En las siguientes páginas me propongo exponer de modo sucinto dos de los problemas filosóficos más significativos de la Edad Media: el de los universales y el de la individuación. El primero se pregunta por el estatus ontológico de las nociones universales; el segundo por el principio de individuación de las diferentes substancias. A pesar de ser problemas distintos, estas cuestiones están estrechamente unidas. El problema de los universales albergó desde sus inició la pregunta por el estatus ontológico de los (...) individuos, cuestión de la que derivó posteriormente la pregunta por la individuación. Por su parte, al no haber sido un problema tratado independientemente desde su origen, el problema de la individuación se ha entendido como un hacerse individuo del universal. Dada esta cercanía, parece necesario establecer cómo se conectan las nociones de ‘universal’, ‘individuo’ e ‘individuación’ con el fin de entender con mayor claridad dichas cuestiones. (shrink)

Education is a pillar of buen vivir, the guiding ideal of Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution. In this framework, Ecuador made significant shifts in its education system from 2006 to 2016, the decade of the Citizens’ Revolution. The key buen vivir concepts and processes that framed these shifts were considering education as a right, as a social debt, and as a driver of a more just, knowledge-intensive and clean economy. Resource allocation, general access, learning, and inclusion of structurally marginalized groups showed significant (...) improvement in this decade, along with other key political, economic and social changes, thus making significant advances in the emancipation of society toward buen vivir, and marking elements of how and why advancing this transformation is important. (shrink)

Pedro Cerezo ha dedicado una obra ya muy extensa al estudio del pensamiento español así como al estudio de la filosofía moderna y contemporánea, pero ha sido sobre todo en su lectura del Quijote, culminada en su reciente libro El Quijote y la aventura de la libertad, donde ha cruzado productivamente esas dos líneas de pensamiento, la que le conducía a la cuestión «pensar en español » y la que le llevaba a «la cuestión de la modernidad», aportando claves importantes (...) que ayudan a completar nuestra comprensión de la modernidad y a replantear productivamente la cuestión de la función y posibilidad de la filosofía en la actualidad. El presente artículo se ocupa de exponer el papel que, según Cerezo, tiene el Quijote en la constitución de la modernidad y reconstruyendo su idea de un «pensamiento español» de carácter literario capaz de aportar a la modernidad nuevas posibilidades. (shrink)

We will examine the revolts, begun in October of 2019, and currently developing in Chile under three conjoined parts. First, we will not try to theoretically ‘tame’ the revolutionary creature, but rather to plug immanently into the energy of the ‘potentia’ of the revolutionary event. To this extent, we will highlight the shortcomings of a theoretical enterprise that intends to explain it in traditional terms or that thrives for a variant of simple ‘reformism’. Second, and consequently, we will describe how (...) the concept of the constitution is the perfect product of coloniality. Hence, the concept of the ‘constitutional trap’ is not something unique to the Chilean experiment, but that the constitutional idea itself is the main pipeline of coloniality and the most sophisticated product in the contention of democracy. Third, and to encompass and give a particular direction to the previous topics, we will deploy the ‘theory of encryption of power’ and the concept of the ‘hidden people’ to explicate the Chilean phenomenon under a new light, where no past is irrevocable, and no future is necessary. (shrink)

The concept of the republic is a complex meta-principle that facilitates and conceals global relations of domination. Specifically, it enables the invisibility of racism as the core of political power. From its very origins the concept of republic serves to seize constituent power or politeia. In modernity, as it merges with private property, it will serve as the launchpad of a vast colonization project that then evolves in a new form of power in coloniality. The article applies the theory of (...) the ‘encryption of power’—to decrypt the historical concept of the republic. In doing so, we will demonstrate the key antidemocratic role it has played at the heart of global coloniality. We will bear witness as to how, from within the concept of republic, a refined mechanism of domination raises and expands, conforming the most magnificent and lethal form of power of our times. We exemplify our theory showing that the concept of ‘republic’ is the common thread between the law that abolished slavery in Brazil and the 1988 constitution. Within this scope, we propose a vital space of reconsideration of political ontology through radical democracy as the only means to build the world from immanent difference. (shrink)

This article brings together two debates in contemporary political philosophy: on the one hand, the dispute between the distributive and relational approaches to equality and, on the other hand, the field of intergenerational equality. I offer an original contribution to the second domain and by doing so, I inform the first. The aim of this article is thus twofold: shedding some light on an under-researched and yet crucial question – ‘which inequalities between generations matter?’ and contributing to a far-reaching debate (...) that touches upon the nature of egalitarianism. After showing that there are two key problems that fall within the scope of intergenerational equality – questions of justice between age groups and questions of equality between birth cohorts – I argue that, contrary to what the default distributive view states, some inequalities between age groups matter independently of their diachronic impact, and so partly for relational reasons. I argue that, even if we are distributive egalitarians, we must endorse the relational egalitarian conception to successfully make sense of some inequalities between age groups. I infer from this both that the putative view that the ‘relational’ conception of equality can be redescribed as distributive must be rejected and that the distributive view requires supplementation by the relational view. (shrink)

En este trabajo se intentan mostrar algunas tensiones entre el discurso de la conservación, el multiculturalismo y los prejuicios racistas, tomando como punto de referencia el caso de los Montes de María en el Caribe colombiano, donde han tenido lugar proyectos de cooperación a propósito de la biodiversidad y existen iniciativas locales para su conservación. Se describen tres niveles en los que pueden encontrarse los prejuicios racistas en el discurso de la conservación, y las tensiones que los caracterizan, asociadas tanto (...) a las ideas de resistencia y de comunidad, como a la necesidad de corrección de las prácticas por parte de quienes habitan los bosques. El propósito de estas reflexiones es cuestionar el discurso de la conservación y el multiculturalismo para ampliar las perspectivas frente a las apuestas por la conservación y las luchas étnico-campesinas que se llevan a cabo en la alta montaña de los Montes de María, similares seguramente a otros casos en América Latina. (shrink)

This paper investigates a reference to the voice of the legendary musician Orpheus in Plato’s Protagoras. I propose that the Orpheus image does serious philosophical work in the text. Understanding the mythic and religious elements of the Orpheus tradition can help us conceptualize the harms of sophistry from a Platonic viewpoint. In the light of the image, the sophist emerges as a quasi-magical manipulator of rhetorical beauty who charms his students into subrational creatures. Furthermore, the image provides insight into Plato’s (...) conception of the difference between sophistic and Socratic education. Playing on the tradition of Orpheus as (failed) psychopomp, I suggest that the sophist employs a descent-style education which holds students captive in an underworld of glamorous but empty sensibles. In sharp contrast, Socratic ascent-style education pulls students upwards to active contemplation of ultimate reality. (shrink)

Though it is legally permissible to kill combatants in war,unless they are rendered hors de combat,the existence of Naked Soldiers raises an important moral question: should combatants kill vulnerable enemy combatants or show mercy towards them? Most philosophers who address this question argue that it is morally permissible to kill the Naked Soldier given the extended notion of self-defense during war. They ground their arguments in a form of collectivism. In this essay, I use Larry May’s argument. He offers an (...) approach that extends the principle of discrimination that would also apply to combatants. Instead of assuming all combatants are de facto dangerous,this approach would allow for nuance in targeting the enemy and showing mercy when enemy combatants clearly pose no danger, in other words, when they are Naked Soldiers. I defend this view against two criticisms: Noam Zohar’s view of armies as complex collectives and Stephen Deakin’s view that a policy that spares Naked Soldiers would be open to abuse. I argue that it is not only morally suspect to kill Naked Soldiers, but also it is within the spirit of both international laws governing war and the just war tradition to offer mercy whenever possible. (shrink)

Histories of psychoanalysis largely respect the boundaries drawn by the psychoanalytic profession, suggesting that the development of psychoanalytic theories and techniques has been the exclusive remit of professionally trained analysts. In this article, I offer an historical example that poses a challenge to this orthodoxy. Based on extensive archival material, I show how British psychiatric social workers, a little-studied group of specialist mental hygiene workers, advanced key organisational, observational, and theoretical insights that shaped mid-century British psychoanalysis. In their daily work (...) compiling patient histories, conducting home visits, and interviewing the parents of ‘maladjusted’ children, psychiatric social workers were uniquely positioned to expose the importance of family relationships in the development of childhood neuroses. As this article details, their analytic attention to these dynamics not only influenced, but fundamentally constituted the innovative research on maternal-child relationships and family therapy pioneered by eminent psychoanalyst John Bowlby. In addition, psychiatric social workers produced and published independent psychoanalytic research, and fiercely debated the limitations of analytic concepts such as transference. In presenting the relationship between British psychiatric social work and psychoanalysis, this article suggests a new way of telling the history of both. (shrink)

En la tradición filosófica se manejan tres conceptos básicos de libertad: para actuar, para elegir y libertad trascendente. Aristóteles, uno de los grandes íconos de la tradición filosófica, es precursor de estos tres grandes conceptos aunque no los nombre de forma expresa, sino que en su sistema filosófico los supone o los piensa de forma implícita. Este artículo trata de argumentar su presencia en las obras de Aristóteles.  .

Este artículo aborda los efectos del voto preferente en el sistema de partidos políticos colombiano a la luz de las elecciones al Senado de la República entre el año 2006 y 2018. Específicamente se pregunta por los incentivos institucionales para los actores políticos en relación con la reputación partidista o personal y sus efectos reales en el comportamiento electoral de los partidos políticos. Teórica y metodológicamente se parte del paradigma post-positivista, de un enfoque neoinstitucional desde la elección racional y de (...) una metodología mixta, que combina instrumentos y técnicas cualitativas con indicadores cuantitativos. Se identifica la estructura de incentivos del sistema electoral colombiano a partir de las normatividades legales utilizadas y se utilizan indicadores cuantitativos para analizar el comportamiento de los actores políticos en relación con dichos incentivos. Este ejercicio se fundamenta en la necesidad de realizar un estudio sistemático y prolongado en el tiempo de los efectos de la Reforma Política del 2003, especialmente de uno de sus instrumentos con mayor influencia en las decisiones políticas de maximización de beneficios y disminución de costos: el voto preferente. (shrink)

Libro reseñado: Orden contrainsurgente y dominación. Autora: Vilma Liliana Franco Restrepo.

Libro reseñado: Orden contrainsurgente y dominación. Autora: Vilma Liliana Franco Restrepo.

Aim To examine the contribution of programme year and demographic factors to medical students’ perceptions of evidence-based classification categories of professional misconduct. Methods Students at an Irish medical school were administered a cross-sectional survey comprising 31 vignettes of professional misconduct, which mapped onto a 12-category classification system. Students scored each item using a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 represents the least severe form of misconduct and 5 the most severe. Results Of the 1012 eligible respondents, 561 students completed the survey, (...) providing a response rate of 55%. Items pertaining to disclosure of conflict of interest were ranked as the least severe examples of professional misconduct, and this perception was highest among finalyear students. While ratings of severity declined for items related to ‘inappropriate conduct not in relation to patient’ and ‘inappropriate use of social media’ between years 1 and 3, ratings for both categories increased again among clinical cycle students. Conclusions Increased clinical exposure during years 4 and 5 of the undergraduate programme was associated with better recognition of the importance of selected professional domains. Disclosure of conflict of interest is identified as an area of medical professionalism that requires greater emphasis for students who are at the point of transition from student to doctor. (shrink)

Purpose: The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of organizational culture on strategy implementation in Kenya Government Tourism Agencies. Materials and Methods: The study used a positivist approach research philosophy. The research designs employed in this study were explanatory and descriptive research designs. The study population comprised of the tourism industry. The study included the ministry of tourism itself since it is the parent ministry that regulates and oversees the operations of the tourism agencies to give (...) a total of 10 areas of study. A sample of 327 was achieved based on the following formula. This study used primary data. The study used questionnaires and interview guides to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed through scientific methods using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 22) while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The descriptive statistics was first used to analyze the demographic factors of the respondents using frequencies and charts. Inferential statistics such as correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to test the relationship among the variables as per the study hypothesis. Findings: The culture of an organization was found to play a critical role in implementation of strategies and consequently realizations of set objectives and profits in organizations. Organizational norms, ethics, employee training and organizational climate are very key in achieving success while implementing strategies. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: It is recommended that organizations (tourism industry) create strategy implementation promoting culture, culture of timeliness, innovative culture, ethics and one which promotes team spirit. These aspects of culture need to be reinforced and strengthened to ensure implementation of strategies is smooth and quick enough. This study thus bridges the gap between theory and practice, offering a nuanced understanding of the interplay between organizational culture and strategy implementation in a critical sector for Kenya's economy. (shrink)

Levels of trust and trustworthiness have important externalities for the society. But what exactly do these social concepts reflect? Building upon the argument that in typical real-life social exchanges people act simultaneously as both trustors and trustees, we study the impact of individuals’ social motives (or preferences) on their choices in a dual-role Trust Game (TG). We employ data from a large-scale representative experiment (N = 774), where all subjects played both roles of a binary TG with real monetary incentives. (...) Subjects’ social motives were inferred using their decisions in a Dictator Game and a dual-role Ultimatum Game. Next to self-interest and strategic motives we consider preferences for altruism, spitefulness, egalitarianism and efficiency. We demonstrate that there exists considerable heterogeneity in motives in the TG. Most importantly, among individuals who choose to trust as trustors, social motives can differ dramatically as there is a non-negligible proportion of them who seem to act out of (strategic) self-interest whereas others are driven more by efficiency considerations. Subjects’ elicited trustworthiness, however, can be used to infer such motivations: while the former are not trustworthy as trustees, the latter are. We discuss that research on trust can benefit from adding the second player’s choice in TG designs. (shrink)

The issue of the ordering of the ten trichotomies is one among the many questions still open regarding Peirce’s extended theory of signs. A proper decision regarding the order of the ten trichotomies demands a discussion of the entire semiotic process. The aim of this paper is to discuss the order of the trichotomies related to the mode of being of the immediate and dynamical objects. Therefore, it addresses only one part of this process, which concerns the relationship between the (...) sign and its objects. When subdividing the object, Peirce begins to consider the immediate and the dynamic objects as trichotomies, that is, aspects to be considered in the definition of the classes of signs. The introduction of these two trichotomies brings in a problem: how to order them in the system of ten trichotomies. Diverging opinions regarding this ordering are found in Peirce’s texts, and in his commentators. We will investigate this problem by seeking a sort of pragmatic clarification of the matter, presenting a reflection about the philosophical and semiotic consequences of the different proposals for the ordering of these trichotomies. Placing the dynamic object after the sign may even help to explain the functioning of fictional signs, but is this coherent with Peirce’s philosophy? On the other hand, would it be possible to talk about lying signs if every object was determined by its own sign? (shrink)

This article examines the impact of gender on the relative economic success of microentrepreneurs, their contributions to family income, and the impact of gender ideology and income on household decision making. The concept of economic success is problematized by examining how these businesses, even those of limited assets and income generation, offer women increased autonomy in household budgetary matters and decision making. The analysis draws on data from a representative survey of 201 male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. (...) The findings show that household decision making is influenced by variations in economic power but that gender ideologies structure the direction and extent of this influence, reflected in distinct “gender thresholds,” or the point at which income contributions start to matter. (shrink)

Em 1646, o médico inglês Thomas Browne (1605-1682) publicou a obra enciclopédica, de inspiração baconiana, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, também conhecida como Vulgar Errors. Browne Nela abordou o que seriam erros disseminados sobre vários temas, incluindo concepções sobre os animais. Ele explicou a origem de cada concepção. Discutiu ideias e observações de outros autores e, em muitos casos, apresentou seus experimentos e observações. Tomou como decisivo o testemunho ocular. Apresentamos uma tradução contextualizada e comentada do Capítulo 1 do Livro III do Pseudodoxia.

Este artículo constituye un ejercicio de lectura interpretativa alrededor de uno de los aspectos más relevantes en la producción artística de Adolfo Bernal : la apropiación de procesos propios de los campos de la literatura, el lenguaje, la comunicación y el diseño con fines artísticos. A lo largo del texto se busca poner de presente las circunstancias que originaron sus experimentaciones gráficas y conceptuales con la imagen y la palabra, las cuales guardan una estrecha relación con las transformaciones del campo (...) artístico local en la década del setenta y una sugestiva producción poética, aún en proceso de descubrimiento. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se proponen tres acciones: el esbozo de una caracterización de Bernal y su obra que permita situar su trabajo en un horizonte de comprensión; la revisión de los principales giros y acontecimientos en la escena artística local a partir de los años setenta; y, finalmente, el exploración de aspectos relacionales de su ejercicio poético y literario con la producción de sus carteles tipográficos para los diferentes proyectos de intervención urbana. (shrink)

El término flexible 5 de acuerdo con el diccionario de la Real Academia de la Lengua Española, significa "que tiene disposición para doblarse fácilmente" o "para acomodarse al dictamen de otro". En Colombia se viene usando este término, desde mucho antes de la reforma al Régimen Laboral que concluyó con la expedición de la Ley 50 de 1990, y se ha seguido utilizando de manera continua cada vez que se plantea la necesidad de una reforma en este campo. Pero nos (...) hemos preguntado, ¿para qué sirve la llamada "Flexibilización Laboral" en nuestro país?. (shrink)

El interrogante que se hace, sobre si en Colombia nos estamos viendo abocados a tener dos sistemas de justicia diferentes, o, por el contrario, es sólo un sistema de justicia protectora de los derechos con una nueva interpretación de las disposiciones, dándole su verdadero sentido y alcance conforme con la Constitución Política a partir de 1991, tiene plena actualidad, y es de gran linportancia siempre que abotdemos cualquiera de los temas del derecho, en especial, los correspondientes al derecho laboral y (...) a la seguridad social integral, puesto que estos últimos conllevan implícitamente el respeto por los derechos y la dignidad humana. (shrink)

The study examined the influence of culture to trust-building. It also identified the relationship among social categorization, trust as a psychological state, and trusting behavior. The main theoretical frameworks were individualism-collectivism concept and social indentity theory. A variance of social dilemma game was developed as a mean to observe group interaction in the Indonesian workgroups and in the German workgroups (N Indonesian = 221; N German =181), and to measure trusting behavior in the groups. Results showed that culture has a (...) significant effect on trustbuilding within the groups. When individuals believed in trustworthiness of their interactive partners, the influence of social categorization was reduced. Social categorization played a mediation effect in both workgroups. However, Indonesian workgroups tended to show in group bias, German workgroups does not show this phenomenon. (shrink)