RNA modifications have recently emerged as an important regulatory layer of gene expression. The most prevalent and reversible modification on messenger RNA (mRNA), N6‐methyladenosine, regulates most steps of RNA metabolism and its dysregulation has been associated with numerous diseases. Other modifications such as 5‐methylcytosine and N1‐methyladenosine have also been detected on mRNA but their abundance is lower and still debated. Adenosine to inosine RNA editing is widespread on coding and non‐coding RNA and can alter mRNA decoding as well as protect (...) against autoimmune diseases. 2′‐O‐methylation of the ribose and pseudouridine are widespread on ribosomal and transfer RNA and contribute to proper RNA folding and stability. While the understanding of the individual role of RNA modifications has now reached an unprecedented stage, still little is known about their interplay in the control of gene expression. In this review we discuss the examples where such interplay has been observed and speculate that with the progress of mapping technologies more of those will rapidly accumulate. (shrink)

L’élargissement de l’Union à l’Ukraine se pose en des termes particuliers. Il est devenu le fondement politique d’une solidarité européenne et d’un soutien inconditionnel face à l’agression de Poutine. Bien que le pays se conforme à « l’acquis communautaire » en termes d’État de droit, le principe de l’élargissement se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés et oppositions des États membres : faible soutien militaire et insuffisance des industries de défense, concurrence des produits agricoles ukrainiens en cas d’intégration dans un grand (...) marché libre exempté de droits de douane. On est face à un paradoxe qu’il faudra dépasser. L’élargissement est à la fois indispensable, inévitable pour la sécurité de tout le continent, et complexe du point de vue économique. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau est l'auteur de l'entrée "économie politique" dans l'Encyclopédie en 1755. A ce titre, il aurait pu être l'un des fondateurs de cette discipline. Pourtant, la définition qu'il en donne est à l'encontre de la pensée libérale des physiocrates, puis des classiques, et constitue une véritable "anti-économique". En hypertrophiant le rôle de l'Etat et en niant l'intérêt personnel, Rousseau est au contraire l'un des pères du socialsme. En niant la liberté humaine, il nie aussi l'existence de choix éthiques.

This special issue of Logica Universalis (Springer) deals with the relations between logic and religion, broadly conceived. It contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

Jean-Yves Strasser The Olympia of Alexandria and the Pancratiast M. Aur. Asklepiades p.421-468 The Alexandrian Olympia are known thanks to inscriptions and especially papyri. The latter mention the olympionikoi, who may have been victors not in the great competition at Pisa, but in the Olympia of the Egyptian city. These competitions, created under Marcus Aurelius, became eiselastikoi under Gallien; they were first celebrated in 268. Like the majority of the great competitions in Egypt, they took place in the (...) winter of even years divisible by four. That was the case already in the 2nd century AD: the first Olympia were organised in 180. In 200, at the time of the sixth celebration, the periodonikes M. Aur. Asklepiades won the Olympia pancration in the presence of Septimius Severus and Caracalla. An inscription at Coptus (I. Portes 88) mentions a hellanodikes of Alexandria: he could have been serving at the time of the seventeenth Olympiad in 244; in 246-247 he had a statue of Sarapis Polieus erected under the prefect of Egypt Valerius Firmus. (shrink)

This text is an outgrowth of notes prepared by J. Y. Girard for a course at the University of Paris VII. It deals with the mathematical background of the application to computer science of aspects of logic (namely the correspondence between proposition & types). Combined with the conceptual perspectives of Girard's ideas, this sheds light on both the traditional logic material & its prospective applications to computer science. The book covers a very active & exciting research area, & it will (...) be essential reading for all those working in logic & computer science. (shrink)

Jean-Yves Béziau Abstract In this paper I relate the story about the new rising of the square of opposition: how I got in touch with it and started to develop new ideas and to organize world congresses on the topic with subsequent publications.

The hexagon of opposition is an improvement of the square of opposition due to Robert Blanché. After a short presentation of the square and its various interpretations, we discuss two important problems related with the square: the problem of the I-corner and the problem of the O-corner. The meaning of the notion described by the I-corner does not correspond to the name used for it. In the case of the O-corner, the problem is not a wrong-name problem but a no-name (...) problem and it is not clear what is the intuitive notion corresponding to it. We explain then that the triangle of contrariety proposed by different people such as Vasiliev and Jespersen solves these problems, but that we don’t need to reject the square. It can be reconstructed from this triangle of contrariety, by considering a dual triangle of subcontrariety. This is the main idea of Blanché’s hexagon. We then give different examples of hexagons to show how this framework can be useful to conceptual analysis in many different fields such as economy, music, semiotics, identity theory, philosophy, metalogic and the metatheory of the hexagon itself. We finish by discussing the abstract structure of the hexagon and by showing how we can swing from sense to non-sense thinking with the hexagon. (shrink)

This is a collection of new investigations and discoveries on the theory of opposition (square, hexagon, octagon, polyhedra of opposition) by the best specialists from all over the world. The papers range from historical considerations to new mathematical developments of the theory of opposition including applications to theology, theory of argumentation and metalogic.

"Christian philosophy" is commonly regarded as an oxymoron, philosophy being thought incompatible with the assumptions and conclusions required by religious faith. According to this way of thinking, philosophy and theology must forever remain distinct. In From Theology to Theological Thinking, Jean-Yves Lacoste takes a different approach. Stepping back from contemporary philosophical concerns, Lacoste--a leading figure in the philosophy of religion--looks at the relationship between philosophy and theology from the standpoint of the history of ideas. He notes in particular (...) that theology and philosophy were not considered separate realms until the high Middle Ages, this distinction being a hallmark of the modern era that is coming to an end. Lacoste argues that the intellectual task before us now is to work in the frontier region between or beyond these domains, work he identifies as "the task of thinking." With this argument, Lacoste resets our understanding of Western Christian thought, contending that a new way of thinking that is at once philosophical and theological will be the lasting discourse of Christianity. (shrink)

New commentary on Hadrian’s second letter to Dionysiac artists. A thorough study of the text structure and vocabulary reveals that the emperor has not always altered the schedule of Greek games. His main concern is to insert the competitions he himself has created and to avoid conflicts between the cities. He certainly didn’t offend the susceptibilities of the Greeks, but he probably also resisted numerous requests. He has favoured considerably Athens. The understanding of the end of the text can be (...) improved. The dates provided by Hadrian in the solar Julian calendar must be reinterpreted in light of a lunar calendar. (shrink)

qui y recense ses nombreuses victoires. Une brève histoire des choraules et de leur participation aux concours peut ainsi être esquissée : malgré sa popularité, surtout en Occident, la discipline n'a été acceptée que tardivement dans les concours, et aux Pythia sans doute seulement à la fin du Ier siècle. Un premier appendice évoque rapidement les catalogues du personnel cultuel conservés à Olym- pie ; un second établit le texte d'une inscription de Nîmes (IG XIV 2499), où l'on doit reconnaître (...) un acte de l'association universelle des artistes dionysiaques. (shrink)

Le pancratiaste périodonique Markos Aurèlios Dèmostratos Damas de Sardes est connu par de nombreux témoignages trouvés dans sa patrie, à Rome, à Éphèse, à Delphes et en Egypte. Leur réexamen permet de reconstruire avec précision la carrière du champion, comme d'éclairer certains points de l'histoire des concours qu'il a remportés. Deux inscriptions d'Éphèse qui lui ont été rapportées ne doivent sans doute pas l'être. On peut proposer de nouveaux suppléments aux palmarès de Sardes et de Delphes ; un autre texte (...) delphique est identifié comme une nouvelle liste chronologique des victoires de Dèmostratos Damas. Le pancratiaste, dont le floruit se situe sous le règne de Marc Aurèle, a brillé en fin de carrière dans la boxe. Les statues dont on a retrouvé les bases ont été érigées essentiellement après sa carrière sportive, lorsqu'il exerce, sous Septime Sévère, les plus hautes charges au sein de l'association des athlètes. (shrink)

Using methods of abstract logic and the theory of valuation, we prove that there is no paraconsistent negation obeying the law of double negation and such that $\neg(a\wedge\neg a)$ is a theorem which can be algebraized by a technique similar to the Tarski-Lindenbaum technique.

This paper aims to shed new light on Hegel’s rather problematic statements about Asian thinking and Chinese philosophy by disclosing the Orientalist antecedents found in Kant’s anthropological works. First, the notion of Orientalism will be defined with reference to Orientalism and “Orientalism Reconsidered” by Edward Said. Second, an exploration of Kant’s anthropological research will show that this constituted the turning point in the Western Orientalist perception of China which had a strong influence on Hegel Finally, it will be claimed that (...) Hegel’s Orientalist perception of China rests on a definition of culture as the expression of the “spirit of a people” that has recently been revised by contemporary post-colonial anthropologists. (shrink)

(4) Jean apprécie ce livre-là. (‘Jean appreciates ce book-there’) (5) Jean apprécie ce livre-ci. (‘Jean appreciates ce book-here’) in a way that recalls in part non-standard English: (6) John is reading that there book. (7) John is reading this here book. with (6) akin to (4) and with (7) akin to (5). The difference in word order, whereby English has there/here prenominal in (6)/(7) and French has - là/-ci postnominal in (4)/(5), was analyzed by Bernstein (1997) (...) in terms of a movement operation that in French moves the noun to the left of -là/-ci, starting from an English-like order, in a way that recalls the difference between French and English adjective position, as in Cinque (2005; to appear). English allows that and this to occur without any visible noun present, as in. (shrink)

Jean-Yves Leloup nous propose ici deux lectures magistrales de deux géants de la culture occidentale : Nietzsche, l'athée et Maître Eckhart, le théologien-mystique. Il tente de remettre "à l'endroit" un texte de Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, souvent cité pour justifier tous les athéismes. Leloup montre que le Dieu en lequel Nietzsche voyait une "antithèse de la vie" n'a rien à voir avec le Dieu des Evangiles qui est au contraire une puissance de vie et de libération, une claire lumière (...) par laquelle le monde est vu. L'auteur, avec Maître Eckhart, nous entraîne ensuite au-delà des contraires, au-delà même de Dieu et de tous les Absolus que nous imaginons, vers notre essentielle et silencieuse liberté... Ce livre délicieux et audacieux nous montre, comme le disait Pascal, que "l'athéisme est une marque de force d'esprit, mais jusqu'à un certain degré seulement". (shrink)

Résumé Le but de cet article est de montrer que la manière dont à été posée la question de la scolarisation du créole trahit une sorte d’aveuglement sur ce que peut signifier le fait de parler créole - quelque chose comme l’oubli d’une de ses dimensions. Je dis qu’en réfléchissant à ce que pourrait être une institution (comme l’école ou autre chose) tirée de la vie créole étudiée dans sa manière de dire les choses, on pourrait porter remède à cet (...) oubli. (shrink)

In this article, I attempt to draw as many possible consequences from this fact : in the Mascareignes islands, the use of the word « Creole » is regulated by criteria that limit its application to subgroups of the Creole world. The use of this word is not “cognitive”, it does not refer to the inhabitant of the islands, the “native” : it marks that from which one must separate oneself within the Creole language itself, possibly through the evocation of (...) back-languages, of customs, beliefs and attitudes inherited from somewhere else. A crucial defining feature of Creole life thus appears to consist in a distance between forms of experience that coexist but that strive to be as separated and watertight as possible. Sensitivities are deeply trained in measuring this distance, which leads hybridization to be conceived as subtractions to the norms inherited from colonial times. Distance and hybridization are the main terms through which I have attempted to describe the Creole world in the Mascareignes ; but I tried to do so “from a distance”, in the spirit with which Derek Walcott described fragments of epics in the Caribbean. (shrink)

The relations of Frederic Bastiat with Faith are complex. He often speaks of God in his works, but his conversion, or rather his return, to the Catholicism was progressive and ended at the time of his death in 1850 in Rome. According to Bastiat, there is no opposition between science and Faith and, above all, economic and social harmonies express and reflect the wisdom of God.Moreover, Bastiat was to join the Catholics of his time, especially in the struggles for the (...) freedom of eductaion, and he was to propose some reforms that the French Catholics adopted only later, such as the separation of the Church and the State; in this way, when he disagreed with the nineteenth century’s Catholics, he anticipated in fact the positions of the twentieth century’s Catholics, being in this instance, as in economic thought, ahead of his time.Les rapports de Frédéric Bastiat et de la foi sont complexes. Il parle souvent de Dieu dans ses oeuvres, mais sa conversion, ou plutôt son retour, au catholicisme a été lente et ne s’est achevée qu’au moment de sa mort à Rome en 1850. Pour Bastiat, il n’y a pas d’opposition entre science et Foi et, surtout, les harmonies sociales expriment et reflètent la sagesse de Dieu.Par ailleurs, Bastiat rejoindra les catholiques de son époque, en particulier dans les combats en faveur de la liberté de l’enseignement, et il proposera des réformes que les catholiques français n’accepteront que plus tard, comme la séparation de l’Eglise et de l’Etat ; en ce sens, lorsqu’il est en désaccord avec les catholiques du XIXème siècle, il anticipe en fait sur les positions des catholiques du XXème siècle, étant là aussi, comme en économie, en avance sur son temps. (shrink)

Le terme de catallaxie a été forgé par F. Hayek pour exprimer l’ordre spontané du marché. Hayek a créé ce terme à partir du mot catallactique, ressorti peu avant de l’oubli par L. Mises, mot venu du verbe grec signifiant « échanger », pour éviter les ambigüités du mot « économie ». Ce papier a pour objet de rechercher la généalogie du terme « catallactique », depuis Richard Whately, qui a été le premier auteur, en 1831, à vouloir rebaptiser « (...) l’économie politique » en « catallactique ». Ce terme était connu et utilisé tout au long du XIX° siècle et on le trouve encore au début du XX° siècle dans divers manuels. L’utilisation de ce terme par Mises, puis Hayek, est donc la reprise d’une tradition remontant à Richard Whately. C’est l’occasion aussi de se pencher sur la vie de Richard Whately, professeur d’économie politique à Oxford jusqu’en 1831, puis archevêque anglican de Dublin. Il a notamment joué un grand rôle dans l’enseignement de cette discipline, en créant 4 000 cours d’économie politique. Un personnage intéressant, un peu trop ignoré aujourd’hui, qui a joué un rôle non négligeable dans la pensée économique. (shrink)

Rarely is the problem of the diversity of languages taken into account whenever population groups are formed into States. When the problem does come up, it is later, in a primarily political context which tries to find political solutions, such as we may presently see them in Canada or in Belgium for instance. These solutions are few and they deal with situations that may contain a host of nuances.Certain countries have chosen a vehicular language while keeping their local languages: the (...) common language in the USSR is the language of one of its republics. In Senegal it is French, which is of a totally foreign origin but has the advantage of avoiding the rivalry existing among the native languages, and it also has a place within the international community. Other countries have accepted as official languages the different languages spoken within its borders. Thus Switzerland is officially tri-lingual (French, German, Italian), giving legal status to what somewhere else may simply be an accepted fact. Many Alsatians speak three languages (Alsatian, French, German). As far as it concerns countries with a strong linguistic heterogeneity, whether it be their history or their size making for a centralizing policy, they have adopted, with the resulting neglect of all others, the language or the idiom of the region which was politically or culturally the dominant one at the time of their unification. Pekinese has been extended to all of China, Florentine to Italy, Hindi to India. Some original combinations can be found: in Israel Jewish immigrants who came from more than seventy different countries, have again taken up the nation's old cultural and religious language, which had been out of use for two thousand years, and have placed it on equal footing with Arabic spoken by the local population, while English is being used for international relations. (shrink)

t.l. Introduction à une anthropologie philosophique.

In this article, Jean-Yves Lacoste lays out the central moments of Heidegger’s complicated relationship to Christian thinking, from his earliest studies under Carl Braig up to his death in 1976. With careful attention to personal letters, scholarly reviews, conferences, as well as major texts, Lacoste shows that this influence was mostly in one direction: despite the eagerness of theology to engage with Heidegger, Heidegger continually demonstrated reticence to approach theology except strictly on his own terms. The article closes (...) with a retrospective evaluation of the central themes of the original Heidegger et la Question de Dieu volume, which took up this investigation in France in 1979. Despite the fact that its publication predated many of Heidegger’s essential texts on this theme, these essays, in Lacoste’s estimation, remain a “perfectly timeless” resource for those seeking to understand the place of God within phenomenology. (shrink)

Sont réexaminées plusieurs inscriptions agonistiques d’Athènes. 1. Le texte IG II3 4, 624 pour un héraut périodonique doit certainement être attribué à Valerius Eklektos de Sinope, déjà connu par un long texte d’Athènes, une base à Olympie et un piédestal retrouvé à Delphes resté inédit et publié ici. L’ensemble permet de reconstituer le parcours d’un artiste hors norme connu par quatre textes gravés à des moments différents de sa carrière. 2. Les fragments IG II3 4, 616 et 617 appartiennent au (...) même palmarès du second tiers du IIIe s. et peuvent vraisemblablement être reliés l’un à l’autre. Si IG II3 4, 618 ne provient pas du même monument, il pourrait lui être en revanche contemporain. 3. La base SEG 58, 185 honore non un agonothète mais un épistate, dont sont vantés les succès lors d’une longue carrière. 4. IG II² 2772 est une dédicace funéraire faite par un boxeur et xystarque pour un parent ou un ami. (shrink)

This paper introduces the special issue on Logic and Religion of the journal Logica Universalis (Springer). The issue contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est, à travers l’histoire des relations entre science et philosophie du temps, de retracer l’archéologie épistémologique du temps pensé comme progrès linéaire. Nous voudrions montrer : 1. que la pensée du « temps » évolue avec le temps, 2. que cette évolution peut se lire en même temps en science et en philosophie sans qu’il soit nécessaire d opposer l’une à l’autre, 3. qu’elle n’est pas réductible à une opposition entre réversibilité ou irréversibilité ; 4. (...) qu’elle s’exprime à travers trois « métaphores épistémiques » distinctes : cercle, ligne ou réseau — à l’intérieur desquels l’antinomie entre conception « idéaliste » ou « réaliste » de la temporalité ne cesse de se rejouer ; 5. qu’il est possible de dépasser cette antinomie par l’idée régulatrice d’une fonction cosmologique de la temporalité définie comme la forme de l’interaction entre événements physiques et lois naturelles. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est, à travers l’histoire des relations entre science et philosophie du temps, de retracer l’archéologie épistémologique du temps pensé comme progrès linéaire. Nous voudrions montrer : 1. que la pensée du « temps » évolue avec le temps, 2. que cette évolution peut se lire en même temps en science et en philosophie sans qu’il soit nécessaire d opposer l’une à l’autre, 3. qu’elle n’est pas réductible à une opposition entre réversibilité ou irréversibilité ; 4. (...) qu’elle s’exprime à travers trois « métaphores épistémiques » distinctes : cercle, ligne ou réseau — à l’intérieur desquels l’antinomie entre conception « idéaliste » ou « réaliste » de la temporalité ne cesse de se rejouer ; 5. qu’il est possible de dépasser cette antinomie par l’idée régulatrice d’une fonction cosmologique de la temporalité définie comme la forme de l’interaction entre événements physiques et lois naturelles. (shrink)

In his Brouillon Project on conic sections, Girard Desargues studies the notion of traversale, which generalizes that of diameter introduced by Apollonius. One often reads that it is equivalent to the notion of polar, a concept that emerged in the beginning of 19th century. In this article we shall study in great detail the developments around that notion in the middle part of the Brouillon project. We shall in particular show, using the notes added by Desargues after the first draft (...) was written, how here arises a new theory, that of the polarity associated to a conic section. We shall show that besides a natural correspondance between points and lines, Desargues has understood that a conic induces on every line in its plane an involution, and how he progressively handles the considerable conceptual difficulties he has to deal with when trying to explain clearly his novative ideas. (shrink)

We present a single sequent calculus common to classical, intuitionistic and linear logics. The main novelty is that classical, intuitionistic and linear logics appear as fragments, i.e. as particular classes of formulas and sequents. For instance, a proof of an intuitionistic formula A may use classical or linear lemmas without any restriction: but after cut-elimination the proof of A is wholly intuitionistic, what is superficially achieved by the subformula property and more deeply by a very careful treatment of structural rules. (...) This approach is radically different from the one that consists in “changing the rule of the game” when we want to change logic, e.g. pass from one style of sequent to another: here, there is only one logic, which—depending on its use—may appear classical, intuitionistic or linear. (shrink)

Nous tentons dans cet article de proposer une thèse cohérente concernant la formation de la notion d’involution dans le Brouillon Project de Desargues. Pour cela, nous donnons une analyse détaillée des dix premières pages dudit Brouillon, comprenant les développements de cas particuliers qui aident à comprendre l’intention de Desargues. Nous mettons cette analyse en regard de la lecture qu’en fait Jean de Beaugrand et que l’on trouve dans les Advis Charitables.