Herbrand's Theorem, in the form of $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\exists } $$ -inversion lemmata for finitary and infinitary sequent calculi, is the crucial tool for the determination of the provably total function(al)s of a variety of theories. The theories are (second order extensions of) fragments of classical arithmetic; the classes of provably total functions include the elements of the Polynomial Hierarchy, the Grzegorczyk Hierarchy, and the extended Grzegorczyk Hierarchy $\mathfrak{E}^\alpha $ , α < ε0. A subsidiary aim of the paper is to show (...) that the proof theoretic methods used here are distinguished by technical elegance, conceptual clarity, and wide-ranging applicability. (shrink)

The Carnegie Mellon Proof Tutor project was motivated by pedagogical concerns: we wanted to use a "mechanical" (i.e. computerized) tutor for teaching students..

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— via appropriate substitutions — syntactically identical. The method can be applied directly to quantifierfree formulae and, in this paper, will b e extended in a natural and strai ghlforward way to quantified formulae.

In his classic paper On Computable Numbers Turing analyzed what can be done by a human computor in a routine, “mechanical” way. He argued that mechanical op-erations obey locality conditions and are carried out on configurations satisfying boundedness conditions. Processes meeting these restrictive conditions can be shown to be computable by a Turing machine. Turing viewed memory limitations of computors as the ultimate reason for the restrictive conditions. In contrast, Gandy analyzed in his paper Church’s Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms (...) what can be done by “discrete deterministic mechanical devices” and appealed to physical considerations to motivate restrictive principles. These devices include, crucially, ones that carry out parallel processes, e.g., cellular automata. Following Turing’s methodological ways and guided by Conway’s “Game of Life” as a paradigm, Gandy formulated four restrictive principles and proved that devices satisfying them are computationally equivalent to Turing machines. (shrink)

The combative metaphor of Oscience warsO has taken on a predominant position within the collective conscious, from being featured on the programs of scientific meetings to being splashed across the pages of leading national magazines and newspapers. Some in the scientific community perceive their profession to be under siege by members of the academic left, radical environmentalists, religious fundamentalists, eco-feminists, and others. This book, based on in-depth interviews with sixty members of groups with alleged Oanti-scienceO attitudes, examines how pervasive and (...) uniform these critiques are. The research is designed to examine two conflicting hypotheses: 1) that anti-science attitudes reflect a general cynicism about all major social institutions, and 2) that anti-science views are not broadly based but are reflective, instead , of the particular interests of a given social grouping. In the final analysis, Perrucci and Trachtman dig at the root of the so-called Oscience warsO by presenting evidence that the wars are not the product of an overarching suspicion of the institutions at the core of our society, but are instead the product of organized interest groups, which shape the attitudes and beliefs of their respective members. (shrink)

In the pathbreaking essays collected here, Neumann and Kirchheimer demonstrate that the death of democracy and the rise of fascism during the first half of the twentieth century suggest crucial lessons for contemporary political and legal scholars. The volume includes writings on constitutionalism, political freedom, Nazism, sovereignty, and both Nazi and liberal law. Most important, the Frankfurt authors point to the continuing efficacy of the rule of law as an instrument for regulating and restraining state authority, as well as ominous (...) evidence of the rule of law's fragility in modern liberal democracy. (shrink)

This paper offers an intellectual discourse for destination managers by exploring alternative branding approaches used during the colonial period in Kenya, now that the image is under siege both internally through socio-economic instability and unprecedented levels of poaching, and externally through travel warnings, outright trafficking in big game trophies, the constant threat of terror attacks, and poor global rankings in the Travel and Tourism Competitive Index. The paper conforms to the mission of thought and practice by identifying practical ways of (...) promoting tourist destination Kenya through an in-depth analysis of historical experiences. (shrink)

The introductory revised essay, "Horses of Wrath: Recent Critical Lessons," followed by nine reprinted essays, pits the Christian Rationalist, Wimsatt, an aroused Horse of Instruction, against the Tigers of Wrath, Blakean Myth critics led by Northrop Frye. Their battleground is the relation of poetry to life: what for the Blakeans is the fearful symmetry of poetry as the apocalypse of life is for Wimsatt the hateful siege of contraries, both an anarchy of life and a confusion of poetic limits. Wimsatt (...) supports the classical and Christian notion that harmony comes "in spite of" the conflict of good and evil, not "because of" that conflict, as the Blakeans would claim. For Wimsatt, poetry's unique kind of cognition is the analogous perspective it establishes toward contraries, namely the perspective of drama and metaphor in which is created a mock substance of the human condition. But after Wimsatt's analysis, we are left with a dualism which can be itself a hateful contrary: the more poetry performs its perspective function, the more it destroys its subject matter. It is also to the credit of Wimsatt's theoretic hesitancy that he will not let us forget these contraries.—E. S. T. (shrink)

The introductory revised essay, "Horses of Wrath: Recent Critical Lessons," followed by nine reprinted essays, pits the Christian Rationalist, Wimsatt, an aroused Horse of Instruction, against the Tigers of Wrath, Blakean Myth critics led by Northrop Frye. Their battleground is the relation of poetry to life: what for the Blakeans is the fearful symmetry of poetry as the apocalypse of life is for Wimsatt the hateful siege of contraries, both an anarchy of life and a confusion of poetic limits. Wimsatt (...) supports the classical and Christian notion that harmony comes "in spite of" the conflict of good and evil, not "because of" that conflict, as the Blakeans would claim. For Wimsatt, poetry's unique kind of cognition is the analogous perspective it establishes toward contraries, namely the perspective of drama and metaphor in which is created a mock substance of the human condition. But after Wimsatt's analysis, we are left with a dualism which can be itself a hateful contrary: the more poetry performs its perspective function, the more it destroys its subject matter. It is also to the credit of Wimsatt's theoretic hesitancy that he will not let us forget these contraries.—E. S. T. (shrink)

A. F. Norman has recently suggested that a hitherto overlooked passage in Suidas is a fragment from the history of Eunapius of Sardis. He is clearly correct in referring the passage to an incident at the siege of Maiozamalcha during the Persian campaign of the emperor Julian, but I am not so sure that he is right in ascribing it to Eunapius, or in the conclusions he draws from this ascription. I give in parallel columns the accounts of Ammianus Marcellinus, (...) Zosimus, and the passage from Suidas, together with a further version of the incident, unfortunately without names, from the pen of Libanius. (shrink)

A. F. Norman has recently suggested that a hitherto overlooked passage in Suidas is a fragment from the history of Eunapius of Sardis. He is clearly correct in referring the passage to an incident at the siege of Maiozamalcha during the Persian campaign of the emperor Julian, but I am not so sure that he is right in ascribing it to Eunapius, or in the conclusions he draws from this ascription. I give in parallel columns the accounts of Ammianus Marcellinus, (...) Zosimus, and the passage from Suidas, together with a further version of the incident, unfortunately without names, from the pen of Libanius. (shrink)

An examination of new forms of alienation in our never-off, plugged-in culture—and a clarion call for a “conspiracy of estranged people.” We can reach every point in the world but, more importantly, we can be reached from any point in the world. Privacy and its possibilities are abolished. Attention is under siege everywhere. Not silence but uninterrupted noise, not the red desert, but a cognitive space overcharged with nervous incentives to act: this is the alienation of our times... —from The (...) Soul at Work Capital has managed to overcome the dualism of body and soul by establishing a workforce in which everything we mean by the Soul—language, creativity, affects—is mobilized for its own benefit. Industrial production put to work bodies, muscles, and arms. Now, in the sphere of digital technology and cyberculture, exploitation involves the mind, language, and emotions in order to generate value—while our bodies disappear in front of our computer screens. In this, his newest book, Franco “Bifo” Berardi—key member of the Italian Autonomist movement and a close associate of Félix Guattari—addresses these new forms of estrangement. In the philosophical landscape of the 1960s and 1970s, the Hegelian concept of alienation was used to define the harnessing of subjectivity. The estrangement of workers from their labor, the feeling of alienation they experienced, and their refusal to submit to it became the bases for a human community that remained autonomous from capital. But today a new condition of alienation has taken root in which workers commonly and voluntarily work overtime, the population is tethered to cell phones and Blackberries, debt has become a postmodern form of slavery, and antidepressants are commonly used to meet the unending pressure of production. As a result, the conditions for community have run aground and new philosophical categories are needed. The Soul at Work is a clarion call for a new collective effort to reclaim happiness. The Soul at Work is Bifo's long overdue introduction to English-speaking readers. This Semiotext edition is also the book's first appearance in any language. (shrink)

C. F. Gellert's 1748 novel "Leben der schwedischen Gräfin von G***" portrays the moral actions of Jews as a result of good Christian conduct. In reaction, G. E. Lessing disputes this depiction in his one-act-play "Die Juden" from 1749. The recognition that a Jew could fulfill the ideals of the Enlightenment helped overcome the prejudices of Christian stage characters and of the audience, but it failed in the social circumstances of the time. Christian reception understood a "noble Jew" to be (...) a violation of the poetic principle of probability - and even for Lessing such a figure was the exception. Moses Mendelssohn, however, believed that Judaism was especially well-suited for fostering the development of certain virtues. In light of far-reaching interreligious concepts on the one hand and religiously motivated conflicts on the other, Lessing's early works reveal today the persistent value of self-critical examination concerning hidden prejudices towards religious and cultural minorities. (shrink)

Abstract“Victories of Freedom which Humans Achieved by Research in the Foundation of Things”. ‐ This article analyzes the political self‐conception of leading representatives of the natural sciences in 19th century Germany. It is argued that the main feature of this self‐conception which remained constant over the time consisted in a strong “rationalization‐imperative”, i.e. the postulate that state and society have to be reshaped on the basis of natural science. On the other hand, this imperative was put forward in very different (...) forms and with different political content: it shifted from revolutionary aspirations in the period of 1848 to moderate and sometimes even reactionary positions in the last decades of the century. (shrink)

"Élève-toi, mon éloquence, j'aperçois Platon qui s'élève au-dessus de l'homme! C'est sur sa bouche que les abeilles ont fait leur miel, que les rossignols ont chanté, que la déesse de la persuasion a élu son siège..." Le jésuite Nicolas Caussin témoigne ici pour nous de la mémoire du platonisme qui est celle du XVIIe siècle: un portrait de Platon en philosophe orateur s'y affirme, où la figure du Sage s'allie au prestige de l'écrivain pour consacrer comme modèle rhétorique celui que (...) Longin nomme l'Homère des philosophes. Après avoir chassé les poètes et fustigé les orateurs, le Platon des classiques redevient le théoricien du Phèdre, de l'Ion et des Lois, l'instigateur d'une philosophie éloquente et d'un lyrisme vertueux. Modèle de pensée et d'écriture pour une rhétorique du philosophique d'abord socratique, puis avec les intuitions d'un Claude Fleury, bientôt poétique, le divin philosophe nous invite alors à réfléchir sur le difficile croisement que l'humanisme classique tente d'opérer entre morale et éloquence relevée. Car ce retour d'un platonisme dans la philosophie de la rhétorique s'est effectué au sein de milieux humanistes mondains puis dévots, et a donné lieu à l'élaboration de formes extrêmement raffinées dans l'écriture de la morale. À travers la leçon de Platon, l'éloquence du Sage s'avère désormais séminale pour intégrer dans les belles-lettres une exigence de spirituel et leur accorder ainsi un nouveau prestige. C'est donc un tableau de la littérature morale à la manière de Platon qui, de La Fontaine à La Bruyère et au Fénelon du Télémaque, se trouve ici esquissé. (shrink)

A actividade científica de Mário Martins, S.J. (1908-1990) integra-se em uma directriz que aponta para a valorização do pensamento português, um dos objectivos precípuos da Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, de que aquele foi colaborador. Pode definir-se o alcance da tese que está subjacente aos estudos de M. Martins: - a existência du. duma constante no Homem, quando este é considerado globalmente, como ser vivo e senhor de sentimentos e de aspirações em larga medida comuns a todos os tempos. Os termos (...) em que o homem medieval experimentou e desenvolveu tão complexa teia de relações na sua época - de ideias, de gostos, de crenças, de volições e de vivências, e sobre aquela, nos textos quenos legou pôde reflectir em plano. especulativo - tal foi o objecto prioritário da diuturna inquirição do nosso Autor. Tese essa que supõe, para conveniente compreensão e tratamento dos temas, se reconheça a funcionalidade interdisciplinar dos agentes da cultura. É esta noção que leva M. Martins a recorrer a uma metodologia comparatista, privilegiando as inter-relações, ao aproximar as doutrinas filosóficas de textos osmais diversos, tais como fontes históricas (primárias,narrativas, literárias, iconográficas, litúrgicas,) estruturas tradicionais de mitos e lendas, arquétipos de versões arcaicas de poema de contos, do romanceiro popular, enfim da vasta e complexa rede de veios de espiritualidade, entre Oriente e Ocidente, entre a Antiguidade e o Medievo, ou entre este e o tempo actual. Autor de vastíssima bibliografia no campo da cultura portuguesa, e especialmente em seu âmbito medieval, M. Martins apresenta-se como o historiador das inter-relações, em termos, amplitude e alcance antes desconhecidos, como chave de interpretação da cultura medieval, com novas modalidades de tratamento e de exegese de textos o que conduz a uma necessária revisão de conceitos na actual historiografia portuguesa. O epistolário inédito e a bibliografia do Autor, em Apêndice, colocam em relevo os traços essenciais da personalidade e os núcleos temáticos da obra deste Medievalista. /// L'activé scientifique de Mário Martins, S.J. (1908-1990) a comme ligne de force la valorisation de la pensée portugaise, un des objrectifs principaux de la Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, dont il fut collaborateur. On peut définir l'enjeu de la thèse sous-jacente aux études de M. Martins: l'existence d'une constante en l'Homme, quand celui-ci est considéré globalement, comme être vivant et siège de sentiments et d'aspirations pour une large part communs à tous les temps. Les termes en lesquels l'homme médiéval a vécu et développé un si complexe réseau de relations en son époque - réseau d'idées, de goûts, de croyances, volitions et expériences vécues - et la réflexion qu'il a pu poursuivre sur ce réseau grâce aux textes qu'il nous a légués, tel fut l'objectif prioritaire de la longue recherche de notre Auteur. Cette thèse suppose, pour que l'on puisse correctement comprendre et développer les thèmes en questions, que l'on reconnaisse la fonctionalité interdisciplinaire des agents de la culture. C'est cette notion que pousse M. Martins à faire appel à une méthodologie comparatiste privilégiant les relations en rapportant les doctrines philosophiques de textes très divers comme les sources historiques (primaires, narratives, littéraires, iconographiques, liturgiques), ou comme les structures traditionnelles de mythes et de légendes, les archétypes de versions archaïques de poèmes et de contes, du romain populaire, enfin de Ia vaste et complexe gamme des chemins de spiritualité, entre l'Orient et l'Occident, entre F Antiquité et le Moyen Age, entre ce temps-là et le temps actuei. Auteur d'une três vaste bibliographie dans le domaine de lacultureportugaise, et spécialement sur le térrain du Moyen-Age, M. Martins apparait comme Tnistorien des "inter-relations» (menées avec une envergure jusqu'alors inconnue) comme clé d'interprétation de laculture médiévale, avec de nouvelles modalités de traitement et d'exégèse de textes, ce que conduit à une nécessaire révision des concepts dans 1'actuelle historiographie portugaise. La correspondance et Ia bibliographie de 1'Auteur, en appendice, mettent en relief les traits essentiels de Ia personnalité et les thèmes centraux de 1'oeuvre de ce Médiéviste. /// Mário Martins' work can be appreciated as part of the project, implicit in the criation of the Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, to promote Portuguese thought as such. M. Martins' contribution can be seen in his insistence that there is a constant factor in the existence of Man. His rechearch into Medieval texts attemps to bring this factor out; the key notion is the interdisciplinary functioning of cultural agents. M. Martins releas, thus, to a comparative methodology, giving special emphasis on interrelationships; diverse philosophical doctrines, historical sources, tradional myths and legends archetypes revealed in arcajc poetry, popular novelas, etc. What we find is avast network of spirituality that brings together East and West, Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the Middle Ages and our oun times. As historica of interrelationships, M. Martins' work can contribute to the need revision of concepts in current Portuguese historical studies. Unpublished letters and bibliography of the author can be found in apendix. These reveal the personality traits and the central themes of this medievalist. (shrink)

De tout temps, les hommes d'Etat ont eu pour préoccupation majeure de réaliser l'intégration de leurs citoyens. C'est ce souci qui conduit, dès -334, Alexandre le Grand, élève d'Aristote, à l'élaboration d'une pensée unique et universelle pour assurer la cohésion de son Empire à l'échelle planétaire. La pensée devient alors, par sa fonction d'intégration, une entreprise gérée par l'Etat qui la fait évoluer selon des procédés appelés à se transmettre d'Empire à Empire. L'enquête menée par l'auteur, en suivant la formation (...) de la pensée universelle en milieux grec et romain, sa rivalité avec le judaïsme, sa rencontre avec le christianisme et sa confrontation avec l'Islam révèle les enjeux de fond qui expliquent la genèse de la pensée en Occident et les temps forts de son évolution. C'est à la lumière de ces enjeux que se sont trouvés éclairés les grands phénomènes de l'Histoire tels que la construction de l'Europe, les Renaissances et les profondes transformations mentales, culturelles et sociales qu'elles provoquent dans les sociétés d'Occident, l'explosion des hérésies, (des albigeois, des vaudois... ) et leur répression, les guerres saintes (le djihad, les croisades), l'antijudaïsme précurseur de l'antisémitisme, l'inquisition... Poursuivie jusqu'à Saint Louis, l'enquête a confronté l'auteur à trois espaces: l'Orient sunnite et chiite, l'Espagne musulmane et l'Occident chrétien et à plusieurs courants de pensée. En cela cet ouvrage pose un jalon essentiel dans l'exploration de l'histoire de l'Occident dans ses rapports avec l'histoire universelle, l'histoire du Saint-Siège et celle des minorités à laquelle Denise Bonan accorde une grande place. " Autant de sujets de discussion, souligne Jean Glénisson dans sa préface, pour les historiens et les philosophes qui trouveront dans cet ouvrage le lieu de rencontres stimulantes. ". (shrink)

Sieg has proposed axioms for computability whose models can be reduced to Turing machines. This lecture will investigate to what extent these axioms hold for reasoning. In particular we focus on the requirement that the configurations that a computing agent (whether human or machine) operates on must be ’immediately recognisable’. If one thinks of reasoning as derivation in a calculus, this requirement is satisfied; but even in contexts which are only slightly less formal, the requirement cannot be met. Our main (...) example will be the Wason selection task, a propositional reasoning task in which in a typical (undergraduate) subject group only around 5% arrive at the answer dictated by classical logic. The instructions for this task (as well as other standard tasks in the psychology of reasoning, such as syllogisms) do not contain any ’immediately recognisable’ configurations. The subject must try to find an interpretation of the task by making the various elements in the instructions cohere, in effect solving a difficult constraint satisfaction problem, which has no unique solution. The subject has given a complete interpretation of the task if she can formulate the problem posed in the task as a theorem to be proved. The complexity of such theorems can be quite high; e.g. for the propositional Wason selection task the theorem can be in Σ1 3 . This sounds implausible, but we’ll present experimental data confirming this point. (shrink)

Within the history of African American struggle against racist oppression that often verges on dystopia, a hidden tradition has depicted a transfigured world. Daring to speculate on a future beyond white supremacy, black utopian artists and thinkers offer powerful visions of ways of being that are built on radical concepts of justice and freedom. They imagine a new black citizen who would inhabit a world that soars above all existing notions of the possible. In Black Utopia, Alex Zamalin offers a (...) groundbreaking examination of African American visions of social transformation and their counterutopian counterparts. Considering figures associated with racial separatism, postracialism, anticolonialism, Pan-Africanism, and Afrofuturism, he argues that the black utopian tradition continues to challenge American political thought and culture. Black Utopia spans black nationalist visions of an ideal Africa, the fiction of W. E. B. Du Bois, and Sun Ra’s cosmic mythology of alien abduction. Zamalin casts Samuel R. Delany and Octavia E. Butler as political theorists and reflects on the antiutopian challenges of George S. Schuyler and Richard Wright. Their thought proves that utopianism, rather than being politically immature or dangerous, can invigorate political imagination. Both an inspiring intellectual history and a critique of present power relations, this book suggests that, with democracy under siege across the globe, the black utopian tradition may be our best hope for combating injustice. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Journal of the History of Ideas 67.3 (2006) 523-545 [Access article in PDF] Enlightenment! Which Enlightenment? Jonathan Israel Institute for Advanced Study Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, 4 vols., editor in chief Alan Charles Kors; eds. Roger L.Emerson, Lynn Hunt, Anthony J. La Vopa, Jacques Le Brun, Jeremy D. Popkin, C. Bradley Thomson, Ruth Whelan, and Gordon S. Wood (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). On the surface it might (...) well seem that during the last fifteen or twenty years the Enlightenment understood as a new way of thinking about reality and society has receded more and more from its former privileged status as a pivotal turning-point in the making of the modern world, and especially as any kind of leap forward in the making of a freer, more rational, and better humanity. Under the combined assaults of Post-Structuralism, Postmodernism, Postcolonialism, the rise of the new social history (and not least Robert Darnton's critique of the old intellectual history), the Enlightenment conceived as a movement of ideas appears to be not just firmly in retreat and increasingly under siege but also fragmenting into disparate remnants with no coherent overall profile.Yet, paradoxically, there are grounds for conjecturing that the Enlightenment despite all this, has actually been becoming, under the surface, an even more crucial and robust force than it was before, much like a powerfully compressed spring being pushed back but ready to rebound with greater impetus than ever. One reason for thinking this is the extensive new material unearthed in the last few years, mostly by colleagues in continental Europe, about the origins of "radical," in the sense of egalitarian, secularist, Spinozist, and anti-colonial, thought. A second and possibly more important [End Page 523] reason is that the terrible events of the last several years have provided thoughtful readers with more than just a glimpse of the nightmare world apt to result from enshrining as a new set of privileged and prevailing values "difference," a thoroughgoing relativism, and the doctrine that all sets of values, even the most questionable kinds of theology, are ultimately equivalent.The inevitable recoil from Postmodernist "relativism" will presumably strengthen the appeal, at least in some quarters, of the Radical Enlightenment's claim that the improvement of human life inescapably involves emancipating men from the collective force of autocracy, intolerance, and prejudiced thinking, and establishing a predominantly secular morality, no less than it involves promoting the ideals of equality (sexual and racial), democracy, individual liberty, and a comprehensive toleration. Indeed, recent developments on all continents seem likely to lend new weight to the radical philosophes' argument that the moral basis of their theorized egalitarianism, democracy, toleration, and individual freedom, despite the arguments of the Postmodernists (which by no means lack weight in certain contexts), is after all concretely superior in terms of reason and moral equity not just to what one faith or traditional system or another contends, in opposition to its claims, but absolutely—that is in ethical and political as well as social terms. One may confidently predict that such a development will render the Enlightenment both more compelling and much harder to disparage than it has appeared to be in the wake of the Postmodernist upsurge in recent years.The prestige and status of the Enlightenment Western and Eastern, still conspicuously low for the present, may powerfully rebound, then, and in all parts of the world; and this for the simple reason that "Enlightenment thinking," as one scholar recently expressed it, "remains the best foundation for any genuinely progressive politics not simply in the West but in those states that suffered most at its [i.e. the West's] hands."1 To anyone authentically committed to democracy, toleration, and personal liberty this seems undeniable and, what is more, as we see in Bayle, Diderot, the Abbé Raynal, Lahontan, Van den Enden, and other radical writers of the Enlightenment, the roots of anti-colonialism itself, as well as the modern idea of racial, ethnic, and sexual equality, are undoubtedly to be found precisely in the "philosophical" thought-world of the Enlightenment—and especially the... (shrink)

Most scholars dealing with neo-Kantianism emphasize the existence of an explicit origin that characterizes neo-Kantianism as a clearly defined ‘movement’ with certain objects. In spite of the fact that differences between various neo-Kantian authors are mentioned in the current discourse (e. g. ‘Südwestdeutsche’ and ‘Marburger Schule’) scholars claim a singular unity of all neo-Kantian debates represented in the problem of ‘Geltung’. This is used to construct a certain relevance of neo-Kantianism in today’s philosophy. My contribution will pursue a historical approach (...) following Klaus Christian Köhnke’s and Ulrich Sieg’s demands. Instead of sketching systematic topics I pay further attention to the context in which an essence of neo-Kantianism was claimed or rejected. In doing so I will examine the discussions on the doctrine of postulates in Kant’s philosophy mainly led by Hans Vaihinger’s ‘Philosophy of As If’ and the impact of Eduard von Hartmann on the genesis of neo-Kantianism. I conclude that the definition of a consistent neo-Kantian ‘movement’ was an effect of rejecting spiritualist interpretations of the doctrine of postulates and in the following a rejection of the whole doctrine as ‘mysticism’ in canonical Kant interpretations. (shrink)

The Athenian expedition led against Macedonia by Archestratos, son of Lykomedes, early in 432 was not diverted from its destination by the revolt of Poteidaia. Archestratos had received additional instructions to enforce the Poteidaia ultimatum if he could, but, this being already impossible, he continued with the real object of his mission, the attack on Perdikkas II of Macedon. The widespread revolt among the Chalkidians had deprived the Athenians of the bases for this attack on which they might have reckoned, (...) and Archestratos had at the outset to make good this loss by recapturing Therme, at the head of the gulf to which it gave its name. Therme, or Serme, had been a tributary member of the Delian League since 450/449:2 it need not necessarily be said that it lay within Macedonia, as Poppo and Bergk inferred from Thucydides 1. 61. 2, but it is at least likely that it lay on the boundary, as it was handed over to Perdikkas under the agreement of 431 .3 However, that the Athenians could include in their Empire a city within Macedonian territory is shown from the position of Berge , and is likely in other cases, e.g. Haison. From Therme, Archestratos moved on to Pydna, presumably by sea, and laid siege to it. Here he was joined by substantial reinforcements, while at the same time the situation in Chalkidike became increasingly embarrassing, so that a peace and a reinsurance alliance were seen by both sides to be ‘imperative’ . When these had been concluded, the Athenians moved against Poteidaia. (shrink)

Inductively defined structures are ubiquitous in mathematics; their specification is unambiguous and their properties are powerful. All fields of mathematical logic feature these structures prominently: the formula of a language, the set of theorems, the natural numbers, the primitive recursive functions, the constructive number classes and segments of the cumulative hierarchy of sets. -/- This dissertation gives a mathematical characterization of a species of inductively defined structures, called accessible domains, which include all of the above examples except the set of (...) theorems. The concept of an accessible domain comes from Wilfried Sieg's analysis of proof-theoretic practices, starting with his dissertation. In particular, he noticed the special epistemological character of elements of an accessible domain: they can always be uniquely identified with their build-up. Generally, the unique build-up of elements justifies the principles of induction and recursion. -/- I use category theory to give an abstract characterization of accessible domains. I claim that accessible domains are all instances of initial algebras for endofunctors. Grounded in the historical roots of Sieg's discussions, this dissertation shows how the properties of initial algebras for endofunctors and accessible domains coincide in a satisfying and natural way. -/- Filling out this characterization, I show how important examples of accessible domains fit into this broad characterization. I first characterize some accessible domains by relatively simple functors (e.g. finite, polynomial, those that preserve certain colimits) where we can see how iterating the functor can produce the accessible domain. Then I describe accessible domains that result from more involved specifications (e.g. ordinals and segments of the cumulative hierarchies associated with CZF, IZF, and ZF) by relying heavily on algebraic set theory. I end with a discussion of some of the methodological features of category theory in particular that helped characterize accessible domains. (shrink)

Thucydides, Diodorus and Plutarch describe the outbreak of war between Miletus and Samos in 441/440 b.c.e., ostensibly over possession of their smaller neighbour Priene, in similar ways. What began as a local conflict over land escalated when Miletus appealed to Athens as hegemon of the Delian League. The Athenians ordered arbitration to resolve the conflict, but the Samians, probably concerned that the Athenians would side with the Milesians, refused, which in turn led to war between Samos and Athens. Eight months (...) later a coup at Samos started another war. When the Samians finally surrendered, the Athenians forced them to repay the cost of the siege and collected hostages. (shrink)

In [10] Friedman showed that is a conservative extension of <ε0for-sentences wherei= min, i.e.,i= 2, 3, 4 forn= 0, 1, 2 +m. Feferman [5], [7] and Tait [11], [12] reobtained this result forn= 0, 1 and even with instead of. Feferman and Sieg established in [9] the conservativeness of over <ε0for-sentences for alln. In each paper, different methods of proof have been used. In particular, Feferman and Sieg showed how to apply familiar proof-theoretical techniques by passing through languages with Skolem (...) functionals.In this paper we study the same choice principles in the presence of theBar Rule, which permits one to infer the scheme of transfinite induction on a primitive recursive relation ≺ when it has been proved that ≺ is wellfounded. The main result characterizes + as a conservative extension of a system of the autonomously iterated-comprehension axiom for-sentences. Forn= 0 this has been proved by Feferman in the form that + is a conservative extension of <Γ0; this was first done in [8] by use of the Gödel functional interpretation for the stronger systemZω+μ+ + and then more recently by the simpler methods of [9]. Jäger showed how the latter methods could also be used to obtain the general result of Theorem 1 below. (shrink)

What is to be learned from the chaotic downfall of the Weimar Republic and the erosion of European liberal statehood in the interwar period vis-a-vis the ongoing European crisis? This book analyses and explains the recurrent emergence of crises in European societies. It asks how previous crises can inform our understanding of the present crisis. The particular perspective advanced is that these crises not only are economic and social crises, but must also be understood as crises of public power, order (...) and authority. In other words, it argues that substantial challenges to the functional and normative setup of democracy and the rule of law were central to the emergence and the unfolding of these crises. The book draws on and adds to the rich ’crises literature’ developed within the critical theory tradition to outline a conceptual framework for understanding what societal crises are. The central idea is that societal crises represent a discrepancy between the unfolding of social processes and the institutional frameworks that have been established to normatively stabilize such processes. The crises at issue emerged in periods characterized by strong social, economic and technological transformations as well as situations of political upheaval. As such, the crises represented moments where the existing functional and normative grid of society, as embodied in notions of public order and authority, were severely challenged and in many instances undermined. Seen in this perspective, the book reconstructs how crises unfolded, how they were experienced, and what kind of responses the specific crises in question provoked. -/- Table of Contents -/- Introduction: European Crises of Public Power: From Weimar until Today, Poul F. Kjaer & Niklas Olsen / Part I: Semantics, Notions and Narratives of Societal Crisis / 1. What Time Frame Makes Sense for Thinking About Crises?, David Runciman / 2. The Stakes of Crises, Janet Roitman / Part II: Weimar and the Interwar Period: Ideologies of Anti-Modernism and Liberalism / 3. The Crisis of Modernity – Modernity as Crisis: Towards a Typology of Crisis Discourses in Interwar East Central Europe and Beyond, Balázs Trencsényi / 4. European Legitimacy Crisis – Weimar and Today: Rational and Theocratic Authority in the Schmitt-Strauss Exchange, John P. McCormick / 5. Crisis and the Consumer: Reconstructions of Liberalism in Twentieth Century Political Thought , Niklas Olsen / Part III: The Causes of Crises: From Corporatism to Governance / 6. The Constitutionalization of Labour Law and the Crisis of National Democracy , Chris Thornhill / 7. The Crisis in Labour Law: From Weimar to Austerity Ruth Dukes / 8. From the Crisis of Corporatism to the Crisis of Governance, Poul F. Kjaer / Part IV: The Euro and the Crisis of Law and Democracy / 9. What is left of the European Economic Constitution II? From Pyrrhic Victory to Cannae Defeat Christian Joerges / 10. Reflections on Europe’s “Rule of Law Crisis”, Jan-Werner Müller. 11. Democracy under Siege: The Decay of Constitutionalisation and the Crisis of Public Law and Public Opinion, Hauke Brunkhorst/ Part V: The Consequences of Crises and the Future of Europe / 12. Crises and Extra-Legality: From Above and From Below, William E. Scheuermann / 13. “We could all go Down the Road of Lebanon” – Crisis Thinking on the Anti-Muslim Far Right, Mikkel Thorup / 14. Conclusions and Perspectives: The Re-Constitution of Europe, Poul F. Kjaer & Niklas Olsen Index . (shrink)

Biton’s Construction of Machines of War and Catapults describes six machines by five engineers or inventors; the fourth machine is a rolling elevatable scaling ladder, named sambukē, designed by one Damis of Kolophōn. The first sambukē was invented by Herakleides of Taras, in 214 BCE, for the Roman siege of Syracuse. Biton is often dismissed as incomprehensible or preposterous. I here argue that the account of Damis’ device is largely coherent and shows that Biton understood that Damis had built a (...) machine that embodied Archimedean principles. The machine embodies three such principles: (1) the proportionate balancing of the torques on a lever (from Plane Equilibria, an early work); (2) the concept of specific gravity or density (from Floating Bodies, a late work); and (3) the κοχλίας, i.e., a worm drive (invented ca 240 BCE), with the toothed wheel functioning as the horizontal axis of rotation of the elevated ladder. Moreover, the stone-thrower of Isidoros of Abydos (the second machine in Biton) also embodies the κοχλίας. (shrink)

Les recherches linguistiques, quelle que soit leur méthode, comportent toujours un élément de réflexion. Dans la ligne du livre remarquable de Denis Vasse, Le temps du désir, cet article veut contribuer à la réflexion sur „l'origine de la parole”. En effet, la conscience de notre corps ne manque pas de nous révéler des résidus de la vie inconsciente qui est à l'origine des structures de notre corps et du „corps subtil” qui est notre langage. Ces résidus sont e. a. les (...) trois dimensions corporelles , qui manifestement trouvent leur origine dans les trois phases de l'évolution psychique , et qui constituent trois formes de symbolisation appelées respectivement „expression”, „communication” et „signification”. L'„expression” est le corps subtil que l'enfant qui vient au monde donne en échange de tout ce qu'il reçoit de la mère. Par cet échange, la vie, commencée dans le sein maternel, prend l'aspect plus humain d'une présence réciproque. Mais la séparation de la naissance entraîne avec elle une menace constante de la mort, qui est - déjà plus humaine qu'une désintégration purement biologique des cellules vivantes - la déreliction, la détresse de l'enfant nécessiteux. Dans cette phase psychique, la conscience naissante ébauche une première structure d'elle-même : celle de la distinction entre l'intêrieur et l'extérieur ; l'homme ne cessera jamais de se considérer imaginairement comme le centre d'un monde qui l'entoure et dont il est la raison il'être. Et la dimension corporelle qui correspond à cette imagination, est celle du mouvement horizontal, le mouvement produit par les bras et les yeux. Puisqu'il ne fait encore que consommer, l'enfant commence par „com-prendre”, „saisir” la présence de l'autre. Le passage de l'„expression” à la „communication” va de pair avec la transition à la phase anale. L'enfant, par des jeux primitifs comme celui du „fort” et „da” , a appris à accepter une séparation plus longue de la mère, ou plutôt à refouler l'angoisse devant la menace de la mort, qui était la dereliction. Le temps où il apprend à se tenir debout et à retenir la défécation, est aussi le temps où sa conscience naissante s'ouvre à la concurrence de frère et de soeur , surtout à celle du père : la possession de la mère doit être partagée. Ce ne sont plus seulement les cris qui servent de corps subtil pour réaliser la présence réciproque ; celle-ci s'acquiert maintenant par le tenue du corps. La tenue du corps est le langage primitif qui est en fait une „communication” ; il fait trouver le moyen de relâcher encore le cordon ombilical et d'accepter la concurrence d'autres possesseurs de la mère, tout en éloignant l'angoisse de perdre celle-ci. L'objet de l'angoisse se déplace maintenant vers le danger de tomber, de faillir dans la maîtrise du corps et de subir amèrement l'humilitation de l'impuissance. La tension inconsciente, produite par cette angoisse, fair surgir une nouvelle dimension imaginaire : l'opposition entre le haut et le bas. L'effort que demandera toujours la construction de cette dimension verticale , continuera à servir d'étalon dans l'évaluation de tout ce qui demande de l'effort¹, en particulier le travail et la réalisation technique. Pour cette raison il est normal de dire que les salaires et les prix „ montent" — non pas qu'ils augmentent -; pour la même raison le fruit de l'effort, la puissance ou la sécurité, est symbolisé par un siège : le thrône du roi, le siège du président, la chaire du professeur, le siège aussi d'une ville, la pos-session du domaine. Il faut une troisième naissance pour que le langage de l'enfant passe enfin à la forme spécifiquement humaine de „signification”. Apprendre à parler, c.-à-d. à donner aux cris jusque là désordonnés, le „sens” de l'articulation, de l'ordre consécutif, c'est découvrir un monde qui dépasse de loin la présence de la mère et du père. Ce monde est „un relais qui vient s'interposer entre corps et le corps de l'autre ” . Le passage à la „signification” interfère d'ailleurs avec la phase phallique et encore avec l'éclosion du „je” comme sujet. L'ordre articulé des mots qui se suivent engendre la signification, précisément parce qu'il permet à autrui de „suivre” la pensée ; il est aussi symbole de la vie qui doit être une conduite ordonnée. En tant que tel il permet de refouler l'angoisse devant de désordre moral, la conduite désordonnée et devant le blâme ou la réprobation qui en seront la conséquence. En imaginant les projets d'une conduite future , la conscience se projette littéralement en avant et elle crée la troisième dimension, celle du lointain et du proche. Elle prend ici enfin la forme spécifiquement humaine de ïintentionalité, dirigée vers un paradis lointain qui tiendra la place de celui qu'elle vient de perdre. Pourquoi l'intentionalité est-elle spécifiquement humaine ? Parce qu'il est propre à l'essence humaine de chercher le sens de la vie et d'être déjà responsable de ce que cette vie pourra devenir plus tard. Or, c'est là aussi la structure du langage : une proposition, une phrase ne se construisent pas sans être prévues d'avance ; elle ne sont compréhensibles que quand la suite des vocables présente un ordre acceptable par les autres et une cohérence suffisamment logique ; et cependant cet ordre peut être si spécifiquement personnel, qu'il devient une parole authentique, nouvelle lorsque le sens en est cherché et créé par moi. Il s'ensuit que chercher l'origine de la parole, c'est chercher aussi le sens de l'existence humaine : par sa structure la parole reproduit l'histoire humaine et évoque le destin de l'homme. (shrink)

The archive produces a linear time that reaches towards ‘what could be’ by asserting ‘what has been’, providing us reassurance of our existence through the assertion of a reliably past past. But the Anthropocene is an era of uncontained material ramifications, where the past juts into the future and temporality warps as change accelerates unexpectedly. As an ecological and geologic epoch, documentation of the Anthropocene inherently has a relationship to natural history museums and archives. These institutions, however, troublingly rest on (...) what Elaine Graham calls ‘ontological hygiene’ – the separateness of the human subject from ‘nature’. The Anthropocene however, challenges the western post-Enlightenment binary of man vs. nature, as it (supposedly) naturalizes humans into an earth systems force. As such, documentation of this epoch might resist ontological sanitation. This article outlines an artistic research practice to create artefacts of the Anthropocene – one that invites material idiosyncrasies, objects-in-becoming, ephemerality, and decay. I suggest that artistic ‘anarchices’ prioritize process over objects, and resist linear and static representation in lieu of material, embodied and sensory artefacts. These include relational encounters with waste materials, reworked forms of ‘geology’, edible artefacts and multimedia works at landfills and feral sites. The anarchives are interpolated by a rejection of hegemonic logic, positivism and ‘objective’ truths about environmental phenomena; Situated, ambiguous and material knowledges are inwrought into the so-called Anthropocene (and any alternatives to this term). By focusing on waste as an analytical category, I explore some of the ontological breakdowns present in the Anthropocene and question how to unorder systems and disturb materiality. (shrink)

God’s regular causal activity is traditionally held to include his creation of the world, his conserving all created things in being and his concurrence with the causal activities of finite causes. Divine causation requires that God is an agent. In this paper, I apply E. J. Lowe’s view of human agency to God. This application requires certain adjustments. Lowe takes it that when a person acts for reasons, these reasons are lacks of some kind. I argue that his account can (...) apply to God if we think of the reasons for God’s action as connected to purposes rather than to needs. (shrink)

Résumé Dans cet article, nous examinons la Démonstration de l’existence de Dieu de Fénelon ; la question posée est celle de la démarche apologétique, où le spectacle de la nature donne à voir l’activité du Créateur. Dans un regard qui suppose la foi, Fénelon met en relation le caractère admirable de l’ordre du monde et ce Dieu que nul ne conteste encore sérieusement. Réenchantant l’univers mécaniste, Fénelon en appelle à un Dieu seul capable de mettre en harmonie le mécanisme et (...) la vie ainsi que le corps et l’âme. À la lumière de la science du temps, les espèces animales s’inscrivent dans un ordre équilibré et vivant, le corps organisé est le siège d’opérations d’assimilation et de génération, inaccessibles à la machine, il semble aussi fournir le support des pensées à l’âme. Faute de l’existence d’une cause assumant simultanément les dimensions matérielles, vitales et spirituelles, le lecteur se trouve renvoyé à l’action divine. S’agit-il ici d’occasionalisme fénelonien? Peut-on parler de postérité de Fénelon dans le discours sur la nature au xviii e siècle? (shrink)

In a career that spans 60 years so far, W.W. Tait has made many highly influential contributions to logic, the philosophy of mathematics, and their history. The present collection of new essays - contributed by former students, colleagues, and friends - is a Festschrift, i.e., a celebration of his life and work. The essays address a variety of themes prominent in his work or related to it. The collection starts with an introduction in which Tait's contributions are sketched and put (...) into context. The eleven essays that follow are arranged in three parts: Part I. Proof Theory and its History; Part II. Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics; and Part III. History of Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics. Each of the essays contributes substantially to one or several of these areas. The authors included are: Steve Awodey, Solomon Feferman, Michael Friedman, Warren Goldfarb, Geoffrey Hellman, William Howard, Stephen Menn, Rebecca Morris, Charles Parsons, Erich Reck, Thomas Ricketts, and Wilfried Sieg. The editor, Erich H. Reck is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Riverside. (shrink)

O presente estudo se propõe a discutir a relação entre a identidade política coletiva (populista) e a crise de representatividade das instituições de poder que consiste no paradoxo do poder constituinte, em sua estrutura conceitual, inspirada nas leituras de Jacques Rancière (1940) e Chantal Mouffe (1943).

Edited by leading experts in contemporary environmental philosophy, this anthology features the best available selections that cover the full range of positions within this rapidly developing field. Divided into four sections that delve into the vast issues of contemporary Eco-philosophy, the Fourth Edition now includes a section on Continental Environmental Philosophy that explores current topics such as the social construction of nature, and eco-phenomenology. Each section is introduced and edited by a leading philosopher in the field. For professionals with a (...) career within the environmental field including law, politics, conservation, geography, and biology. (shrink)

Racial injustice in employment demands the attention of business organizations because it profoundly shapes our life prospects. While comparing the ideal of perfectly equal opportunity with its invariably imperfect alternatives can impede reform, the true challenge lies in addressing persistent inequities as we strive for equality. This article introduces “shared inequity” as a frame of reference for assessing workplace racial disparities and emphasizing a collective responsibility to remedy systemic issues. In critiquing an exaggerated notion of meritocracy, I emphasize that structural (...) racism, rather than just individual acts, facilitates collective advantages, especially for White males. Hence, it is morally fitting to frame racial justice in employment, not only in terms of perfect equality, but also in terms of justly sharing an imbalance that cannot be corrected without counterbalance. The “shared inequity” lens offers a more realistic and just approach to pursuing racial justice in the workplace. (shrink)

In Markets with Limits: How Commodification of Academia Derails Debate, James Stacey Taylor presents a well-written book that is, in great part, a response to Peter Jaworski and Jason Brennan’s work Markets Without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests. In the first part of Taylor’s book, he effectively illustrates the misguided nature of many of Jaworski and Brennan’s arguments. Taylor maintains that Brennan and Jaworski misinterpret the work of their “anti-commodification” opponents. After this critique, the book takes a dramatic turn (...) as Taylor critiques the market incentives involved in academia and attempts to explain the structures that allow for inferior work, like that of Brennan and Jaworski, to be incentivized. By directly linking the two parts of the work and holding up Markets Without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests as an example of inferior academic work, there is sometimes an undercurrent of an academic spat at play. Also, given the shift in the book and scope of both projects undertaken by Taylor, I believe this work could have been developed into several manuscripts, or a series of articles. In its current form, chapters 8–10 seem more rushed than the rest of the work and could have benefitted from additional space to be flushed out in the detail they deserve. It is this later section that I believe could benefit the most from revision and expansion. (shrink)

This commentary argues against the indictment of current experimental practices such as piecemeal testing, and the proposed integrated experiment design (IED) approach, which we see as yet another attempt at automating scientific thinking. We identify a number of undesirable features of IED that lead us to believe that its broad application will hinder scientific progress.

Die Zeitlichkeit ist eine unhintergehbare Bestimmung endlicher Wesen. Schon begrifflich läßt sich die Zeitlichkeit nicht von der Endlichkeit trennen. Die Sukzession in der Zeit scheint für alles Bewußtsein konstitutiv zu sein. Die erfahrene Endlichkeit drückt sich in die phänomenale Wirklichkeit ein: - als ein Brandzeichen der Sterblichkeit und Vergänglichkeit. Es ist ihre Negativität, der scheinbar nichts zu entrinnen vermag. Sie ist die große Vernichterin allen Aufbauens und Gestaltens. Sie verbürgt schon vor allem Anfang das unausweichliche Ende: Die Niederlage vor ihrer (...) Gleichgültigkeit, in der jeder Moment von unterschiedsloser Bedeutung oder, was dasselbe ist, von keiner Bedeutung ist, geht jedem Sieg in der Zeit voran. (shrink)

Die Zeitlichkeit ist eine unhintergehbare Bestimmung endlicher Wesen. Schon begrifflich läßt sich die Zeitlichkeit nicht von der Endlichkeit trennen. Die Sukzession in der Zeit scheint für alles Bewußtsein konstitutiv zu sein. Die erfahrene Endlichkeit drückt sich in die phänomenale Wirklichkeit ein: - als ein Brandzeichen der Sterblichkeit und Vergänglichkeit. Es ist ihre Negativität, der scheinbar nichts zu entrinnen vermag. Sie ist die große Vernichterin allen Aufbauens und Gestaltens. Sie verbürgt schon vor allem Anfang das unausweichliche Ende: Die Niederlage vor ihrer (...) Gleichgültigkeit, in der jeder Moment von unterschiedsloser Bedeutung oder, was dasselbe ist, von keiner Bedeutung ist, geht jedem Sieg in der Zeit voran. (shrink)

Background Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare has raised significant ethical concerns. In pharmacy practice, AI offers promising advances but also poses ethical challenges. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on 501 pharmacy professionals. A 12-item online questionnaire assessed ethical concerns related to the adoption of AI in pharmacy practice. Demographic factors associated with ethical concerns were analyzed via SPSS v.27 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results Participants expressed concerns (...) about patient data privacy (58.9%), cybersecurity threats (58.9%), potential job displacement (62.9%), and lack of legal regulation (67.0%). Tech-savviness and basic AI understanding were correlated with higher concern scores (p < 0.001). Ethical implications include the need for informed consent, beneficence, justice, and transparency in the use of AI. Conclusion The findings emphasize the importance of ethical guidelines, education, and patient autonomy in adopting AI. Collaboration, data privacy, and equitable access are crucial to the responsible use of AI in pharmacy practice. (shrink)