Human germline gene editing constitutes an extremely promising technology; at the same time, however, it raises remarkable ethical, legal, and social issues. Although many of these issues have been largely explored by the academic literature, there are gender issues embedded in the process that have not received the attention they deserve. This paper examines ways in which this new tool necessarily affects males and females differently—both in rewards and perils. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need to include (...) these gender issues in the current debate, before giving a green light to this new technology. (shrink)

A sustainable supply chain management strategy reduces risks and meets environmental, economic and social objectives by integrating environmental and financial practices. In an ever-changing environment, supply chains have become vulnerable at many levels. In a global supply chain, carefully tracing a product is of great importance to avoid future problems. This paper describes a self-updating smart contract, which includes data validation, for tracing global supply chains using blockchains. Our proposal uses a machine learning model to detect anomalies on traceable data, (...) which helps supply chain operators detect anomalous behavior at any point in the chain in real time. Hyperledger Caliper has been used to evaluate our proposal, and obtained a combined average throughput of 184 transactions per second and an average latency of 0.41 seconds, ensuring that our proposal does not negatively impact supply chain processes while improving supply chain management through data anomaly detection. (shrink)

El propósito del presente trabajo es identificar y describir las influencias discursivo-hegemónicas en el fenómeno educativo contemporáneo, sus sincronías y disonancias. Para el análisis se parte de las perspectivas del ejercicio de la filosofía que ofrecen varios autores, principalmente la que expone Alain Badiou de sutura filosófica, esto para sintetizar las imbricaciones entre ciencia y política y mostrar cómo constituyen su organización de subjetividades y prácticas al interior del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se exponen esas imbricaciones y cómo se articulan los (...) conceptos (competencias, eficacia, éxito), suturas (tecnocracia pospolítica) y tendencias (paradigma sociotécnico y cultura digital) como una manera de explicar y describir como influyen en la lógica educativa actual. Finalmente, se enmarca una posible tendencia que el análisis de estos elementos ofreció, una pedagogía instruccionista en la cual la operatividad exitosa de la información es el factor determinante. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is to examine the ‘Code of Ethics Quality’ (CEQ) in the largest companies of Australia, Canada and the United States. For this purpose, a proposed CEQ construct has been applied. It appears from the empirical findings that while Australia, Canada and the United States are extremely similar in their economic and social development, there may well be distinct cultural mores and issues that are forming their business ethics practices. A research implication derived from the performed (...) research is that the construct provides a selection of observable and measurable elements in the context of CEQ. The construct of CEQ consists of nine measures divided into two dimensions (i.e. staff support and regulation). They should not be seen as a complete list. On the contrary, it is encouraged that others propose and elaborate revisions and extensions. A practical implication of this paper is a structure of what and how to examine the CEQ in a managerial setting. It may assist companies in their efforts to establish, maintain and improve their ethical culture, norms and beliefs within the organization and supporting them in their ethical business practices with different stakeholders in the marketplace and society. The dimensions and measures of the construct may be used as a frame of reference for further research. They may be useful and applicable across contexts and over time using similar samples when it comes to large companies, as small‐ or medium‐sized ones may not have considered all areas nor have the elements in place. This is a research limitation, but it provides an opportunity for further research. (shrink)

O Índex Auctorum Damnatae Memoriae é, tal como todos os índices de livros proibidos posteriores a 1564, herdeiro do índice tridentino. O cotejo estabelecido entre os dois índices ibéricos de 1612 e 1624 e o documento apresentado reforçam a ideia de que o índice de 1624 tem sido erroneamente apelidado de jesuítico. Esta acusação, nascida da campanha pombalina contra a Companhia de Jesus, amplificada no século XIX, aceite no século XX e de que ainda se vive no século XXI, carece (...) de fundamentação objectiva. (shrink)

João Galrão, fundador de uma das mais importantes oficinas tipográficas na Lisboa do século XVII, possuía quatro marcas tipográficas, as quais apresentam como característica comum a presença das suas iniciais – IG. Se muitas das espécies produzidas na oficina de João Galrão ostentam, no rosto ou no cólofon, a marca do impressor, após a sua morte, a situação altera-se. António Pedroso Galrão, sobrinho e continuador do impressor João Galrão, utilizou, até meados do século XVIII, o material tipográfico da oficina de (...) seu tio, reduzindo as marcas tipográficas a uma função meramente decorativa. Curiosamente, em contrafacções estampadas na sua oficina tipográfica, não se coibiu de as utilizar, deixando a sua marca identificadora. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to test the embeddedness of codes of ethics (ECE) in organizations on aggregated data from three countries, namely Australia, Canada and the United States. The properties of four constructs of ECE are described and tested, including surveillance/training, internal communication, external communication and guidance. The data analysis shows that the model has satisfactory fit, validity and reliability. Furthermore, the results are fairly consistent when tested on each of the three samples (i.e. cross-national validation). This cross-national (...) study makes a contribution beyond previous descriptive or exploratory studies by using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Nevertheless, a number of limitations are raised, all of which provide opportunities for further research in refining, extending and testing the proposed ECE model in other cultural and corporate settings. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to test the embeddedness of codes of ethics (ECE) in organizations on aggregated data from three countries, namely Australia, Canada and the United States. The properties of four constructs of ECE are described and tested, including surveillance/training, internal communication, external communication and guidance. The data analysis shows that the model has satisfactory fit, validity and reliability. Furthermore, the results are fairly consistent when tested on each of the three samples (i.e. cross‐national validation). This cross‐national (...) study makes a contribution beyond previous descriptive or exploratory studies by using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Nevertheless, a number of limitations are raised, all of which provide opportunities for further research in refining, extending and testing the proposed ECE model in other cultural and corporate settings. (shrink)

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

The fundamental task of Filosofía de la realidad histórica (Philosophy of Historical Reality) is to put forth historical reality as the ultimate manifestation of reality, as the proper object of philosophy. Ellacuría develops the concept of historical reality as the synthesis of the Hegelian-Marxian dialectic and Xavier Zubiri’s radicalization of Scholastic realism. Historical reality is physical, not conceptual; material, not ideal; concrete, not abstract. Historical reality encompassesthe material, biological, individual, and social moments of reality. And when it is considered in (...) its totality, as a dynamic and differentiated structure of its moments, functions, and relations, historical reality forms a transcendental system—intramundane metaphysics. (shrink)

En este artículo se propone una línea de continuidad entre el pensamiento de Zubiri y el de Ellacuría en lo que se refiere a la ¿realidad histórica¿, partiendo de la crítica que hace el primero a una concepción aristotelizante de la historia, que caracterizaría al pensamiento moderno, entendida como actualización de posibilidades. A este respecto, se analiza la fecundidad de la perspectiva de Ellacuría respecto del significado de la globalización y su tesis de la civilización de la pobreza contrastándola con (...) el análisis de Karl Otto Apel. (shrink)

Ignacio Ellacuría reconstructs three aspects of Karl Rahner’s metaphysics and fundamental theology for a Latin American context. First, Ellacuría reframes Rahner’s focus on the metaphysics of being, arguing instead that historical reality is the proper object of a truly Latin American theology and philosophy. Second, Ellacuria builds upon and diverges from aspects of Rahner’s use of the hylomorphic theory and the role of the agent intellect in his theory of knowing, using Xavier Zubiri’s analysis of the role of sentient (...) intelligence in order to reconstruct Rahner’s theological epistemology. And third, Ellacuría appropriates and reframes Rahner’s supernatural existential, situating it within the larger horizon of historical reality, which he says the tradition asserts has been transformed by grace. (shrink)

The fundamental task of Filosofía de la realidad histórica (Philosophy of Historical Reality) is to put forth historical reality as the ultimate manifestation of reality, as the proper object of philosophy. Ellacuría develops the concept of historical reality as the synthesis of the Hegelian-Marxian dialectic and Xavier Zubiri’s radicalization of Scholastic realism. Historical reality is physical, not conceptual; material, not ideal; concrete, not abstract. Historical reality encompassesthe material, biological, individual, and social moments of reality. And when it is considered in (...) its totality, as a dynamic and differentiated structure of its moments, functions, and relations, historical reality forms a transcendental system—intramundane metaphysics. (shrink)

Father Ignacio Ellacuría was a Spanish Jesuit philosopher and the most important disciple of another great Spanish philosopher, Xavier Zubiri. Ellacuría was sent to El Salvador in 1949 at eighteen, and after degrees in humanities, philosophy, and theology in Ecuador and Austria, he travelled to Spain in 1962 for doctoral studies with Zubiri. There he became perhaps the leading specialist on Zubiri’s philosophy, which first analyzes reality as a dynamically structured epigenetic system tracing its emergence from material through organic to (...) historical reality, and second, which postulates the concept of sentient intelligence through which we are able to apprehend reality as reality. Upon returning to El Salvador in 1967, Ellacuría used Zubiri’s philosophical system to develop a powerful analysis of Latin America’s complicated historical reality during the 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s. Ellacuría’s extraordinary output touched many different fields: philosophy, theology, political analysis, and his role as President of the UCA in defense of the poor, and as peacemaker during the Civil War in El Salvador. He was assassinated with five other Jesuits and two women housekeepers by Salvadoran soldiers on November 16th 1989. (shrink)

En la década de los 50 y 60 del siglo XX Ignacio Ellacuría publicó varios artículos en relación con la figura y filosofía de Ortega. Parte de estos estudios permanecieron inéditos hasta su publicación en las obras completas en el año 1996. El presente estudio lo he dividido en tres bloques temáticos: en primer lugar, los artículos escritos por Ellacuría tras la muerte de Ortega, donde glosa su personalidad y filosofía; en segundo lugar, sus reflexiones sobre la polémica que suscitó (...) el libro de Santiago M. Ramírez y; por último, el estudio que realizó sobre el libro Meditación de la técnica, dicho ensayo por profundidad y extensión podemos considerarlo como uno de los pioneros en el estudio de la filosofía de la técnica de Ortega y Gasset.In the decade of the 50 and 60 of the twentieth century, Ignacio Ellacuría published several articles in relation to the figure and philosophy of Ortega. Part of these studies remained unpublished until its publication in the complete works in the year 1.996. I have divided the present study into three thematic blocks: first, the articles written by Ellacuría after Ortega's death, where he glosses his personality and philosophy; secondly, his reflections on the controversy raised by the book by Santiago M. Ramírez and; finally, the study carried out on the book Meditation on the Technique, the above mentioned essay, for depth and extension, we can consider it to be one of the pioneers in the study of the philosophy of the technique of Ortega y Gasset. (shrink)

The fundamental task of Filosofía de la realidad histórica (Philosophy of Historical Reality) is to put forth historical reality as the ultimate manifestation of reality, as the proper object of philosophy. Ellacuría develops the concept of historical reality as the synthesis of the Hegelian-Marxian dialectic and Xavier Zubiri’s radicalization of Scholastic realism. Historical reality is physical, not conceptual; material, not ideal; concrete, not abstract. Historical reality encompassesthe material, biological, individual, and social moments of reality. And when it is considered in (...) its totality, as a dynamic and differentiated structure of its moments, functions, and relations, historical reality forms a transcendental system—intramundane metaphysics. (shrink)

Liberation theology's account of how Latin America's rich (the small upper class) exploited the poor (its majority lower class) described things perfectly in El Salvador. On behalf of the crucified majority, Ellacurfa prophetically denounced, for over twenty years, the oppression of the crucifying oligarchy of El Salvador. This paper concerns a part of that denunciation, the part of it for which I, as a North American, as a citizen of the United States, have some responsibility.

Writings on metaphysics, mystics, and occulatism.

Esta presentación se propone revisitar el legado teológico de Ignacio Ellacuría sobre «los pobres» y sugerir algunas claves bíblico-teológicas para su relanzamiento feminista. En cuanto al pensamiento del autor, en el marco de su soteriología histórica, se recupera su distinción fundamental entre pobres socio-económicos y pobres «con espíritu», su relación con el mensaje de las bienaventuranzas y la actualidad eclesial de su pensamiento. En vistas a un relanzamiento feminista del aporte ellacuriano, se retoman algunos estudios bíblicos de autoras como Elsa (...) Tamez, sobre Agar (cf. Gn 16 y 21,8-21) e Ivoni Richter Reimer, sobre Isabel y María (cf. Lc 1,24-25 y 1,39-56). Estos textos se vinculan por tratar sobre mujeres que sufren, en cuanto tales, pobreza-opresión-humillación y son liberadas-bendecidas-exaltadas por la acción de Dios. Ellos muestran vidas de mujeres marcadas por una trama de opresión y una espiritualidad transformadora. El Magnificat, canto de una mujer humillada y exaltada, resume sin duda esa pobreza «con espíritu» que anticipa la llegada del Reino. En la reflexión final, se busca repensar a «los pobres» desde una perspectiva teológica interseccional, para mostrar la mutua imbricación entre las opresiones de género, clase, etnia y sexualidad. El uso de este enfoque permite ampliar la comprensión teológica de los pobres y desafía el lenguaje en un sentido inclusivo, todo lo cual favorece la visibilidad de la matriz de opresión padecida por las mujeres y el reconocimiento de su acción en procesos de resistencia, liberación y «espiritualización». (shrink)

No sólo el texto “Filosofía, ¿para qué?” nos aporta elementos para poder hacer conciencia del aporte que entrega Ellacuría a una concepción de filosofía. La vocación vital que le permite a este filósofo comprometerse con una realidad que continuamente lo interpela y le dice que su asombro con las cosas no se reduce a las cosas bellas del mundo o de la ciencia, sino que el todo, objeto principal de la preocupación filosófica, con una realidad social bastante cruda, interpela y (...) cuestiona constantemente el quehacer filosófico y lo lleva a ser luz en el horizonte oscuro de la miseria. (shrink)

En un contexto histórico sorprendente, el de El Salvador de los años setenta y ochenta, con revueltas populares contra el sistema socioeconómico poscolonial, con una guerra civil que duró diez años, con asesinatos masivos de población civil, Ignacio Ellacuría piensa de un modo nuevo la función social de la universidad, partiendo de su experiencia como Director del Departamento de Filosofía de la UCA de El Salvador, primero, y como Rector de esa misma universidad, después. Concibe la universidad, en particular la (...) de inspiración cristiana, como es el caso de la UCA, como una institución toda ella dedicada al análisis exhaustivo de la realidad histórica?tanto de la realidad de la naturaleza en la que habita el hombre, como de la realidad social, económica y política? y a la transformación de esa realidad para conducirla hacia una sociedad futura en la que todos los hombres sean respetados en su dignidad humana. Con ello, la universidad?tanto en su docencia, como en su investigación, como en su proyección social? constituye el momento teórico de los movimientos históricos de liberación, pero para ello su aportación debe ser tan universitaria como realista, lejos de las universidades políticamente desubicadas y de las universidades reconvertidas en simple local de agitación subversiva. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene la pretensión de analizar el carácter intrínsecamente político que posee la metafísica de Ignacio Ellacuría, como una respuesta ante las crisis desatadas por los fenómenos políticos del fascismo, el totalitarismo y las dictaduras militares en el siglo XX. Partiremos de la discusión en torno a su idea de filosofía, el objeto de esta y sus dimensiones. Abordaremos el problema del carácter situacional de la reflexión filosófica, así como sus condicionamientos materiales e ideológicos. Luego, presentaremos la idea de (...) política y politicidad según nuestro autor, y cómo, por su carácter histórico y situado, la metafísica es de suyo política, según su concepción propia y original, que lo diferencia radicalmente de otros filósofos latinoamericanos. Esto nos conducirá a la idea de civilización de la pobreza como pista para reorientar la reflexión política actual. (shrink)

El presente trabajo hace un acercamiento al concepto de praxis en Ignacio Ellacuría, relacionando la praxis con los principales conceptos que Ellacuría presenta en su obra. La praxis, ejercicio fundamental a la hora de abordar el tema de la realidad histórica, objeto último y absoluto de la filosofía, requiere ser sustentada en una serie de elementos que se rescatan en el presente ensayo. Por ello, haremos referencia a algunos componentes propios de la praxis, las condiciones y el lugar para ella.

This paper approaches the concept of “praxis” as stated by Ignacio Ellacuría, examining it in relation with the main concepts that Ellacuría presents in his work. This concept of “Praxis”, fundamental at the moment of approaching the topic of historical reality, last and absolute object of the philosophy, needs to be supported by a series of elements that are rescued in this paper. For doing that we will consider some components of this “praxis”, its conditions and its place.

Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende contribuir a la discusión sobre la interculturalidad, en perspectiva crítica, desde la filosofía de la praxis histórica de Ignacio Ellacuría, y de la filosofía del reconocimiento de Raúl Fornet Betancourt. Esta propuesta surge como contribución desde la comprensión de una realidad histórica en permanente proceso, dinamismo, respectividad y novedad, y en donde la praxis histórica permite entenderla como apropiación de posibilidades y transformación social: This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on interculturality, in critical (...) perspective, from the philosophy of the historical practice of Ignacio Ellacuría, and the philosophy of the recognition of Raúl Fornet Betancourt. This proposal arises as a contribution from the understanding of a historical reality in a permanent process, dynamism, respectivity and novelty, and where historical praxis allows understanding it as an appropriation of possibilities and social transformation. (shrink)

Publicamos dos obras desconocidas de Ellacuria: "Comunicación y trabajo" y "El sentido de la historia". Ambos textos han permanecido inéditos porque su elaboración no había sido completada. Sin embargo, muestran dos aspectos de este pensamiento l filosófico es tan interesante que podría ser necesario para que los estudiosos les tengan en cuenta la importancia del trabajoy comunicación para la realidad personal y si la historia tiene un sentido o no y cuál podría ser este sentido.

Este artículo intenta mostrar la intrínseca unión que se da entre experiencia de fe cristiana y promoción de los derechos humanos. El autor que se escoge como guía en este problema es Ignacio Ellacuría, como reconocimiento a su aportación a la reflexión sobre fe y justicia, cercano el 30 aniversario de su asesinato. El signo de los derechos humanos nos llama a ir transformando toda la realidad de la Iglesia. Tanto en su relación con el mundo, como en su propia (...) configuración interna. (shrink)