From the contents: Culture, nationalism and philosophy (Sophie B. Oluwole).- The relationship between African and European philosophers: what it ought to be (Juergen Hengelbrock).- Against culture and the aliens of modernization: the case of Africa (Christian Neugebauer).- Elements democratiques dans les sagesses du Senegal (Massaer Diallo).- Democracy in an ethical community (Tobias J.G. Louw).

A new and comprehensive look at the reasons behind successful or failed nation building Nation Building presents bold new answers to an age-old question. Why is national integration achieved in some diverse countries, while others are destabilized by political inequality between ethnic groups, contentious politics, or even separatism and ethnic war? Traversing centuries and continents from early nineteenth-century Europe and Asia to Africa from the turn of the twenty-first century to today, Andreas Wimmer delves into the slow-moving forces that (...) encourage political alliances to stretch across ethnic divides and build national unity. Using datasets that cover the entire world and three pairs of case studies, Wimmer's theory of nation building focuses on slow-moving, generational processes: the spread of civil society organizations, linguistic assimilation, and the states' capacity to provide public goods. Wimmer contrasts Switzerland and Belgium to demonstrate how the early development of voluntary organizations enhanced nation building; he examines Botswana and Somalia to illustrate how providing public goods can bring diverse political constituencies together; and he shows that the differences between China and Russia indicate how a shared linguistic space may help build political alliances across ethnic boundaries. Wimmer then reveals, based on the statistical analysis of large-scale datasets, that these mechanisms are at work around the world and explain nation building better than competing arguments such as democratic governance or colonial legacies. He also shows that when political alliances crosscut ethnic divides and when most ethnic communities are represented at the highest levels of government, the general populace will identify with the nation and its symbols, further deepening national political integration. Offering a long-term historical perspective and global outlook, Nation Building sheds important new light on the challenges of political integration in diverse countries. (shrink)

John Cook Wilson is an important predecessor of contemporary knowledge first epistemologists: among other parallels, he claimed that knowledge is indefinable. We reconstruct four arguments for this claim discernible in his work, three of which find no clear analogues in contemporary discussions of knowledge first epistemology. We pay special attention to Cook Wilson’s view of the relation between knowledge and forms of thinking (like belief). Claims of Cook Wilson’s that support the indefinability of knowledge include: that knowledge, unlike belief, straddles (...) an active/passive divide; that, rather than entailing belief, knowledge excludes belief; and that understanding forms of thinking other than knowledge (such as belief) depends on understanding knowledge. Reflecting on Cook Wilson’s framework highlights underappreciated concerns relevant to any attempt to define knowledge. (shrink)

Richard Holton has drawn attention to a new semantic universal, according to which (almost) no natural language has contrafactive attitude verbs. This semantic universal is part of an asymmetry between factive and contrafactive attitude verbs. Whilst factives are abundant, contrafactives are scarce. We propose that this asymmetry is partly due to a difference in learnability. The meaning of contrafactives is significantly harder to learn than that of factives. We tested our hypothesis by conducting a computational experiment using an artificial neural (...) network. The results of this experiment support our hypothesis. (shrink)

forall x: Dortmund is an adaptation and German translation of forall x: Calgary. As such, it is a full-featured textbook on formal logic. It covers key notions of logic such as consequence and validity, the syntax of truth-functional (propositional) logic and truth-table semantics, the syntax of first-order (predicate) logic with identity and first-order interpretations, formalizing German in TFL and FOL, and Fitch-style natural deduction proof systems for both TFL and FOL. It also deals with some advanced topics such as the (...) syntax and (Kripke-)semantics of modal logic. The book is provided in PDF and in LaTeX source code. A booklet with solutions for the exercises in the book is available. (shrink)

Der Beitrag von Heinz Kimmerle reflektiert eine der bekanntesten Diskussionen um die Darstellungsform in der interkulturellen Philosophie: die der afrikanischen Philosophie, insbesondere der traditionell mündlich weitergegebenen “Sage Philosophy”. Jedoch geht dieser Beitrag weit über die oft gestellte Frage, ob mündliche Philosophie einfach verschriftlicht werden kann, hinaus. Kimmerle setzt sich mit der für das interkulturelle Philosophieren unausweichlichen Frage der Übersetzungsfunktion auseinander. Aufgrund der Kolonialgeschichte des Kontinents ist die Erhaltung und Wertschätzung lokaler Sprachen ein besonders kritischer Punkt und ein Mittel für (...) Philosophinnen und Philosophen, sich aus kolonialen Zwängen zu befreien. Der Schwerpunkt in diesem Beitrag liegt in der Behandlung von Sprichwörtern, die – wie der Autor zeigt – eine wichtige Rolle für das Philosophieren in einigen afrikanischen Kulturen spielen. Die wertvollen Eigenschaften der Sprichwörter sind ihre Überzeugungskraft und Bildhaftigkeit, die bei einer Übertragung in andere Sprachen oft verloren gehen. (shrink)

The focus on reflexive democracy offers a meaningful perspective to reintegrate the fragmented knowledge regarding politics again. This shows that democracy is a complex historico-political concept. Against this background, "representative democracy", "direct democracy", and "deliberative democracy", on the one hand, are no longer disconnected from each other. On the other hand, it becomes possible to articulate with greater precision what "internal opening", "transnational extension", and "civil complexity" of democracy nowadays mean. (edited).

Kant's general term 'categorical imperative' conceals two substantially different ethical principles namely (1) "the" fundamental principle of moral argumentation, called by kant "the principle of pure practical reason", and (2) "a" (one or more than one) procedure for testing maxims and norms for acting. this thesis of the two different functions of the categorical imperative is proved by a detailed systematic analysis of both kant's different formulas of the categorical imperative and kant's examination of four maxims in the "grundlegung".

Vorlesungen Kants über Metaphysik aus drei Semestern ist ein unveränderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1894. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernährung, Medizin und weiteren Genres. Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur. Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitäten erhältlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bücher neu und trägt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch für (...) die Zukunft bei. (shrink)

The present work critically examines two assumptions frequently stated by supporters of cognitive neuroenhancement. The first, explicitly methodological, assumption is the supposition of effective and side effect-free neuroenhancers. However, there is an evidence-based concern that the most promising drugs currently used for cognitive enhancement can be addictive. Furthermore, this work describes why the neuronal correlates of key cognitive concepts, such as learning and memory, are so deeply connected with mechanisms implicated in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour so that (...) modification of these systems may inevitably run the risk of addiction to the enhancing drugs. Such a potential risk of addiction could only be falsified by in-depth empirical research. The second, implicit, assumption is that research on neuroenhancement does not pose a serious moral problem. However, the potential for addiction, along with arguments related to research ethics and the potential social impact of neuroenhancement, could invalidate this assumption. It is suggested that ethical evaluation needs to consider the empirical data as well as the question of whether and how such empirical knowledge can be obtained. (shrink)

On a widely suggested knowledge-first account of belief, to believe p is to phi as if one knew p. I challenge this view by arguing against various regimentations of it. I conclude by generalizing my argument to alternative knowledge-first views suggested by Williamson and Wimmer.

This contribution to the special issue is an historical account of Paulo Freire’s pedagogical and administrative praxis before his forced exile in 1964. It relies on interviews collected during a field trip in 1976, a conversation with Paulo Freire in Geneva one year later and on the secondary literature up to date. Being the head of the first Extension Service of a major Brazilian university in the early 1960s gave Freire and his collaborators the space and time to experiment with (...) the today world famous literacy method bearing his name. The concept of ‘Field of Cultural Production’ (Bourdieu) is used to elucidate better Freire and his team’s avant-gardist production within the spaces opened up by Brazil’s popular movements in the early sixties. The contribution shows how the ‘Paulo Freire System’ developed in the praxis of a cultural movement and received its academic consecration in an incremental and eclectic style. (shrink)

Der Beitrag argumentiert, Designgegenstände im Licht der ästhetischen Tradition als der präzisesten Erkundung unseres sinnlich-rationalen und sozialen Wahrnehmungsapparats wahrzunehmen und zu problematisieren. Dadurch lassen sich ebenso Unterkomplexitäten in der Selbstbeschreibung des Designs begegnen, wie liebgewordene Routinen des ästhetischen Diskurses herausfordern. Was einst den systematischen Kern der ästhetischen Autonomieforderung bildete – Intensität der Wahrnehmung, Komplexität ihrer gedanklichen Prozessierung –, könnte heute gerade anhand des nicht als autonom und auch in manch anderer Hinsicht als unzuverlässig geltenden Designobjekts gefordert sein bzw. von diesem (...) getriggert werden. Entscheidender Bezugspunkt dabei ist eine Ästhetik gemischter Empfindungen jenseits der Standardwährungen ›schön‹ oder ›erhaben‹. (shrink)

The new world order is an order which is in the hands of the economic hegemony of capitalist countries. They design their market strategies beyond the authentic interests that have to do with the satisfaction of societal and individual needs. They organize a global market structure that fulfil..

This compelling book contains a comprehensive analytical treatment of the theory of production in a long-period framework. Although the authors take a 'Classical' approach to their subject, the scope of investigation and methods employed should interest all economic theorists. Professors Kurz and Salvadori explore economic systems that are characterised by a particular kind of primary input in the production process, such as different kinds of labour and natural resources. These systems and the corresponding prices can be understood to reflect characteristic (...) features of a capitalist market economy in an ideal way: they express the pure logic of the relationship between value and distribution in an economic system. Specific chapters deal with prices and income distribution, economic growth, joint production, fixed capital, scarce natural resources, and heterogeneous labour. The historical origins of the concepts used are also discussed in considerable detail. (shrink)

Fichte definiert in der Wissenschaftslehre von 1794 seinen kritischen Idealismus durch die Identität von Idealgrund und Realgrund. Identisch aber seien beide »im Begriffe der Wirksamkeit«, und deshalb »überall«, denn nur im Begriffe der Wirksamkeit komme ein Real-Grund vor. Dieser Definition bzw. dieser Identifizierung möchte ich im Folgenden nachgehen und andeutungsweise zeigen, inwiefern diese Identifizierung eine Vorgeschichte bei Kant und eine Nachgeschichte bei Schelling hat. Die Perspektive, in der dieser Problematik hier nachgegangen werden soll, ist die, dass es bei Fichte wie (...) schon bei Kant, aber auch bei Hegel und Schelling nicht nur um Selbstverhältnisse, sondern zugleich um Weltverhältnisse geht. Dass Selbstverhältnis und Weltverhältnis nur gemeinsam zu haben sind, könnte als die zentrale Einsicht des Deutschen Idealismus bezeichnet werden; dass aber Selbst- und Weltverhältnis im Grunde identisch sind, dies argumentativ und a priori aufzuzeigen ist Anliegen, Ziel und Inhalt von Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre. (shrink)