Results for ' input'

992 found
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  1.  90
    From Inputs to Beliefs.Ram Neta - 2022 - Analysis 82 (4):707-716.
    What you believe is typically responsive to what you perceive, what you recall, what inferences you’ve made and various other factors. Let’s use the term ‘input.
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  2.  22
    Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives.Sébastien Mena & Guido Palazzo - 2012 - Business Ethics Quarterly 22 (3):527-556.
    In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is (...)
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  3.  55
    Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives.Sébastien Mena & Guido Palazzo - 2012 - Business Ethics Quarterly 22 (3):527-556.
    In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is (...)
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  4. Input/output logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2000 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 29 (4):383-408.
    In a range of contexts, one comes across processes resembling inference, but where input propositions are not in general included among outputs, and the operation is not in any way reversible. Examples arise in contexts of conditional obligations, goals, ideals, preferences, actions, and beliefs. Our purpose is to develop a theory of such input/output operations. Four are singled out: simple-minded, basic (making intelligent use of disjunctive inputs), simple-minded reusable (in which outputs may be recycled as inputs), and basic (...)
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  5.  29
    Input/Output Logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2000 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 29 (4):383 - 408.
    In a range of contexts, one comes across processes resembling inference, but where input propositions are not in general included among outputs, and the operation is not in any way reversible. Examples arise in contexts of conditional obligations, goals, ideals, preferences, actions, and beliefs. Our purpose is to develop a theory of such input/output operations. Four are singled out: simple-minded, basic (making intelligent use of disjunctive inputs), simple-minded reusable (in which outputs may be recycled as inputs), and basic (...)
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  6.  74
    Constraints for Input/Output Logics.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2001 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 30 (2):155 - 185.
    In a previous paper we developed a general theory of input/output logics. These are operations resembling inference, but where inputs need not be included among outputs, and outputs need not be reusable as inputs. In the present paper we study what happens when they are constrained to render output consistent with input. This is of interest for deontic logic, where it provides a manner of handling contrary-to-duty obligations. Our procedure is to constrain the set of generators of the (...)
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  7.  11
    Modeling Input Factors in Second Language Acquisition of the English Article Construction.Helen Zhao & Jason Fan - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Based on the Competition Model, the current study investigated how cue availability and cue reliability as two important input factors influenced second language (L2) learners' cue learning of the English article construction. Written corpus data of university-level Chinese-L1 learners of English were sampled for a comparison of English majors and non-English majors who demonstrated two levels of L2 competence in English article usage. The path model analysis in structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the relationship between the (...) factors and L2 usage (frequency and accuracy of article cue production). The findings contribute novel and scarce empirical evidence that confirms a central claim of the Competition Model, i.e., the changing importance of cue availability and cue reliability in the frequency and accuracy of production. Cue availability was found to determine L2 production frequency regardless of level of L2 competence. Cue reliability was the input factor that differentiated competence levels. When learners stayed at a relatively lower L2 proficiency, cue reliability played an important role in influencing L2 frequency of usage rather than accuracy of usage. When learners developed increased exposure to and stronger competence in the target language, cue reliability played a significant role in determining learners' success of cue learning. The study is methodologically innovative and expands the empirical applicability of the Competition Model to the domain of second language production and construction learning. (shrink)
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  8.  27
    Input and Age‐Dependent Variation in Second Language Learning: A Connectionist Account.Marius Janciauskas & Franklin Chang - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (S2):519-554.
    Language learning requires linguistic input, but several studies have found that knowledge of second language rules does not seem to improve with more language exposure. One reason for this is that previous studies did not factor out variation due to the different rules tested. To examine this issue, we reanalyzed grammaticality judgment scores in Flege, Yeni-Komshian, and Liu's study of L2 learners using rule-related predictors and found that, in addition to the overall drop in performance due to a sensitive (...)
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  9. An Input Condition for Teleosemantics? Reply to Shea (and Godfrey-Smith).Ruth Garrett Millikan - 2007 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75 (2):436-455.
    In his essay "Consumers Need Information: Supplementing Teleosemantics with an Input Condition" (this issue) Nicholas Shea argues, with support from the work of Peter Godfrey-Smith (1996), that teleosemantics, as David Papinau and I have articulated it, cannot explain why "content attribution can be used to explain successful behavior." This failure is said to result from defining the intentional contents of representations by reference merely to historically normal conditions for success of their "outputs," that is, of their uses by interpreting (...)
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  10.  20
    Input and output transformations from magnitude estimation.Stanley J. Rule, Dwight W. Curtis & Robert P. Markley - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (3):343.
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  11.  27
    Input distribution influences degree of auxiliary use by children with specific language impairment.Laurence B. Leonard & Patricia Deevy - 2011 - Cognitive Linguistics 22 (2):247-273.
    Children with specific language impairment (SLI) show a protracted period of inconsistent use of tense/agreement morphemes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether this inconsistent use could be attributed to the children's misinterpretations of particular syntactic structures in the input. In Study 1, preschool-aged children with SLI and typically developing peers heard sentences containing novel verbs preceded by auxiliarywasor sentences in which the novel verb formed part of a nonfinite subject-verb sequence within a larger syntactic structure (e.g.We (...)
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  12.  26
    Input and output in distributive theory.Nir Eyal & Anders Herlitz - 2023 - Noûs 57 (1):3-25.
    Distributive theories evaluate distributions of goods based on candidate recipients’ characteristics, e.g. how well off candidates are, how deserving they are, and whether they fare below sufficiency. But such characteristics vary across possible worlds, so distributive theories may differ in terms of the world which for them settles candidates’ characteristics. This paper examines how distributive theories differ in terms of whether candidate recipients’ relevant characteristics are grounded in the possible world that would take place if the distributor does not intervene (...)
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  13. Inputs from Murdoch and Rosenberg for Philosophical Counselling.T. Raja Rosenhagen - 2023 - Philosophical Practice: Journal of the American Philosophical Practitioners Association 18 (1):3027-38.
    In this article, I suggest that combining resources from philosophy and psychology can yield useful tools for philosophical counselling. More specifically, I argue for three theses: a) Iris Murdoch’s notion of just attention and Marshall Rosenberg’s method of non-violent communication are interestingly compatible; b) engaging in non-violent communication serves to support one’s endeavors to acquire the kind of clear vision Murdoch thinks doing well by others requires; and c) non-violent just communication would be beneficial to both counsellors and counselees and (...)
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  14.  78
    Moving and sensing without input and output: early nervous systems and the origins of the animal sensorimotor organization.Fred Keijzer - 2015 - Biology and Philosophy 30 (3):311-331.
    It remains a standing problem how and why the first nervous systems evolved. Molecular and genomic information is now rapidly accumulating but the macroscopic organization and functioning of early nervous systems remains unclear. To explore potential evolutionary options, a coordination centered view is discussed that diverges from a standard input–output view on early nervous systems. The scenario involved, the skin brain thesis, stresses the need to coordinate muscle-based motility at a very early stage. This paper addresses how this scenario (...)
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  15. Input-Output Economics.Wassily Leontief - 1967 - Science and Society 31 (2):202-221.
    This collection of writings provides the only comprehensive introduction to the input-output model for which Leontief was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The structural approach to economics developed by Leontief, and known as input-output analysis, paved the way for the transformation of economics into a truly empirical discipline that could utilize modern data processing technology. This thoroughly revised second edition includes twenty essays--twelve of which are new to this edition--that reflect the past developments and the present state (...)
     
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  16.  41
    Adaptive Logic Characterizations of Input/Output Logic.Christian Straßer, Mathieu Beirlaen & Frederik Van De Putte - 2016 - Studia Logica 104 (5):869-916.
    We translate unconstrained and constrained input/output logics as introduced by Makinson and van der Torre to modal logics, using adaptive logics for the constrained case. The resulting reformulation has some additional benefits. First, we obtain a proof-theoretic characterization of input/output logics. Second, we demonstrate that our framework naturally gives rise to useful variants and allows to express important notions that go beyond the expressive means of input/output logics, such as violations and sanctions.
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  17.  58
    Permission from an Input/Output Perspective.David Makinson & Leendert van der Torre - 2003 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 32 (4):391 - 416.
    Input/output logics are abstract structures designed to represent conditional obligations and goals. In this paper we use them to study conditional permission. This perspective provides a clear separation of the familiar notion of negative permission from the more elusive one of positive permission. Moreover, it reveals that there are at least two kinds of positive permission. Although indistinguishable in the unconditional case, they are quite different in conditional contexts. One of them, which we call static positive permission, guides the (...)
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  18.  4
    Input-Output Economics.Wassily Leontief (ed.) - 1986 - Oxford University Press USA.
    This collection of writings provides the only comprehensive introduction to the input-output model for which Leontief was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The structural approach to economics developed by Leontief, and known as input-output analysis, paved the way for the transformation of economics into a truly empirical discipline that could utilize modern data processing technology. This thoroughly revised second edition includes twenty essays--twelve of which are new to this edition--that reflect the past developments and the present state (...)
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  19.  21
    Input order and output interference in organized recall.Anderson D. Smith - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 100 (1):147.
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  20.  6
    The Input Matters: Assessing Cumulative Language Access in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals and Populations.Matthew L. Hall - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  21. The INPUT and faithfulness in OT syntax.Peter Sells - manuscript
    I consider some of the claims that have been made for and against the nature of the INPUT in OT syntax as developed within the assumptions of the Minimalist Program, leading to suggestions for further specification of the architecture of this approach. Comparing with the role of faithfulness in the OT approach developed from Lexical-Functional Grammar, I argue that specific linguistic analyses crucially involve reference to faithfulness constraints (MAX and DEP in correspondence-based OT) which apply across different parts of (...)
     
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  22. Input Democracy.Robert E. Goodin - 2003 - In Reflective democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
    This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone a ‘voice’, rather than necessarily an equal ‘say’ over the ultimate outcome, and stands in contrast to ‘output democracy’. The two terms mark a distinction between a concern with the early and late stages of the political process, and can be viewed as who gets a vote versus how votes are aggregated; they are, of course, causally connected; while the (...)
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  23.  13
    Clustering Input Signals Based Identification Algorithms for Two-Input Single-Output Models with Autoregressive Moving Average Noises.Khalid Abd El Mageed Hag ElAmin - 2020 - Complexity 2020:1-12.
    This study focused on the identification problems of two-input single-output system with moving average noises based on unsupervised learning methods applied to the input signals. The input signal to the autoregressive moving average model is proposed to be arriving from a source with continuous technical and environmental changes as two separate featured input signals. These two input signals were grouped in a number of clusters using the K-means clustering algorithm. The clustered input signals were (...)
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  24.  42
    Going Beyond Input Quantity: Wh‐Questions Matter for Toddlers' Language and Cognitive Development.Meredith L. Rowe, Kathryn A. Leech & Natasha Cabrera - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S1):162-179.
    There are clear associations between the overall quantity of input children are exposed to and their vocabulary acquisition. However, by uncovering specific features of the input that matter, we can better understand the mechanisms involved in vocabulary learning. We examine whether exposure to wh-questions, a challenging quality of the communicative input, is associated with toddlers' vocabulary and later verbal reasoning skills in a sample of low-income, African-American fathers and their 24-month-old children. Dyads were videotaped in free play (...)
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  25.  25
    Visual input signaling threat gains preferential access to awareness in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm.Surya Gayet, Chris L. E. Paffen, Artem V. Belopolsky, Jan Theeuwes & Stefan Van der Stigchel - 2016 - Cognition 149 (C):77-83.
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  26.  47
    The Brain as an Input–Output Model of the World.Oron Shagrir - 2018 - Minds and Machines 28 (1):53-75.
    An underlying assumption in computational approaches in cognitive and brain sciences is that the nervous system is an input–output model of the world: Its input–output functions mirror certain relations in the target domains. I argue that the input–output modelling assumption plays distinct methodological and explanatory roles. Methodologically, input–output modelling serves to discover the computed function from environmental cues. Explanatorily, input–output modelling serves to account for the appropriateness of the computed function to the explanandum information-processing task. (...)
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  27. On the input problem for massive modularity.John M. Collins - 2004 - Minds and Machines 15 (1):1-22.
    Jerry Fodor argues that the massive modularity thesis – the claim that (human) cognition is wholly served by domain specific, autonomous computational devices, i.e., modules – is a priori incoherent, self-defeating. The thesis suffers from what Fodor dubs the input problem: the function of a given module (proprietarily understood) in a wholly modular system presupposes non-modular processes. It will be argued that massive modularity suffers from no such a priori problem. Fodor, however, also offers what he describes as a (...)
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  28.  24
    Input-to-State Stability of Nonlinear Switched Systems via Lyapunov Method Involving Indefinite Derivative.Peng Li, Xiaodi Li & Jinde Cao - 2018 - Complexity 2018:1-8.
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  29.  4
    Input and Processing Factors Affecting Infants’ Vocabulary Size at 19 and 25 Months.Jae Yung Song, Katherine Demuth & James Morgan - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  30.  29
    Memory for unattended input.Jonathan C. Davis & Marilyn C. Smith - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (2):380.
  31.  31
    Input and output interference in short-term associative memory.Endel Tulving & Tannis Y. Arbuckle - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (1):145.
  32. Neuronal Integration of Synaptic Input in the Fluctuation- Driven Regime.Alexandre Kuhn - unknown
    During sensory stimulation, visual cortical neurons undergo massive synaptic bombardment. This increases their input conductance, and action potentials mainly result from membrane potential fluctuations. To understand the response properties of neurons operating in this regime, we studied a model neuron with synaptic inputs represented by transient membrane conductance changes. We show that with a simultaneous increase of excitation and inhibition, the firing rate first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases at higher input rates. Comodulation of excitation and (...)
     
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  33. Making Sense of Raw Input.Richard Evans, Matko Bošnjak, Lars Buesing, Kevin Ellis, David Pfau, Pushmeet Kohli & Marek Sergot - 2021 - Artificial Intelligence 299 (C):103521.
    How should a machine intelligence perform unsupervised structure discovery over streams of sensory input? One approach to this problem is to cast it as an apperception task [1]. Here, the task is to construct an explicit interpretable theory that both explains the sensory sequence and also satisfies a set of unity conditions, designed to ensure that the constituents of the theory are connected in a relational structure. However, the original formulation of the apperception task had one fundamental limitation: it (...)
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  34.  14
    Public Input Into Health Care Policy: Controversy and Contribution in California.Treacy Colbert - 1990 - Hastings Center Report 20 (5):21-21.
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  35.  21
    Transnational Representation in Global Labour Governance and the Politics of Input Legitimacy.Juliane Reinecke & Jimmy Donaghey - 2022 - Business Ethics Quarterly 32 (3):438-474.
    Private governance raises important questions about democratic representation. Rule making is rarely based on electoral authorisation by those in whose name rules are made—typically a requirement for democratic legitimacy. This requires revisiting the role of representation in input legitimacy in transnational governance, which remains underdeveloped. Focussing on private labour governance, we contrast two approaches to the transnational representation of worker interests in global supply chains: non-governmental organisations providing representative claims versus trade unions providing representative structures. Studying the Bangladesh Accord (...)
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  36.  8
    Input and output speed components of learning to learn.Jon G. Rogers - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (2p1):233.
  37. Making Sense of Sensory Input.Richard Evans, José Hernández-Orallo, Johannes Welbl, Pushmeet Kohli & Marek Sergot - 2021 - Artificial Intelligence 293 (C):103438.
    This paper attempts to answer a central question in unsupervised learning: what does it mean to “make sense” of a sensory sequence? In our formalization, making sense involves constructing a symbolic causal theory that both explains the sensory sequence and also satisfies a set of unity conditions. The unity conditions insist that the constituents of the causal theory – objects, properties, and laws – must be integrated into a coherent whole. On our account, making sense of sensory input is (...)
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  38.  18
    Probabilistic-Input, Noisy Conjunctive Models for Cognitive Diagnosis.Peida Zhan, Wen-Chung Wang, Hong Jiao & Yufang Bian - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  39.  8
    Reader Input Sought Regarding Print and Ebook Versions.Stephan Kinsella - unknown
    As discussed previously (see Libertarian Papers, Vol. 3, Part 1 Now Available in Print and Ebook), we recently decided to start offering Paper and Ebook Versions of Libertarian Papers articles, by occasionally collecting them into Parts (like issues) and offered for sale in print versions and epub versions on the major epub retailers. We did [...].
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  40. Nominalist input not at all? The dispensability of the vacuum in mereology.Vincenzo Latronico - 2009 - Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia 64 (1):63 - +.
     
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  41.  18
    Input-output relations in goal-directed actions.M. Jeannerod - 1981 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 (4):628-629.
  42.  17
    Obscure input for sensory analysis: Peripheral information processing is a dynamic entity.M. Järvilehto - 1988 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (2):298-299.
  43.  4
    Correlations Between Input and Output Units in Neural Networks.Norman D. Cook - 1995 - Cognitive Science 19 (4):563-574.
    Correlation analyses of recent back‐propagation neural networks show that network results are due to imbalances in stimulus input. Conclusions concerning the effects of receptive field size, hemispheric specialization, and other issues of relevance to psychology cannot therefore be drawn until the dominating effects of low‐level correlations are removed. Statistical techniques for evaluating the stimulus materials for neural networks are introduced.
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  44.  35
    Input limitations for cortical combination-sensitive neurons coding stop-consonants?Christoph E. Schreiner - 1998 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (2):284-284.
    A tendency of auditory cortical neurons to respond at the beginning of major transitions in sounds rather than providing a continuously updated spectral-temporal profile may impede the generation of combination-sensitivity for certain classes of stimuli. Potential consequences of the cortical encoding of voiced stop-consonants on representational principles derived from orderly output constraints are discussed.
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  45.  23
    Shallow input processing does not induce environmental context-dependent recognition.Steven M. Smith, Edward Vela & John E. Williamson - 1988 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (6):537-540.
  46.  15
    Somatosensory inputs by application of KinesioTaping: effects on spasticity, balance, and gait in chronic spinal cord injury.Federica Tamburella, Giorgio Scivoletto & Marco Molinari - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
  47.  10
    Input on output.Eric A. Stone - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (4):561.
  48.  6
    Mechanism of input selection in selective perceptual processing of the accepted message in a dichotic auditory presentation.Richard J. Rindner - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (4):805.
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  49. On the Input of a Measurement Process.Luca Mari & Alessandro Giordani - 2015 - Journal of Physics: Conference Series 588:1-6.
    It is assumed sometimes that the input of a measurement, and therefore the entity with which a measuring system interacts, is a quantity value, possibly the (true) measurand value, and from this hypothesis the model of ideal measurement as an identity process is formulated. In this paper we show that this position is based on an inappropriate superposition of quantities and quantity values, and therefore should be discarded.
     
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  50. `No input, no output' logic.Scott Lehmann - 2001 - In Edgar Morscher & Alexander Hieke (eds.), New Essays in Free Logic: In Honour of Karel Lambert. Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer. pp. 147-155.
     
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