Results for 'Sex differences'

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  1.  92
    Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey.Jeannette McGlone - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):215-227.
    Dual functional brain asymmetry refers to the notion that in most individuals the left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for language functions, whereas the right cerebral hemisphere is more important than the left for the perception, construction, and recall of stimuli that are difficult to verbalize. In the last twenty years there have been scattered reports of sex differences in degree of hemispheric specialization. This review provides a critical framework within which two related topics are discussed: Do meaningful sex (...) in verbal or spatial cerebral lateralization exist? and, if so, Is the brain of one sex more symmetrically organized than the other? Data gathered on right-handed adults are examined from clinical studies of patients with unilateral brain lesions; from dichotic listening, tachistoscopic, and sensorimotor studies of functional asymmetries in non-brain-damaged subjects; from anatomical and electrophysiological investigations, as well as from the developmental literature. Retrospective and descriptive findings predominate over prospective and experimental methodologies. Nevertheless, there is an impressive accummulation of evidence suggesting that the male brain may be more asymmetrically organized than the female brain, both for verbal and nonverbal functions. These trends are rarely found in childhood but are often significant in the mature organism. (shrink)
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  2. Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures.David M. Buss - 1989 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (1):1-14.
    Contemporary mate preferences can provide important clues to human reproductive history. Little is known about which characteristics people value in potential mates. Five predictions were made about sex differences in human mate preferences based on evolutionary conceptions of parental investment, sexual selection, human reproductive capacity, and sexual asymmetries regarding certainty of paternity versus maternity. The predictions centered on how each sex valued earning capacity, ambition— industriousness, youth, physical attractiveness, and chastity. Predictions were tested in data from 37 samples drawn (...)
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  3.  43
    Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis.Ashley E. Thompson & Daniel Voyer - 2014 - Cognition and Emotion 28 (7):1164-1195.
    The present study aimed to quantify the magnitude of sex differences in humans' ability to accurately recognise non-verbal emotional displays. Studies of relevance were those that required explicit labelling of discrete emotions presented in the visual and/or auditory modality. A final set of 551 effect sizes from 215 samples was included in a multilevel meta-analysis. The results showed a small overall advantage in favour of females on emotion recognition tasks (d = 0.19). However, the magnitude of that sex difference (...)
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  4.  54
    Sex differences in interest in infants across the lifespan.Dario Maestripieri & Suzanne Pelka - 2002 - Human Nature 13 (3):327-344.
    This study investigated sex differences in interest in infants among children, adolescents, young adults, and older individuals. Interest in infants was assessed with responses to images depicting animal and human infants versus adults, and with verbal responses to questionnaires. Clear sex differences, irrespective of age, emerged in all visual and verbal tests, with females being more interested in infants than males. Male interest in infants remained fairly stable across the four age groups, whereas female interest in infants was (...)
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  5. Sex Differences in Sexual Desire.Jacob Stegenga - 2022 - Philosophy of Science 89 (5):1094-1103.
    The standard view about sex differences in sexual desire is that males are lusty and loose, while females are cool and coy. This is widely believed and is a core premise of some scientific programs like evolutionary psychology. But is it true? A mountain of evidence seems to support the standard view. Yet, this evidence is shot through with methodological and philosophical problems. Developments in the study of sexual desire suggest that some of these problems can be resolved, and (...)
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  6.  18
    Sex Differences in Exploration Behavior and the Relationship to Harm Avoidance.Kyle T. Gagnon, Elizabeth A. Cashdan, Jeanine K. Stefanucci & Sarah H. Creem-Regehr - 2016 - Human Nature 27 (1):82-97.
    Venturing into novel terrain poses physical risks to a female and her offspring. Females have a greater tendency to avoid physical harm, while males tend to have larger range sizes and often outperform females in navigation-related tasks. Given this backdrop, we expected that females would explore a novel environment with more caution than males, and that more-cautious exploration would negatively affect navigation performance. Participants explored a novel, large-scale, virtual environment in search of five objects, pointed in the direction of each (...)
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  7.  27
    Sex Differences in Moral Interests: The Role of Kinship and the Nature of Reciprocity.Deborah Mower - 2009 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 39 (1):111-119.
    Although moral psychologists and feminist moral theorists emphasize males’ interest in justice or fairness and females’ interest in care or empathy, recent work in evolutionary psychology links females’ interests in care and empathy for others with interests in fairness and equality. In an important work on sex differences in cognitive abilities, David Geary (1998) argues that the evolutionary mechanism of sexual selection drives the evolution of particular cognitive abilities and selection for particular interests. I mount two main challenges to (...)
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  8.  47
    Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents: Their nature, effects, and possible causes.Camilla Persson Benbow - 1988 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (2):169-183.
    Several hundred thousand intellectually talented 12-to 13-year-olds have been tested nationwide over the past 16 years with the mathematics and verbal sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Although no sex differences in verbal ability have been found, there have been consistent sex differences favoring males in mathematical reasoning ability, as measured by the mathematics section of the SAT (SAT-M). These differences are most pronounced at the highest levels of mathematical reasoning, they are stable over time, and (...)
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  9. Sex Differences in Intrinsic Aptitude for Mathematics and Science?Elizabeth S. Spelke - unknown
    This article considers 3 claims that cognitive sex differ- ences account for the differential representation of men and women in high-level careers in mathematics and sci- ence: (a) males are more focused on objects from the beginning of life and therefore are predisposed to better learning about mechanical systems; (b) males have a pro- file of spatial and numerical abilities producing greater aptitude for mathematics; and (c) males are more variable in their cognitive abilities and therefore predominate at the upper (...)
     
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  10.  2
    Sex Differences in Attentional Selection Following Gaze and Arrow Cues.Jeanette A. Chacón-Candia, Juan Lupiáñez, Maria Casagrande & Andrea Marotta - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Although the majority of literature has shown undistinguishable attentional effects when eye-gaze and arrows are used as cues, recent research has found that whereas eye-gaze selectively orient attention to the specific location or part of the object looked at, arrows unselectively direct attention towards parts of the environment. However, it is unclear whether this dissociation between gaze and arrow cues is related to social cognitive mechanisms such as the attribution of mental states (Theory of Mind, ToM). We aimed at replicating (...)
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  11.  59
    Sex Differences in Disgust: Why Are Women More Easily Disgusted Than Men?Laith Al-Shawaf, David M. G. Lewis & David M. Buss - 2018 - Emotion Review 10 (2):149-160.
    Women have consistently higher levels of disgust than men. This sex difference is substantial in magnitude, highly replicable, emerges with diverse assessment methods, and affects a wide array of outcomes—including job selection, mate choice, food aversions, and psychological disorders. Despite the importance of this far-reaching sex difference, sound theoretical explanations have lagged behind the empirical discoveries. In this article, we focus on the evolutionary-functional level of analysis, outlining hypotheses capable of explaining why women have higher levels of disgust than men. (...)
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  12.  34
    Sex differences in the inference and perception of causal relations within a video game.Michael E. Young - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5:103575.
    The learning of immediate causation within a dynamic environment was examined. Participants encountered seven decision points in which they needed to choose which of three possible candidates was the cause of explosions in the environment. Each candidate was firing a weapon at random every few seconds, but only one of them produced an immediate effect. Some participants showed little learning, but most demonstrated increases in accuracy across time. On average, men showed higher accuracy and shorter latencies that were not explained (...)
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  13.  65
    Sex differences in pain.Karen J. Berkley - 1997 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (3):371-380.
    Are there sex differences in pain? For experimentally delivered somatic stimuli, females have lower thresholds, greater ability to discriminate, higher pain ratings, and less tolerance of noxious stimuli than males. These differences, however, are small, exist only for certain forms of stimulation and are affected by many situational variables such as presence of disease, experimental setting, and even nutritive status. For endogenous pains, women report more multiple pains in more body regions than men. With no obvious underlying rationale, (...)
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  14.  10
    Sex Differences in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Measurement Invariance, Prevalence, and Symptom Heterogeneity Among University Students in South Africa.N. Florence Tadi, Kaylene Pillay, Ufuoma P. Ejoke & Itumeleng P. Khumalo - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Adequate measurement is an essential component of the assessment of mental health disorders and symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The present study investigated sex-specific differences in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. This comprehensive cross-sectional design study pursued four objectives: measurement invariance of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 between male and female; depression and anxiety prevalence differences; cross-sex differences in the relationship between depression and anxiety; and a comparison of symptom heterogeneity. A sample of 1966 students (...)
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  15. Sex Differences in Detecting Sexual Infidelity.Paul W. Andrews, Steven W. Gangestad, Geoffrey F. Miller, Martie G. Haselton, Randy Thornhill & Michael C. Neale - 2008 - Human Nature 19 (4):347-373.
    Despite the importance of extrapair copulation (EPC) in human evolution, almost nothing is known about the design features of EPC detection mechanisms. We tested for sex differences in EPC inference-making mechanisms in a sample of 203 young couples. Men made more accurate inferences (φmen = 0.66, φwomen = 0.46), and the ratio of positive errors to negative errors was higher for men than for women (1.22 vs. 0.18). Since some may have been reluctant to admit EPC behavior, we modeled (...)
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  16.  7
    Sex Differences Through a Neuroscience Lens: Implications for Business Ethics.Lori Verstegen Ryan - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 144 (4):771-782.
    Recent, groundbreaking work in neuroscience has illuminated sex differences that could have a profound impact on business organizations. Distinctions between the sexes that may have previously been presumed to be due to “nurture” may now also be demonstrably related to “nature.” Here, we report recent neuroscience findings related to males’ and females’ brain structures and brain chemistry, along with the results of recent neuroeconomic studies. We learn not only that male and female brains are structured differently, but also that (...)
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  17.  19
    Sex differences in adaptation of the GSR under repeated applications of a visual stimulus.H. D. Kimmel & E. Kimmel - 1965 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 70 (5):536.
  18.  13
    Sex Differences in the Effect of Discussion.H. E. Burtt - 1920 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 3 (5):390.
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  19.  43
    Sex differences in scanning faces: Does attention to the eyes explain female superiority in facial expression recognition?Jessica K. Hall, Sam B. Hutton & Michael J. Morgan - 2010 - Cognition and Emotion 24 (4):629-637.
    Previous meta-analyses support a female advantage in decoding non-verbal emotion (Hall, 1978, 1984), yet the mechanisms underlying this advantage are not understood. The present study examined whether the female advantage is related to greater female attention to the eyes. Eye-tracking techniques were used to measure attention to the eyes in 19 males and 20 females during a facial expression recognition task. Women were faster and more accurate in their expression recognition compared with men, and women looked more at the eyes (...)
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  20.  46
    Sex differences in attention to disgust facial expressions.Morganne A. Kraines, Lucas J. A. Kelberer & Tony T. Wells - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 31 (8):1692-1697.
    Research demonstrates that women experience disgust more readily and with more intensity than men. The experience of disgust is associated with increased attention to disgust-related stimuli, but no prior study has examined sex differences in attention to disgust facial expressions. We hypothesised that women, compared to men, would demonstrate increased attention to disgust facial expressions. Participants completed an eye tracking task to measure visual attention to emotional facial expressions. Results indicated that women spent more time attending to disgust facial (...)
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  21.  4
    Sex differences in emotional perception: Evidence from population of Tuvans.A. A. Mezentseva, V. V. Rostovtseva, K. I. Ananyeva, A. A. Demidov & M. L. Butovskaya - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Prior studies have reported that women outperform men in nonverbal communication, including the recognition of emotions through static facial expressions. In this experimental study, we investigated sex differences in the estimation of states of happiness, anger, fear, and disgust through static photographs using a two-culture approach. This study was conducted among the Tuvans and Mongolian people from Southern Siberia. The respondents were presented with a set of photographs of men and women of European and Tuvan origin and were asked (...)
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  22.  18
    Sex differences in mathematical abllity: Genes, environment, and evolution.Jeffrey W. Gillger - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):255-256.
    Geary proposes a sociobiological hypothesis of how sex differences in math and spatial skills might have jointly arisen. His distinction between primary and secondary math skills is noteworthy, and in some ways analogous to the closed versus open systems postulated to exist for language. In this commentary issues concerning how genes might affect complex cognitive skills, the interpretation of heritability estimates, and prior research abilites are discussed.
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  23. Sex differences research: Science or belief.Ruth Bleier - 1986 - In Feminist approaches to science. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 147--164.
     
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  24.  68
    Sex differences in cognition.Hugh Fairweather - 1976 - Cognition 4 (3):231-280.
  25.  23
    Sex differences in dream aggression.Michael Schredl - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (3-4):287-288.
    Dream research shows sex differences in dream aggression that fit very well with the findings for waking-life aggressive behaviour. Dream studies are a valuable tool for investigating variables underlying the sex difference in aggression. One might argue that studying dream aggression might be even more promising because aggression in dreams is not socially labelled, as being aggressive in waking life is.
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  26. Sex differences and neuroethics.Peggy DesAutels - 2010 - Philosophical Psychology 23 (1):95-111.
    Discussions in neuroethics to date have ignored an ever-increasing neuroscientific lilterature on sex differences in brains. If, indeed, there are significant differences in the brains of men versus women and in the brains of boys versus girls, the ethical and social implications loom very large. I argue that recent neuroscientific findings on sex-based brain differences have significant implications for theories of morality and for our understandings of the neuroscience of moral cognition and behavior.
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  27.  18
    Sex differences in motion perception of Adler’s six great ideas and their opposites.Richard D. Walk & Jacqueline M. F. Samuel - 1988 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (3):232-235.
    A mime presented on videotape Adler’s six great ideas of truth, goodness, beauty, liberty, equality, and justice; their opposites; and the transitions from the positive or “good” concepts to their opposites. Using Johansson’s (1973) technique, the performer’s 12 joints were marked with points of light. Overall, the viewers had marginal success in identifying the concepts, but females were much more successful than males in identifying the “bad” ones of evil, slavery, falsehood, and ugliness, averaging 62% correct to the males’ 23%. (...)
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  28.  15
    Sex Differences in Reciprocal Altruism: Reply to Mower.David C. Geary - 2009 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 39 (1):121-124.
    Mower questions some aspects of Geary's proposals regarding the nature of male-male and female-female relationships during human evolution and the implications for understanding the basis for same-sex friendships. The core of this proposal is reviewed and Mower's challenges to the core are addressed.
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  29.  17
    Between-sex differences are often averaging artifacts.Hoben Thomas - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):265-265.
    The central problem in Geary's theory is how differences are conceptualized. Recent research has shown that between-sex differences on certain tasks are a consequence of averaging within sex differences. A mixture distribution models between-sex differences on several tasks well and does not appear congenial to a sexual-selection perspective.
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  30.  35
    Sex differences in negotiating with powerful males.Frank Salter, Karl Grammer & Anja Rikowski - 2005 - Human Nature 16 (3):306-321.
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  31.  8
    Sex differences in motor skills.R. W. Husband & M. J. Ludden - 1931 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 14 (4):414.
  32.  22
    Sex differences in age preference: Universal reality or ephemeral construction?Douglas T. Kenrick & Richard C. Keefe - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (1):119-133.
    The finding that women are attracted to men older than themselves whereas men are attracted to relatively younger women has been explained by social psychologists in terms of economic exchange rooted in traditional sex-role norms. An alternative evolutionary model suggests that males and females follow different reproductive strategies, and predicts a more complex relationship between gender and age preferences. In particular, males' preferences for relatively younger females should be minimal during early mating years, but should become more pronounced as the (...)
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  33.  19
    Functional sex differences and signal forms have coevolved with conflict.D. Vaughn Becker & Shelli L. Dubbs - 2019 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42.
    Evolutionary theory makes further predictions about conflict. It predicts sex differences in the proclivity to attack and defend. It further suggests complementary biases in what we expect of the sexes. Finally, it suggests that the forms of human facial expressions of anger and happiness may have coevolved with the regularity of conflict as a means of signaling, bluffing, and defusing attack.
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  34.  26
    Sex differences in the developmental antecedents of aggression.Joseph M. Boden - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (3-4):269-270.
    Archer examines sex differences in aggression, and argues that these differences may be better explained by sexual selection theory than by social role theory. This commentary examines sex differences in the developmental antecedents of aggression and violence, and presents a preliminary framework for examining whether the observed sex differences amongst these developmental antecedents can also be accounted for by sexual selection theory.
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  35.  7
    Sex Differences in Anxiety: An Investigation of the Moderating Role of Sex in Performance Monitoring and Attentional Bias to Threat in High Trait Anxious Individuals.Natalie Strand, Lin Fang & Joshua M. Carlson - 2021 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15.
    Anxiety disorders are more predominant in women than men, however there is a lack of understanding as to what neurocognitive mechanisms drive this sex difference. Recent investigation has found a potential moderating role of sex in the relationship between anxiety and the error related negativity —a component of error-monitoring that is prevalent in high anxiety individuals—such that females display a positive relationship between anxiety/worry and ERN amplitude. We strove to further explore the influence of sex on the relationship between trait (...)
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  36.  30
    Sex differences in laterality– meaningfulness versus reliability.Marian Annett - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):227-228.
  37.  26
    Sex differences and evolutionary by-products.Thomas Wynn, Forrest Tierson & Craig Palmer - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):265-266.
    From the perspective of evolutionary theory, we believe it makes more sense to view the sex differences in spatial cognition as being an evolutionary by-product of selection for optimal rates of fetal development. Geary does not convince us that his proposed selective factors operated with “sufficient precision, economy, and efficiency.” Moreover, the archaeological evidence does not support his proposed evolutionary scenario.
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  38.  42
    Sex differences in descending pain modulatory pathways may clarify sex differences in pain.Wendy F. Sternberg - 1997 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (3):466-467.
    This commentary addresses the strength of the comparative approach to the study of sex differences in pain. Animal studies can focus our attention on mechanisms of sex differences in these clinical sex differences. Important sex differences are seen in descending pain modulation, thereby providing an explanation for the observation of sex differences in pain perception. [berkley].
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  39.  40
    Sexual selection and sex differences in mathematical abilities.David C. Geary - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):229-247.
    The principles of sexual selection were used as an organizing framework for interpreting cross-national patterns of sex differences in mathematical abilities. Cross-national studies suggest that there are no sex differences in biologically primary mathematical abilities, that is, for those mathematical abilities that are found in all cultures as well as in nonhuman primates, and show moderate heritability estimates. Sex differences in several biologically secondary mathematical domains are found throughout the industrialized world. In particular, males consistently outperform females (...)
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  40.  37
    Sex Differences in Mobility and Spatial Cognition.Layne Vashro, Lace Padilla & Elizabeth Cashdan - 2016 - Human Nature 27 (1):16-34.
  41.  50
    Sex differences in pain: And now for something completely different.Ron Kupers - 1997 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (3):455-456.
    The belief that women report more somatic complaints than men is not new. Many centuries B.C., the Egyptians and the Greeks already made an association between female pains and hysteria, which is Greek for Despite the commonly held belief that women are more sensitive to pain than men, the issue of sex differences in pain has received little attention from the scientific community in general. It is the merit of berkley to draw our attention to this large gap in (...)
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  42. Pandemic Leadership: Sex Differences and Their Evolutionary–Developmental Origins.Severi Luoto & Marco Antonio Correa Varella - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global societal, economic, and social upheaval unseen in living memory. There have been substantial cross-national differences in the kinds of policies implemented by political decision-makers to prevent the spread of the virus, to test the population, and to manage infected patients. Among other factors, these policies vary with politicians’ sex: early findings indicate that, on average, female leaders seem more focused on minimizing direct human suffering caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while male leaders (...)
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  43.  51
    Sex differences in event-related potentials and attentional biases to emotional facial stimuli.Daniela M. Pfabigan, Elisabeth Lamplmayr-Kragl, Nina M. Pintzinger, Uta Sailer & Ulrich S. Tran - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  44.  17
    Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis.Piotr Sorokowski, Maciej Karwowski, Michał Misiak, Michalina Konstancja Marczak, Martyna Dziekan, Thomas Hummel & Agnieszka Sorokowska - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  45.  33
    Psychobiological sex differences in pain: Psychological as much as biological.K. Gijsbers & C. A. Niven - 1997 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (3):449-449.
    The argument of berkley for the existence sex differences in pain is based on biological factors. We suggest that the psychological evidence for such differences is more substantial.
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  46.  16
    Sex Differences in Emotion Recognition and Working Memory Tasks.Rahmi Saylik, Evren Raman & Andre J. Szameitat - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  47. Sex differences in intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science? A critical review.Elizabeth S. Spelke - 2005 - American Psychologist 60 (9):950-958.
  48.  38
    Sex differences in young children’s use of tools in a problem-solving task.Jeffrey M. Gredlein & David F. Bjorklund - 2005 - Human Nature 16 (2):211-232.
  49.  26
    Sex differences in variability may be more important than sex differences in means.Lloyd G. Humphreys - 1988 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (2):195-196.
  50.  29
    Sex differences in aggression: Origins and implications for sexual integration of combat forces.Kingsley R. Browne - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (3-4):270-271.
    Sex differences in aggressive and risk-taking behaviors have practical implications for sexual integration of military combat units. The social-role theory implies that female soldiers will adapt to their role and display the same aggressive and risk-taking propensities as their male comrades. If sex differences reflect evolved propensities, however, adoption of the soldier's role is unlikely to eliminate those differences.
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