers Philosophie der Physik kann als eine Reformulierung von Schellings Identitätsphilosophie angesehen werden, indem aber nicht eine ins Absolute geweitete transzendentale Subjektivität den Ausgangpunkt bildet, sondern eine reformulierte Quantentheorie. So wie Schelling in immer erneuten Anläufen versuchte, die Naturwissenschaft seiner Zeit mit seinem geistphilosphischen Ansatz zur Deckung zu bringen, so durchlief von Weizsäcker in seinen Schriften immer wieder den Weg vom Menschen zur Natur und von der Naturwissenschaft zum Menschen. Am Beispiel des Begriffs der »Zeit« als Geschichtszeit (...) wird gezeigt, dass diese Versuche interessante Vermittlungsfiguren hervorbringen, dann aber scheitern, wenn die Zeit der Natur und der menschlichen Geschichtserfahrung identifiziert werden sollen. Solche Versuche sind zudem theologisch fragwürdig, da sie die Transzendenz Gottes ausschließen. (shrink)

Adapting a terminology introduced by Brian Barry, I make a distinction between want-regarding and ideal-regarding principles and apply it to the norms and criteria put forward in environmental ethics. I argue that priority should be given to want-regarding principles over ideal-regarding ones because the former are universalizable while the latter are not, universalizable being understood in the sense ofappealing to value premises for which universal assent can be secured. This sense is different both from R. M. Hare's metaethical concept of (...) universalizability and J. L. Mackie’s “three stages of universalisation.”. (shrink)

Die Arbeit behandelt das Verhältnis von Beobachtungs- und theoretischer Sprache anhand der Typenlogik und der Erkenntnistheorie Bertrand Russells. Seine Typentheorie wird auf seine Erkenntnistheorie angewandt. Seine Typentheorie macht deutlich, warum schon aus formalen Gründen eine theoriefreie Beobachtungssprache unmöglich ist.

Popper gives the concept of social situation the role of key term in the method ology of situational analysis. The important characteristics of the social situation are aims and knowledge, which are attributed to the actor and are part of the situation. Furthermore, the elements of the situation create or are, as social institutions, obstacles to the actor. But more complex situations exist which here are called actor specific situations and are much more structured by the actor. The aims and (...) knowledge of the actors vary widely, so they cannot be attributed to the actors without a serious loss of information. The elements have social meanings and meanings which are ascribed to them by the actors. The concept of dual methodology tries to grasp these complex situations for the purpose of empirical research by combining causal explanation of analytical methodology with intentional explanation of a methodology of understanding. The interface between these methodologies is formed by the concept of generative mecha nisms. These are part of the causal theory as well as data gathered for the intentional explanation. The ideal result of research is achieved if the hypothesis cannot be rejected and the two kinds of generative mechanisms coincide. In this case, the hypothesis is a proven causal statement. Finally, the aptitude of the interpretative methodology for gathering the generative mechanisms is dis cussed. (shrink)

Adapting a terminology introduced by Brian Barry, I make a distinction between want-regarding and ideal-regarding principles and apply it to the norms and criteria put forward in environmental ethics. I argue that priority should be given to want-regarding principles over ideal-regarding ones because the former are universalizable while the latter are not, universalizable being understood in the sense of appealing to value premises for which universal assent can be secured. This sense is different both from R. M. Hare’s metaethical concept (...) of universalizability and J. L. Mackie’s “three stages of universalisation.”. (shrink)

David Hume is quoted in Binmore’s book Natural Justice more than any other author, past or present, and throughout with a markedly positive attitude. It is argued that this affinity is reflected in many characteristic features of Binmore’s approach to fairness and social justice and especially in the central role motivational issues are made to play in his theory. It is further argued that Binmore shares with Hume not only important strengths but also certain weaknesses, among them a tendency to (...) derive from the limited evidence of past history far-reaching statements on human nature and the conditions thereby imposed on social morality. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDer schnelle Fortschritt der Biomedizin fördert fortwährend neue bioethische Problemstellungen zutage und erfordert Anpassungen überlieferter Normbestände an neue Gegebenheiten. Für viele neue Verfahren stellen sich jedoch Fragen nicht nur der moralischen Bewertung, sondern auch der begrifflichen Einordnung. Diese besagt dann häufig etwas über das Gewicht, das einerseits sachlichen, andererseits normativen Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten beigelegt wird. Der Beitrag illustriert die in diesem Zusammenhang auftretenden Konflikte am Beispiel des Gene editing bei Nutzpflanzen, der mitochondrial replacement therapy, des aktiven Behandlungsabbruchs bei Schwerkranken und (...) dem freiwilligen Verzicht auf Nahrung und Flüssigkeit zur Lebensbeendigung (Sterbefasten). Besonderes Augenmerk gilt den Dilemmata, die sich ergeben, wenn sich diese Konflikte angesichts verhärteter normativer Fronten diskursiv nicht auflösen lassen. (shrink)

Aus mehr als einem Grund ist Biodiversität für die Umweltethik ein hard case. Es ist schwierig, Biodiversität zu definieren und darauf aufbauend zu begründen, warum Biodiversität ein Wert ist und warum es uns ein Anliegen sein sollte, sie zu schützen und zu erhalten. Ein weiteres Problem, das mit Biodiversität als Wertbegriff einhergeht, ist das sogenannte „Substitutionsproblem“. Es besteht darin, dass im Prinzip jede natürliche Entität durch eine andere ersetzt werden kann, so lange sie dieselben Werteigenschaften aufweist. Wie und zu welchem (...) theoretischen Preis lassen sich nun Intuitionen verteidigen, die der ökologischen Ersetzbarkeit widersprechen? Ist Substitution grundsätzlich problematisch oder nur unter besonderen Bedingungen? Gibt es Werte, die, prinzipiell oder faktisch, einen Ersatz ausschließen? Und wie überzeugend sind diese Werte im Kontext des Biodiversitätsschutzes? Meine Schlussfolgerung ist, dass keiner der Werte, die Substitution einschränken, unmittelbar zu den wesentlichen Wert- Dimensionen von Biodiversität beiträgt, sodass sogar im Rahmen eines streng verstandenen Biodiversitätsschutzes (zumindest prinzipiell) breiter Spielraum für anthropogene Ersetzungen besteht. (shrink)

The contribution argues that causal interpretations of empirical correlations between neural and conscious events are meaningful even if not fully verifiable and that there are reasons in favour of an epiphenomenalist construction of psychophysical causality. It is suggested that an account of causality can be given that makes interactionism, epiphenomenalism and Leibnizian parallelism semantically distinct interpretations of the phenomena. Though neuroscience cannot strictly prove or rule out any one of these interpretations it can be argued that methodological principles favour a (...) causal interpretation on epiphenomenalist lines, both for reasons of metaphysical parsimony and for reasons of coherence with established physical principles such as the conservation of energy. In the concluding chapter, some of the philosophical and the empirical challenges following from this model are outlined, the most important being closer scrutiny of the neurophysiological processes accompanying conscious volition. (shrink)

It is evident that the problem of global climate change is closely bound up with questions of distributional justice, both intra- and intergenerational. Questions of justice are raised by two kinds of burdens: reductions in the emission of greenhouse gases, and the financial and knowledge transfers necessary to enable the poorest countries to compensate the harms suffered by the ongoing process. Both burdens involve considerable costs and opportunity costs. On the backdrop of a prioritarian version of utilitarianism, it is argued (...) that the answer should be a split strategy. While reduction of emissions should be based on the polluter-pays principle, obligations of compensation should be based on the criteria of overall economic strength. (shrink)

Supporting the rational suicide of a patient with a terminal disease is opposed by a majority of German doctors, whereas assistance in such patients’ hastening their death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking is predominantly judged to be acceptable. Are these two positions compatible? It is argued that the normative differentiation cannot be justified by the fact that the assistance in active suicide is itself active, whereas assistance in VSED is merely passive. Even in "letting die" a patient from hastening (...) death by refusing nutrition and hydration there is an active element in the doctor's/the palliative care team's assurance that they will provide palliative support in case of need. Nor can the difference in evaluation be justified by relevant differences in the causal situation. Enabling a patient to perform VSED and assisting a patient's active suicide under the same circumstances are, as far as causal relevance is concerned, on a par. This holds, at least, on a condition view of causality in the tradition of John Stuart Mill. Finally, the paper discusses whether there are other morally relevant dimensions by which actively and passively supporting a patient suicide under the relevant circumstances differ, again with a negative result. (shrink)

Schopenhauers »Preisschrift über die Freiheit des Willens« ist eine der wenigen Einsendungen zu einem Wettbewerb, die nachhaltige Berühmtheit erlangt haben. Die Norwegische Sozietät der Wissenschaften in Trondheim hatte 1839 die Preisfrage gestellt »Lässt sich die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens aus dem Selbstbewusstsein beweisen?«, und Schopenhauers anonym eingesandte Abhandlung – die einzige – bekam den Preis zugesprochen.