Results for ' input'

992 found
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  1. Input/output logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2000 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 29 (4):383-408.
    In a range of contexts, one comes across processes resembling inference, but where input propositions are not in general included among outputs, and the operation is not in any way reversible. Examples arise in contexts of conditional obligations, goals, ideals, preferences, actions, and beliefs. Our purpose is to develop a theory of such input/output operations. Four are singled out: simple-minded, basic (making intelligent use of disjunctive inputs), simple-minded reusable (in which outputs may be recycled as inputs), and basic (...)
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  2.  55
    Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives.Sébastien Mena & Guido Palazzo - 2012 - Business Ethics Quarterly 22 (3):527-556.
    In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is (...)
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  3.  22
    Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives.Sébastien Mena & Guido Palazzo - 2012 - Business Ethics Quarterly 22 (3):527-556.
    In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is (...)
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  4.  26
    Input and output in distributive theory.Nir Eyal & Anders Herlitz - 2023 - Noûs 57 (1):3-25.
    Distributive theories evaluate distributions of goods based on candidate recipients’ characteristics, e.g. how well off candidates are, how deserving they are, and whether they fare below sufficiency. But such characteristics vary across possible worlds, so distributive theories may differ in terms of the world which for them settles candidates’ characteristics. This paper examines how distributive theories differ in terms of whether candidate recipients’ relevant characteristics are grounded in the possible world that would take place if the distributor does not intervene (...)
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  5.  29
    Input/Output Logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2000 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 29 (4):383 - 408.
    In a range of contexts, one comes across processes resembling inference, but where input propositions are not in general included among outputs, and the operation is not in any way reversible. Examples arise in contexts of conditional obligations, goals, ideals, preferences, actions, and beliefs. Our purpose is to develop a theory of such input/output operations. Four are singled out: simple-minded, basic (making intelligent use of disjunctive inputs), simple-minded reusable (in which outputs may be recycled as inputs), and basic (...)
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  6.  85
    Permission from an Input/Output Perspective.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2003 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 32 (4):391 - 416.
    Input/output logics are abstract structures designed to represent conditional obligations and goals. In this paper we use them to study conditional permission. This perspective provides a clear separation of the familiar notion of negative permission from the more elusive one of positive permission. Moreover, it reveals that there are at least two kinds of positive permission. Although indistinguishable in the unconditional case, they are quite different in conditional contexts. One of them, which we call static positive permission, guides the (...)
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  7.  42
    Input and Age‐Dependent Variation in Second Language Learning: A Connectionist Account.Marius Janciauskas & Franklin Chang - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (S2):519-554.
    Language learning requires linguistic input, but several studies have found that knowledge of second language rules does not seem to improve with more language exposure. One reason for this is that previous studies did not factor out variation due to the different rules tested. To examine this issue, we reanalyzed grammaticality judgment scores in Flege, Yeni-Komshian, and Liu's study of L2 learners using rule-related predictors and found that, in addition to the overall drop in performance due to a sensitive (...)
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  8.  20
    Input and output transformations from magnitude estimation.Stanley J. Rule, Dwight W. Curtis & Robert P. Markley - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (3):343.
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  9.  78
    Moving and sensing without input and output: early nervous systems and the origins of the animal sensorimotor organization.Fred Keijzer - 2015 - Biology and Philosophy 30 (3):311-331.
    It remains a standing problem how and why the first nervous systems evolved. Molecular and genomic information is now rapidly accumulating but the macroscopic organization and functioning of early nervous systems remains unclear. To explore potential evolutionary options, a coordination centered view is discussed that diverges from a standard input–output view on early nervous systems. The scenario involved, the skin brain thesis, stresses the need to coordinate muscle-based motility at a very early stage. This paper addresses how this scenario (...)
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  10.  13
    Clustering Input Signals Based Identification Algorithms for Two-Input Single-Output Models with Autoregressive Moving Average Noises.Khalid Abd El Mageed Hag ElAmin - 2020 - Complexity 2020:1-12.
    This study focused on the identification problems of two-input single-output system with moving average noises based on unsupervised learning methods applied to the input signals. The input signal to the autoregressive moving average model is proposed to be arriving from a source with continuous technical and environmental changes as two separate featured input signals. These two input signals were grouped in a number of clusters using the K-means clustering algorithm. The clustered input signals were (...)
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  11. Input-Output Economics.Wassily Leontief - 1967 - Science and Society 31 (2):202-221.
    This collection of writings provides the only comprehensive introduction to the input-output model for which Leontief was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The structural approach to economics developed by Leontief, and known as input-output analysis, paved the way for the transformation of economics into a truly empirical discipline that could utilize modern data processing technology. This thoroughly revised second edition includes twenty essays--twelve of which are new to this edition--that reflect the past developments and the present state (...)
     
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  12.  98
    Constraints for Input/Output Logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2001 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 30 (2):155 - 185.
    In a previous paper we developed a general theory of input/output logics. These are operations resembling inference, but where inputs need not be included among outputs, and outputs need not be reusable as inputs. In the present paper we study what happens when they are constrained to render output consistent with input. This is of interest for deontic logic, where it provides a manner of handling contrary-to-duty obligations. Our procedure is to constrain the set of generators of the (...)
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  13.  27
    Input distribution influences degree of auxiliary use by children with specific language impairment.Laurence B. Leonard & Patricia Deevy - 2011 - Cognitive Linguistics 22 (2):247-273.
    Children with specific language impairment (SLI) show a protracted period of inconsistent use of tense/agreement morphemes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether this inconsistent use could be attributed to the children's misinterpretations of particular syntactic structures in the input. In Study 1, preschool-aged children with SLI and typically developing peers heard sentences containing novel verbs preceded by auxiliarywasor sentences in which the novel verb formed part of a nonfinite subject-verb sequence within a larger syntactic structure (e.g.We (...)
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  14.  45
    Going Beyond Input Quantity: Wh‐Questions Matter for Toddlers' Language and Cognitive Development.Meredith L. Rowe, Kathryn A. Leech & Natasha Cabrera - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S1):162-179.
    There are clear associations between the overall quantity of input children are exposed to and their vocabulary acquisition. However, by uncovering specific features of the input that matter, we can better understand the mechanisms involved in vocabulary learning. We examine whether exposure to wh-questions, a challenging quality of the communicative input, is associated with toddlers' vocabulary and later verbal reasoning skills in a sample of low-income, African-American fathers and their 24-month-old children. Dyads were videotaped in free play (...)
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  15.  4
    Input-Output Economics.Wassily Leontief (ed.) - 1986 - Oxford University Press USA.
    This collection of writings provides the only comprehensive introduction to the input-output model for which Leontief was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The structural approach to economics developed by Leontief, and known as input-output analysis, paved the way for the transformation of economics into a truly empirical discipline that could utilize modern data processing technology. This thoroughly revised second edition includes twenty essays--twelve of which are new to this edition--that reflect the past developments and the present state (...)
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  16.  53
    From Inputs to Beliefs.Ram Neta - 2022 - Analysis 82 (4):707-716.
    What you believe is typically responsive to what you perceive, what you recall, what inferences you’ve made and various other factors. Let’s use the term ‘input.
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  17. An Input Condition for Teleosemantics? Reply to Shea (and Godfrey-Smith).Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2007 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75 (2):436-455.
    In his essay "Consumers Need Information: Supplementing Teleosemantics with an Input Condition" (this issue) Nicholas Shea argues, with support from the work of Peter Godfrey-Smith (1996), that teleosemantics, as David Papinau and I have articulated it, cannot explain why "content attribution can be used to explain successful behavior." This failure is said to result from defining the intentional contents of representations by reference merely to historically normal conditions for success of their "outputs," that is, of their uses by interpreting (...)
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  18.  11
    Modeling Input Factors in Second Language Acquisition of the English Article Construction.Helen Zhao & Jason Fan - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Based on the Competition Model, the current study investigated how cue availability and cue reliability as two important input factors influenced second language (L2) learners' cue learning of the English article construction. Written corpus data of university-level Chinese-L1 learners of English were sampled for a comparison of English majors and non-English majors who demonstrated two levels of L2 competence in English article usage. The path model analysis in structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the relationship between the (...) factors and L2 usage (frequency and accuracy of article cue production). The findings contribute novel and scarce empirical evidence that confirms a central claim of the Competition Model, i.e., the changing importance of cue availability and cue reliability in the frequency and accuracy of production. Cue availability was found to determine L2 production frequency regardless of level of L2 competence. Cue reliability was the input factor that differentiated competence levels. When learners stayed at a relatively lower L2 proficiency, cue reliability played an important role in influencing L2 frequency of usage rather than accuracy of usage. When learners developed increased exposure to and stronger competence in the target language, cue reliability played a significant role in determining learners' success of cue learning. The study is methodologically innovative and expands the empirical applicability of the Competition Model to the domain of second language production and construction learning. (shrink)
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  19. The INPUT and faithfulness in OT syntax.Peter Sells - manuscript
    I consider some of the claims that have been made for and against the nature of the INPUT in OT syntax as developed within the assumptions of the Minimalist Program, leading to suggestions for further specification of the architecture of this approach. Comparing with the role of faithfulness in the OT approach developed from Lexical-Functional Grammar, I argue that specific linguistic analyses crucially involve reference to faithfulness constraints (MAX and DEP in correspondence-based OT) which apply across different parts of (...)
     
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  20.  7
    Input and output speed components of learning to learn.Jon G. Rogers - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (2p1):233.
  21.  41
    Adaptive Logic Characterizations of Input/Output Logic.Christian Straßer, Mathieu Beirlaen & Frederik Van De Putte - 2016 - Studia Logica 104 (5):869-916.
    We translate unconstrained and constrained input/output logics as introduced by Makinson and van der Torre to modal logics, using adaptive logics for the constrained case. The resulting reformulation has some additional benefits. First, we obtain a proof-theoretic characterization of input/output logics. Second, we demonstrate that our framework naturally gives rise to useful variants and allows to express important notions that go beyond the expressive means of input/output logics, such as violations and sanctions.
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  22. Inputs from Murdoch and Rosenberg for Philosophical Counselling.T. Raja Rosenhagen - 2023 - Philosophical Practice: Journal of the American Philosophical Practitioners Association 18 (1):3027-38.
    In this article, I suggest that combining resources from philosophy and psychology can yield useful tools for philosophical counselling. More specifically, I argue for three theses: a) Iris Murdoch’s notion of just attention and Marshall Rosenberg’s method of non-violent communication are interestingly compatible; b) engaging in non-violent communication serves to support one’s endeavors to acquire the kind of clear vision Murdoch thinks doing well by others requires; and c) non-violent just communication would be beneficial to both counsellors and counselees and (...)
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  23.  21
    Input order and output interference in organized recall.Anderson D. Smith - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 100 (1):147.
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  24.  31
    Input and output interference in short-term associative memory.Endel Tulving & Tannis Y. Arbuckle - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (1):145.
  25.  25
    Visual input signaling threat gains preferential access to awareness in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm.Surya Gayet, Chris L. E. Paffen, Artem V. Belopolsky, Jan Theeuwes & Stefan Van der Stigchel - 2016 - Cognition 149 (C):77-83.
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  26.  18
    Probabilistic-Input, Noisy Conjunctive Models for Cognitive Diagnosis.Peida Zhan, Wen-Chung Wang, Hong Jiao & Yufang Bian - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  27. Neuronal Integration of Synaptic Input in the Fluctuation- Driven Regime.Alexandre Kuhn - unknown
    During sensory stimulation, visual cortical neurons undergo massive synaptic bombardment. This increases their input conductance, and action potentials mainly result from membrane potential fluctuations. To understand the response properties of neurons operating in this regime, we studied a model neuron with synaptic inputs represented by transient membrane conductance changes. We show that with a simultaneous increase of excitation and inhibition, the firing rate first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases at higher input rates. Comodulation of excitation and (...)
     
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  28. Making Sense of Raw Input.Richard Evans, Matko Bošnjak, Lars Buesing, Kevin Ellis, David Pfau, Pushmeet Kohli & Marek Sergot - 2021 - Artificial Intelligence 299 (C):103521.
    How should a machine intelligence perform unsupervised structure discovery over streams of sensory input? One approach to this problem is to cast it as an apperception task [1]. Here, the task is to construct an explicit interpretable theory that both explains the sensory sequence and also satisfies a set of unity conditions, designed to ensure that the constituents of the theory are connected in a relational structure. However, the original formulation of the apperception task had one fundamental limitation: it (...)
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  29.  6
    The Input Matters: Assessing Cumulative Language Access in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals and Populations.Matthew L. Hall - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  30.  47
    The Brain as an Input–Output Model of the World.Oron Shagrir - 2018 - Minds and Machines 28 (1):53-75.
    An underlying assumption in computational approaches in cognitive and brain sciences is that the nervous system is an input–output model of the world: Its input–output functions mirror certain relations in the target domains. I argue that the input–output modelling assumption plays distinct methodological and explanatory roles. Methodologically, input–output modelling serves to discover the computed function from environmental cues. Explanatorily, input–output modelling serves to account for the appropriateness of the computed function to the explanandum information-processing task. (...)
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  31. Environmental science input to public policy.Paul R. Ehrlich - 2006 - Social Research: An International Quarterly 73 (3):915-948.
    This paper details many ways in which this input has been inadequate, especially during the Bush administration. It also recounts examples of successful use of scientific inputs, and discussed the reasons for both successes and failures. Then it proposes ways to accomplish the critical task of seeing to it that science is properly considered in the policy process.
     
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  32.  8
    Reader Input Sought Regarding Print and Ebook Versions.Stephan Kinsella - unknown
    As discussed previously (see Libertarian Papers, Vol. 3, Part 1 Now Available in Print and Ebook), we recently decided to start offering Paper and Ebook Versions of Libertarian Papers articles, by occasionally collecting them into Parts (like issues) and offered for sale in print versions and epub versions on the major epub retailers. We did [...].
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  33.  20
    Coding and varied input versus repetition in human memory.Henry C. Ellis, Frederick J. Parente & Craig W. Walker - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (2):284.
  34.  9
    Spanish input accelerates bilingual infants' segmentation of English words.Victoria Mateu & Megha Sundara - 2022 - Cognition 218 (C):104936.
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  35.  2
    Quantifying Talker Variability in North-American Infants' Daily Input.Federica Bulgarelli, Jeff Mielke & Elika Bergelson - 2021 - Cognitive Science 46 (1):e13075.
    Words sound slightly different each time they are said, both by the same talker and across talkers. Rather than hurting learning, lab studies suggest that talker variability helps infants learn similar sounding words. However, very little is known about how much variability infants hear within a single talker or across talkers in naturalistic input. Here, we quantified these types of talker variability for highly frequent words spoken to 44 infants, from naturalistic recordings sampled longitudinally over a year of life (...)
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  36. Nominalist input not at all? The dispensability of the vacuum in mereology.Vincenzo Latronico - 2009 - Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia 64 (1):63 - +.
     
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  37.  24
    Input-to-State Stability of Nonlinear Switched Systems via Lyapunov Method Involving Indefinite Derivative.Peng Li, Xiaodi Li & Jinde Cao - 2018 - Complexity 2018:1-8.
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  38.  7
    The relative input of payoffs and probabilities into risk judgment.Joanna Sokolowska & Agata Michalaszek - 2010 - Polish Psychological Bulletin 41 (2):46-51.
    The relative input of payoffs and probabilities into risk judgment The study was designed to investigate the relative input of payoffs and probabilities into risk judgment on the basis of the analysis of information search pattern. The modified version of MouselabWeb software was used as an investigative tool. The amount, the kind and the order of information accessed by subjects to evaluate risk was collected from ordinary respondents and respondents trained in mathematics and statistics. In the latter group (...)
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  39. Making Sense of Sensory Input.Richard Evans, José Hernández-Orallo, Johannes Welbl, Pushmeet Kohli & Marek Sergot - 2021 - Artificial Intelligence 293 (C):103438.
    This paper attempts to answer a central question in unsupervised learning: what does it mean to “make sense” of a sensory sequence? In our formalization, making sense involves constructing a symbolic causal theory that both explains the sensory sequence and also satisfies a set of unity conditions. The unity conditions insist that the constituents of the causal theory – objects, properties, and laws – must be integrated into a coherent whole. On our account, making sense of sensory input is (...)
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  40.  16
    Attentional input gating as a mechanism of pro-active response slowing.Langford Zachary, Krebs Ruth, Talsma Durk, Woldorff Marty & Boehler C. - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
  41.  4
    Input and Processing Factors Affecting Infants’ Vocabulary Size at 19 and 25 Months.Jae Yung Song, Katherine Demuth & James Morgan - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  42. On the Input of a Measurement Process.Luca Mari & Alessandro Giordani - 2015 - Journal of Physics: Conference Series 588:1-6.
    It is assumed sometimes that the input of a measurement, and therefore the entity with which a measuring system interacts, is a quantity value, possibly the (true) measurand value, and from this hypothesis the model of ideal measurement as an identity process is formulated. In this paper we show that this position is based on an inappropriate superposition of quantities and quantity values, and therefore should be discarded.
     
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  43. `No input, no output' logic.Scott Lehmann - 2001 - In Karel Lambert, Edgar Morscher & Alexander Hieke (eds.), New Essays in Free Logic: In Honour of Karel Lambert. Norwell, Mass: Kluwer. pp. 147-155.
     
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  44.  18
    Coding modality vs. input modality in hypermnesia: Is a rose a rose a rose?Matthew Hugh Erdelyi, Shira Finkelstein, Nadeanne Herrel, Bruce Miller & Jane Thomas - 1976 - Cognition 4 (4):311-319.
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  45.  29
    Memory for unattended input.Jonathan C. Davis & Marilyn C. Smith - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (2):380.
  46.  8
    Integration of Convergent Sensorimotor Inputs Within Spinal Reflex Circuits in Healthy Adults.Alejandro J. Lopez, Jiang Xu, Maruf M. Hoque, Carly McMullen, Trisha M. Kesar & Michael R. Borich - 2020 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14.
    The output from motor neuron pools is influenced by the integration of synaptic inputs originating from descending corticomotor and spinal reflex pathways. In this study, using paired non-invasive brain and peripheral nerve stimulation, we investigated how descending corticomotor pathways influence the physiologic recruitment order of the soleus Hoffmann reflex. Eleven neurologically unimpaired adults completed an assessment of transcranial magnetic stimulation -conditioning of the soleus H-reflex over a range of peripheral nerve stimulation intensities. Unconditioned H-reflex recruitment curves were obtained by delivering (...)
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  47.  23
    Input-driven behavior: One extreme of the multisensory perceptual continuum.Kelvin S. Oie & John J. Jeka - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2):232-233.
    The propositions that the senses are separate and that the global array may be sufficient for adequate perception are questioned. There is evidence that certain tasks may be primarily but these are a special case along the behavioral continuum. Many tasks involve sensory information that is ambiguous, and other sources of information may be required for adequate perception.
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  48. On the input problem for massive modularity.John M. Collins - 2004 - Minds and Machines 15 (1):1-22.
    Jerry Fodor argues that the massive modularity thesis – the claim that (human) cognition is wholly served by domain specific, autonomous computational devices, i.e., modules – is a priori incoherent, self-defeating. The thesis suffers from what Fodor dubs the input problem: the function of a given module (proprietarily understood) in a wholly modular system presupposes non-modular processes. It will be argued that massive modularity suffers from no such a priori problem. Fodor, however, also offers what he describes as a (...)
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  49.  6
    Multimedia Input and Bilingual Children’s Language Learning.He Sun & Bin Yin - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  50.  17
    Mode of input effects on subject-controlled processes.Carl E. McFarland & George Kellas - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (2):343.
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