_Heidegger's Hidden Sources_ documents for the first time Heidegger's remarkable debt to East Asian philosophy. In this groundbreaking study, Reinhard May shows conclusively that Martin Heidegger borrowed some of the major ideas of his philosophy - on occasion almost word for word - from German translations of Chinese Daoist and Zen Buddhist classics. The discovery of this astonishing appropriation of non-Western sources will have important consequences for future interpretations of Heidegger's work. Moreover, it shows Heidegger as a pioneer of (...) comparative philosophy and transcultural thinking. (shrink)

_Heidegger's Hidden Sources_ documents for the first time Heidegger's remarkable debt to East Asian philosophy. In this groundbreaking study, Reinhard May shows conclusively that Martin Heidegger borrowed some of the major ideas of his philosophy - on occasion almost word for word - from German translations of Chinese Daoist and Zen Buddhist classics. The discovery of this astonishing appropriation of non-Western sources will have important consequences for future interpretations of Heidegger's work. Moreover, it shows Heidegger as a pioneer of (...) comparative philosophy and transcultural thinking. (shrink)

Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) (...) with conceptual and theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By way of illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) the role of mutations in cancer; (ii) the clonal evolution of cancer cells; (iii) the relationship between cancer and multicellularity; (iv) the tumour microenvironment; (v) the immune system; and (vi) stem cells. In each case, we examine open questions in the scientific literature through a philosophical methodology and show the benefit of such a synergy for the scientific and medical understanding of cancer. (shrink)

We consider several puzzles of bounded rationality. These include the Allais- and Ellsberg paradox, the disjunction effect, and related puzzles. We argue that the present account of quantum cognition—taking quantum probabilities rather than classical probabilities—can give a more systematic description of these puzzles than the alternate treatments in the traditional frameworks of bounded rationality. Unfortunately, the quantum probabilistic treatment does not always provide a deeper understanding and a true explanation of these puzzles. One reason is that quantum approaches introduce additional (...) parameters which possibly can be fitted to empirical data but which do not necessarily explain them. Hence, the phenomenological research has to be augmented by responding to deeper foundational issues. In this article, we make the general distinction between foundational and phenomenological research programs, explaining the foundational issue of quantum cognition from the perspective of operational realism. This framework is motivated by assuming partial Boolean algebras. They are combined into a uniform system via a mechanism preventing the simultaneous realization of perspectives. Gleason’s theorem then automatically leads to a distinction between probabilities that are defined by pure states and probabilities arising from the statistical mixture of pure states. This formal distinction relates to the conceptual distinction between risk and ignorance. Another outcome identifies quantum aspects in dynamic macro-systems using the framework of symbolic dynamics. Finally, we discuss several ideas that are useful for justifying complementarity in cognitive systems. (shrink)

Carl Schmitt is one of the most widely read and influential German thinkers of the twentieth century. His fundamental works on friend and enemy, legality and legitimacy, dictatorship, political theology and the concept of the political are read today with great interest by everyone from conservative Catholic theologians to radical political thinkers on the left. In his private life, however, Schmitt was haunted by the demons of his wild anti-Semitism, his self-destructive and compulsive sexuality and his deep-seated resentment against the (...) complacency of bourgeois life. As a young man from a modest background, full of social envy, he succeeded in making his way to the top of the academic discipline of law in Germany through his exceptional intellectual prowess. And yet he never felt at home in the academic establishment and among those of high social standing. In his works, Schmitt unmasked the liberal Rechtsstaat as a constitutional façade and reflected on the legitimacy of dictatorship. When the Nazis seized power Schmitt was susceptible to their ideology. He broke with his Jewish friends, joined the Nazi Party in May 1933 and lent a helping hand to Hitler, thereby becoming deeply entangled with the regime. Schmitt was irrevocably compromised by his role as the ‘crown jurist’ of the Third Reich. But by 1936 he had already lost his influential position. After the war, he led a secluded life in his home town in the Sauerland and became a key background figure in the intellectual scene of postwar Germany. Reinhard Mehring’s outstanding biography is the most comprehensive work available on the life and work of Carl Schmitt. Based on thorough research and using new sources that were previously unavailable, Mehring portrays Schmitt as a Shakespearean figure at the centre of the German catastrophe. (shrink)

In their recent paper Bi-facial truth: a case for generalized truth values Zaitsev and Shramko [7] distinguish between an ontological and an epistemic interpretation of classical truth values. By taking the Cartesian product of the two disjoint sets of values thus obtained, they arrive at four generalized truth values and consider two “semi-classical negations” on them. The resulting semantics is used to define three novel logics which are closely related to Belnap’s well-known four valued logic. A syntactic characterization of these (...) logics is left for further work. In this paper, based on our previous work on a functionally complete extension of Belnap’s logic, we present a sound and complete tableau calculus for these logics. It crucially exploits the Cartesian nature of the four values, which is reflected in the fact that each proof consists of two tableaux. The bi-facial notion of truth of Z&S is thus augmented with a bi-facial notion of proof. We also provide translations between the logics for semi-classical negation and classical logic and show that an argument is valid in a logic for semi-classical negation just in case its translation is valid in classical logic. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 109 Heft: 1 Seiten: 147-169.

Der Streit der Fakultäten (von 1798) stellt den Antagonismus der drei oberen Fakultäten (Theologie, Jurisprudenz, Medizin) und der unteren Philosophischen Fakultät dar. Die Streitfragen sind Probleme der praktischen, nicht der theoretischen Vernunft; die in ihrer Wahrheitssuche freie Philosophie konfrontiert die oberen Interessen-Fakultäten, die unter der inhaltlichen Direktive der Regierung spätere Beamte ausbilden, erstens mit der autonomen Moral (gegen den äußerlichen Buchglauben der Theologen), zweitens mit der autonomen Republik der Französischen Revolution (gegen die Fremdbestimmung durch die von den Juristen unterstützten Despoten) (...) und drittens mit der Diätetik (gegen die äußerliche pharmakologische und chirurgische Medizin). Die Universität hat ihr vereinigendes Zentrum in dieser dreifachen kritischen Auseinandersetzung, sie läßt sich als ein Realsystem der praktischen Metaphysik fassen. Heideggers Rektoratsrede bildet den Gegenpol zur liberalen Kultur der Auseinandersetzung bei Kant; sie ist nicht nur Reflex der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten von 1933, sondern verdankt einen wesentlichen Impuls der Spätphilosophie Friedrich Schlegels. Die Selbstbehauptung der Universität kündet von der lebendigen Einheit der völkischen Universität und stellt deren Selbstbejahung gegen den Verneinungsgeist der üblichen Wissenschaften. Die geltenden sittlichen Maßstäbe werden in der neuen Lebens- und Wesenseinheit außer Kraft gesetzt. (shrink)

Are human rights universal, and, if so, in what sense? Starting with the opposition between "foundational" universalism (as articulated in modern natural law and rationalist liberalism) and "antifoundational" skepsis or relativism (from Jeremy Bentham to Richard Rorty) and steering a path beyond this dichotomy, an inquiry is made into the "rightness" of rights-claims, a question that calls for situated, prudential judgment. With specific reference to "Asian values," Henry Rosemont's emphasis is followed on the need to differentiate between "concept clusters" and (...) reflecting different modes of human flourishing--clusters that are neither radically incommensurable nor blandly uniform and exchangeable. What this emphasis suggests is that the globalism or universalism of human rights is not a pre-given premise but rather a challenge and practical task--requiring intensive inter-human and cross-cultural learning and (what Tu Wei-ming calls) the ongoing "humanization" of humankind. (shrink)

There is a gap between two different modes of computation: the symbolic mode and the subsymbolic (neuron-like) mode. The aim of this paper is to overcome this gap by viewing symbolism as a high-level description of the properties of (a class of) neural networks. Combining methods of algebraic semantics and non-monotonic logic, the possibility of integrating both modes of viewing cognition is demonstrated. The main results are (a) that certain activities of connectionist networks can be interpreted as non-monotonic inferences, and (...) (b) that there is a strict correspondence between the coding of knowledge in Hopfield networks and the knowledge representation in weight-annotated Poole systems. These results show the usefulness of non-monotonic logic as a descriptive and analytic tool for analyzing emerging properties of connectionist networks. Assuming an exponential development of the weight function, the present account relates to optimality theory – a general framework that aims to integrate insights from symbolism and connectionism. The paper concludes with some speculations about extending the present ideas. (shrink)

Kant's ethics do not include a discussion of justice as a specific virtue, and the "Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right" appear to deal only with private and public law, but not with justice. In fact, Kant's ethics in the three Critiques and later relevant writings is dependent on God's iustitia distributiva as the highest good and the institution of the state is labelled as "public justice". This article attempts to explain this connection and to provide a contribution (...) to the topic of Kantian justice. The Epilogue to this article discusses a letter dated November 6, 1790, which Kant wrote in one of his official capacities at the University of Königsberg and which as of yet has remained unpublished. Innerhalb der Kantischen Ethik wird die Gerechtigkeit nicht als besondere Tugend erörtert, und die "Metaphysischen Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre" scheinen nur vom privaten und öffentlichen Recht, nicht jedoch von der Gerechtigkeit zu handeln. Tatsächlich ist die Ethik in den drei Kritiken und den späteren einschlägigen Schriften auf eine iustitia distributiva Gottes als höchstem Gut angewiesen, und die rechtliche Institution des Staates wird als "öffentliche Gerechtigkeit" bezeichnet. Die Arbeit sucht diesen Zusammenhang zu klären und einen Beitrag zu dem im Titel angegebenen Thema zu leisten. (shrink)

In this article, three theoretic frameworks are discussed: optimality-theoretic, game-theoretic, and decision-theoretic pragmatics, the last being based on Ducrot’s argumentation theory. The close similarities between optimality-theoretic and game-theoretic pragmatics are pointed out. Concerning decision-theoretic pragmatics, some arguments are provided demonstrating that an independent, argumentation-theoretic grounding is neither needed nor useful. Rather, it seems more appropriate to incorporate the argumentation-theoretic insights into a general Gricean-oriented theory of natural language interpretation, let it be optimality-theoretic pragmatics or a game-theoretic variant.

Bescheiden im Umfang, revolutionär in der Wirkung, kontrovers in der Deutung: Rousseaus Schrift Vom Gesellschaftsvertrag oder die Prinzipien des Staatsrechts gehört bis heute zu den unangefochtenen Klassikern der Politischen Philosophie der Moderne. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag, der Umschlagort von Naturzustand und Staat, ist paradox; er soll die völlige Freiheit der Menschen gewährleisten und dennoch aus ihnen ein gemeinsames Ich schaffen, der Mensch soll vorbehaltlos zum Bürger dieses einen Staates werden.. Das moderne Freiheitsideal wird in eine antike Polisgemeinschaft transplantiert. Die Interpretation der Schrift (...) wird dadurch erschwert, dass sie einerseits ein an eine gelehrte Tradition anknüpfender rechtsphilosophischer Traktat ist, andererseits ein politisches Pamphlet mit rhetorischen Überhöhungen. Die Aufsatzsammlung sucht den Ambivalenzen des Buches gerecht zu werden, sie liefert einen kooperativen Kommentar zu den Hauptthemen des Gesellschaftsvertrages. (shrink)

Bescheiden im Umfang, revolutionär in der Wirkung, kontrovers in der Deutung: Rousseaus Schrift Vom Gesellschaftsvertrag oder die Prinzipien des Staatsrechts gehört bis heute zu den unangefochtenen Klassikern der Politischen Philosophie der Moderne. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag, der Umschlagort von Naturzustand und Staat, ist paradox; er soll die völlige Freiheit der Menschen gewährleisten und dennoch aus ihnen ein gemeinsames Ich schaffen, der Mensch soll vorbehaltlos zum Bürger dieses einen Staates werden.. Das moderne Freiheitsideal wird in eine antike Polisgemeinschaft transplantiert. Die Interpretation der Schrift (...) wird dadurch erschwert, dass sie einerseits ein an eine gelehrte Tradition anknüpfender rechtsphilosophischer Traktat ist, andererseits ein politisches Pamphlet mit rhetorischen Überhöhungen. Die Aufsatzsammlung sucht den Ambivalenzen des Buches gerecht zu werden, sie liefert einen kooperativen Kommentar zu den Hauptthemen des Gesellschaftsvertrages. (shrink)

En la cultura europea hay muchas configuraciones con la forma 1,2,3/4. Kant utiliza esa constelación en muchas partes de su filosofía. En este ensayo muestro un ejemplo especialmente interesante: a finales de la década de los ochenta Kant concibe la Cuarta Crítica como base o conclusión de las tres Críticas llevadas a cabo.

Mythen dienen der Bewaltigung praktischer gesellschaftlicher Probleme, sie bieten Anleitungen zum poietischen und praktisch-politischen Handeln - dies bildet das einigende Band der im vorliegenden Buch versammelten Beitrage. Aus dem Inhalt: Jan Assmann: Tod, Staat, Kosmos: Dimensionen des Mythos im Alten Agypten Stefan Breuer: Das Dritte Reich Michael Friedrich: Chinesische Mythen Bodo Guthmuller: Europa - Kontinent und antiker Mythos Joachim Heinzle: Unsterblicher Heldengesang. Die Nibelungen als nationaler Mythos der Deutschen Klaus Koch: Vom Mythos zum Monotheismus im alten Israel Jurgen Leonhardt/Katharina Krause: (...) Poesie und Bild: Die Actaeon-Geschichte in Ovids Metamorphosen. Stefan M. Maul: Altorientalische Schopfungsmythen Herfried Munkler: Der Antifaschismus als Grundungsmythos der DDR Reimar Schefold: Die mehrstimmige Botschaft: Manner- und Frauenperspektiven in indonesischen Mythen Renate Schlesier: Freuds Dionysos Arbogast Schmitt: Mythos bei Platon". (shrink)

In der Kritik der Urteilskraft steht: „Schön ist das, was in der bloßen Beurtheilung gefällt. Hieraus folgt von selbst, dass es ohne alles Interesse gefallen müsse.“. Die Bestimmung in der Klammer entspricht nicht der Kantischen Intention und wird dem einleitenden „also“ nicht gerecht. Die gesamte Argumentation des Geschmacksurteils ist so aufgebaut, dass der ästhetische Geschmack gegen zwei Fronten abgegrenzt wird, den Hedonismus und den Rationalismus ; der erste identifiziert den Geschmack mit einem Wohlgefallen am Angenehmen, also dem, „was den Sinnen (...) in der Empfindung gefällt“, der zweite mit dem, was „durch den bloßen Begriff gefällt.“ Das Schönheitsurteil steht zwischen sinnlicher Empfindung und bestimmtem Begriff; hierbei interessiert sich Kant verständlicherweise nicht für die Frage, wie die bloße Sinnesempfindung zu ihrer Artikulation in einem Urteil des Geschmacks z.B. in der Pariser Garküche kommt. (shrink)

The article is a result of the thorough historical, philosophical and philological study on the treatise “On the Sublime”. The treatise, whose date of origin is supposed to be the first century a.d. and created by an unknown author, together with the writings by Aristotle and Horace has laid the foundations for modern aesthetics and criticism. The known parts of the treatise concern the feeling of sublimity in literature, in art, and in political life.