This article takes a conceptual approach to an issue of pedagogical relevance—the presence of teaching and learning moments within educational environments. We suggest sources of philosophical confusions that design patterns for the classification and creation of typologies of classroom events. We identify three foundational assumptions with the way in which classroom events are analyzed: Describing a classroom event ; Devising a procedure for co-classifying events ; Repurposing decontextualized events to fit a preferred analytic model. Hitherto these assumptions have obscured the (...) phenomenal integrity of the learning environment; since the topic sought is based on critical incidents according to analysts’ interests, but not on the actual identifying details of the setting as made available by the participants. While teaching and learning moments are generic issues, in methodological terms these matters have to be explored in their details. In our article, we align ourselves with particular research approaches, namely ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, that facilitate close analysis of ‘perspicuous settings’, such as classroom interactions, through which phenomena such as teaching and learning moments are made visible as collaborative accomplishments. (shrink)

No artigo “O vegetarianismo como obrigação ética” (Crítica, 10 de Setembro de 2015), Moutinho defende que o vegetarianismo é uma obrigação moral. Fá-lo argumentando por duas vias: que o estatuto moral dos animais é incompatível com serem usados pelos humanos para alimentação; e que o vegetarianismo é consequência do nosso dever em preservar o equilíbrio ecológico do planeta. O meu objectivo neste artigo é mostrar que os argumentos apresentados são insuficientes para estabelecer o vegetarianismo como obrigação moral.

There is convergence among researchers of the ‘Big Five’ personality traits taxonomy, that the dimension of conscientiousness best explains differences in work performance. This research is a literature review on the interrelationship between certain traits of the conscientiousness dimension and human virtues, or character traits. It also analyzes whether or not it is rational to argue that the continuous improvement culture enhances the exercise of these character traits. The personal effort to develop one's conscientiousness enriches one's character or way of (...) being, and this development is a consequence of character moulding through an intellectual and willful effort enabling one not only to develop personal habits but also to improve task performance. Continuous improvement culture, on the one hand, should provide a work environment where employees can practice virtues, including those contained in conscientiousness. On the other hand, the requirement is that continuous improvement culture should be developed in an environment that respects the freedom and purpose of the individual. (shrink)

Seen from the point of view of evaluation conditions, a usual way to obtain a connexive logic is to take a well-known negation, for example, Boolean negation or de Morgan negation, and then assign special properties to the conditional to validate Aristotle’s and Boethius’ Theses. Nonetheless, another theoretical possibility is to have the extensional or the material conditional and then assign special properties to the negation to validate the theses. In this paper we examine that possibility, not sufficiently explored in (...) the connexive literature yet.We offer a characterization of connexive negation disentangled from the cancellation account of negation, a previous attempt to define connexivity on top of a distinctive negation. We also discuss an ancient view on connexive logics, according to which a valid implication is one where the negation of the consequent is incompatible with the antecedent, and discuss the role of our idea of connexive negation for this kind of view. (shrink)

In this contribution, the role of epistemology in understanding quantum chemistry is discussed. Quantum chemistry is the study of the behavior of atoms and molecules using the principles of quantum mechanics. Epistemology helps us evaluate claims to knowledge, distinguish between justified and unjustified beliefs, and assess the reliability of scientific methods. In quantum chemistry, the epistemology of knowledge is heavily influenced by the mathematical nature of quantum mechanics, and models can be tested, proven, and validated through experimentation. This paper also (...) discusses key concepts used in quantum chemistry, such as the wave-particle duality of matter and the uncertainty principle. This work utilizes Kant’s philosophy of science to frame debates and discussions in quantum chemistry, particularly with regard to the interplay between empirical observation and theory. Additionally, the text explores how Kant’s ideas about the role of the mind in constructing our understanding of the world can help us comprehend the counterintuitive phenomena of quantum mechanics and its applications in quantum chemistry theory. (shrink)

The title of the paper is an allusion to Philip K. Dick’s book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (which inspired the movie Blade Runner) and aims, at once, to highlight the (possible) relation between Criminal Law and Artificial Intelligence in its two dimensions of criminal protection (hence the reference to ‘electric crimes’) and criminal liability (hence the reference to the androids’ dreams), within the background problem of knowing whether Artificial Intelligence is truly mind. The purpose of this paper is, (...) precisely, to identify whether there is indeed such relation, in those two dimensions, and making use of a mediating concept, the concept of ‘mind (or ‘mentality’). I argue that Artificial Intelligence “specimens” do not have a mind and, therefore, its protection and regulation by Criminal Law is impaired. I conclude by presenting a choice between a total irrelevance model of Artificial Intelligence to Criminal Law and a model in which Artificial Intelligence emerges as object and subject of Criminal Law by analogy with persons. (shrink)

O presente texto propõe-se a refletir, no rastro de Arendt, sobre o declínio da política na modernidade diante de sua redução à administração da vida e das necessidades vitais. Para tanto, discutiremos a “moderna alienação do mundo” fomentada pela ascensão do trabalho e da vida, e refletiremos sobre a redução da política à administração da vida diante do advento do social e da vitória do animal laborans. Pressupõe-se que, examinarmos tais categorias nos permite observar o ocaso da política na era (...) moderna e a sua transformação em biopolítica, e, ademais, como esta categoria segue na contramão da noção política da autora. Para a metodologia, realizamos uma exegese filosófica das obras referencias, especialmente a obra A Condição Humana (1958), de Hannah Arendt. (shrink)

This report analyses the aplicability of the principles of consciousness developed in the ASys project to three of the most relevant cognitive architectures. This is done in relation to their aplicability to build integrated control systems and studying their support for general mechanisms of real-time consciousness. To analyse these architectures the ASys Framework is employed. This is a conceptual framework based on an extension for cognitive autonomous systems of the General Systems Theory (GST). A general qualitative evaluation criteria for cognitive (...) architectures is established based upon: a) requirements for a cognitive architecture, b) the theoretical framework based on the GST and c) core design principles for integrated cognitive conscious control systems. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revelar el verdadero nombre de Finlay y la trascendencia de su firma a fin de salvaguardar cómo llega hasta hoy la autenticidad denominativa del científico. Para ello fue necesaria la revisión bibliográfica de diversas fuentes documentales. Destacan las Obras Completas del médico, artículos científicos de revistas indexadas de la nación y el exterior: Educación Médica Superior, Cuadernos de Historia de la Salud Pública, Biomédica, Acimed, Asclepio, entre otras; periódicos, así como entrevistas a especialistas de la (...) Casa Natal de Carlos J. Finlay. This work aims to real the true name of Finlay and the significance of his signature in order to safeguard its authenticity in present times. To this end, the bibliographic revision of several documentary sources was necessary. Revisions were made of his Complete Works, scientific articles indexed in national and foreign scientific journals, newspaper articles and interviews with specialists from the Carlos J. Finlay Birth House Museum. (shrink)

Neste artigo é defendida a tese de que a noção aristotélica de perfeição silogística não é completamente arbitrária e reflete características lógicas, apesar de alguns aspectos não lógicos. Em consonância com a sugestão de alguns intérpretes de que a validade dos silogismos em primeira figura se fundamenta no dictum de omni et nullo, será apontado como essa fundamentação se desdobra em procedimentos dedutivos encontrados nos textos de Aristóteles. Tomando definições ou explicitações das proposições categóricas como parâmetro, a perfeição ou imperfeição (...) de um silogismo, independentemente das relações de prova que se adote entre as figuras silogísticas, não se mostra arbitrária. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta um projeto de pesquisa clínica qualitativa, que busca compreender a função da família, seu caráter de transmissão, no que se refere à constituição subjetiva da criança, considerando as profundas transformações contemporâneas das instituições, inclusive da família. Propomos uma discussão sobre a temática em articulação com a educação, abordando-a no contexto social e avançando para perspectiva psicanalítica. Notamos que a noção de função da psicanálise pode nos fazer avançar teórica e clinicamente na tentativa de superar modelos parentais ou (...) de comportamentos que supostamente pudessem garantir um desenvolvimento adequado à criança, permitindo a problematização dos ideais de família marcantes em nosso imaginário social e a reflexão sobre seus possíveis impactos na saúde mental dos aprendentes, familiares e educadores nos contextos educativos. (shrink)

Alchourrón devoted his last years to the analysis of the notion of defeasible conditionalization. He developed a formal system capturing the essentials of this notion. His definition of the defeasible conditional is given in terms of strict implication operator and a modal operator f which is interpreted as a revision function at the language level. In this paper, we will point out that this underlying revision function is more general than the well known AGM revision [4]. In addition, we will (...) give a complete characterization of that more general kind of revision and will show how permits to unify models of revision given by other authors. Alchourrón dedicó sus últimos años al análisis de la noción de condicionalización derrotable. Desarrolló un sistema formal que captura los aspectos esenciales de esta noción. Su definición de condicional revisable está dada en términos del operador de implicación estricta y un operador modal f el cual es interpretado en el nivel del lenguaje como una función de revisión. En este trabajo señalamos que la función de revisión subyacente es más general que la bien conocida función de revisión de AGM. Además, presentaremos una caracterización completa de una clase de revisión más general y mostraremos cómo nuestro modelo permite unificar los modelos de revisión propuestos por otros autores. (shrink)

How far do cultures affect the future of the planet? Can the debate on the environment and global warming be influenced by the cultures of East and West understanding each other better? In this consistently provocative dialogue, two of the most influential thinkers of recent times propose that only a 'human revolution' - a shift in the hearts and minds of individuals - can stimulate a revolution in humanity's relationship with the planet. Such a planetary revolution first requires a transformation (...) of moral and political leadership, and an orientation towards the future rather than a preoccupation with the short-termist policies of the present. Responding to humanity's ills from the Buddhist perspective, and with all the accumulated wisdom of the eastern philosophical tradition, Daisaku Ikeda calls for politicians to take as their mainstays a respect for the dignity of life and an eloquence to inspire in people a sense of community and courage. Correspondingly, renowned western economist and scholar of education Ricardo Diez-Hochleitner stresses the importance of proper educational planning and development in addressing the challenges posed by poverty, inequality and climate change. While acknowledging the scale of the task that lies ahead, both men offer an inspiring and hopeful vision for the future. (shrink)

Porventura, o principal problema a enfrentar em Filosofia Normativa é aquele que designarei de ‘problema da compatibilidade’: as normas têm duas características essenciais, a necessidade e a violabilidade, que parecem ser incompatíveis. De acordo com a primeira das características intrínsecas das normas, se p é obrigatório, então p tem de ser verdadeira. De acordo com a segunda das características intrínsecas das normas, mesmo sendo p obrigatório, p pode não ser verdadeira. A capacidade para acomodar esta aparente natureza paradoxal das normas (...) constitui o teste derradeiro de verdade de uma tese em Filosofia Normativa. Defendo que só uma tese passa este teste: a semântica condicional, fortemente inspirada no que Husserl diz nas Investigações Lógicas. Esta tese rivaliza directamente com a semântica dos mundos ideais, surgida a par do desenvolvimento da Lógica Deôntica no século XX. Para a semântica dos mundos ideais, ‘p é obrigatório’ significa ‘p é uma verdade em todos os mundos possíveis que são os ideais’. Como o mundo atual não é um mundo ideal, fica explicado o facto de p poder não ser verdadeira no mundo atual, mesmo havendo necessidade. E se o mundo atual for um mundo ideal? Continua a não haver violabilidade: a verdade de ‘p é obrigatório’ no mundo atual garante a verdade de ‘p’ no mundo atual. Seguindo a semântica dos mundos ideais, as normas são invioláveis em todos os mundos ideais. Nesta dissertação, defendo que o termo ‘necessário’ é ambíguo e que, no contexto normativo, é usado de um modo particular: não designa o conceito modal de necessidade mas o conceito de indispensabilidade. Dizer que p é normativamente necessário é o mesmo que dizer que p é indispensável (para alguma coisa). Ora, é possível que ‘p’ seja indispensável e falsa simultaneamente. (shrink)

La pensée de Ricardo Sánchez Ortiz de Urbina n’a cessé de s’approfondir, sans toujours laisser le temps à ses lecteurs de reprendre leur souffle. La halte que représente « Que diez años es mucho… », dut ainsi être accueillie avec soulagement et reconnaissance! Situé à mi-parcours entre les écrits proprement stromatologiques et ceux qui donneront naissance à Orden oculto (2021), ne laissant rien pressentir des plus récentes percées, ce texte néanmoins rassemble avec patience et rigueur des années de réflexion (...) sur le sens d’une philosophie qui s’opère au niveau de l’eikôn et du microscopique, sans renoncer à son caractère systématique. Il constitue un préalable nécessaire à la bonne compréhension de l’épistémologie phénoménologique que RSOU bâtira quelques années plus tard. Surtout, il fournit un complément indispensable à ce que nous nous proposons d’appeler sa « perspective stromatologique » : celle qui entend révéler, dans la Sache, une diversité de couches (stromata) tenues ensemble par une structure « foliatile », la superposition ou le millefeuille des niveaux ainsi articulés. Seulement une philosophie des stromata phénoménologiques ne fait pas encore un monde. D’autres paramètres conceptuels sont requis, plus englobants ; qui n’avaient peut-être encore jamais fait l’objet d’un traitement systématique sous la plume de Ricardo. Le risque de confusion entre ces termes est désormais conjuré. (shrink)

We study the interconnection between Physics and Mathematics in concrete instances, departing from the usual expression for the Coulomb electric field, produced by a point-like charge. It is scrutinized by means of six epistemology-intensive questions and radical answers are proposed, intended to widen one’s understanding of the subject. Our interventions act along two complementary directions. One of them regards ontology, since questions induce one to look closely at the electric charge, from different perspectives, promoting reflections about its nature and reinforcing (...) the corresponding concept. Formal manipulations rely on the identification of concepts with symbols, and the other direction concerns the spatial extension of mathematical structures. Our questions and their somewhat unusual answers help disclosing information which is not present in many textbooks, and show that Mathematics can be used as an efficient epistemological tool in Physics teaching. (shrink)

The present article investigates the keys that facilitated the profound change in Zubiri’sthought with respect to the problem of God, utilizing his recently published biography. Wecome to realize that Zubiri’s crisis, which occurred when he was very young, expresses thefailure in a way of an entire horizon of philosophical understanding that stretches from theGreeks to the present time. This failure has led to the result that man—who is actually inreality—no longer truly understands himself, and with that failure the world loses (...) all meaning and becomes inesencial. Man has continued to lurch amid the things of the world andin this way God, if He exists, has turned into the great unknown that exceeds us, even inthe very character of objectivity where everything acquires it meaning, including man. However, none of these conceptions radically thinks about God as a problem. Zubiri had to sojourn in Freiburg in order to advance not only with respect to philosophy, but in respect tolife itself; his faith was strengthened thanks to Heidegger..El presente artículo busca indagar, en la biografía de Zubiri recién publicada, cuálesfueron las claves que posibilitaron en él su cambio más profundo en torno al problema deDios. Y en esto nos daremos cuenta de que la crisis de Zubiri, cuando era muy joven, expresa el fracaso mismo de todo un modo, de un horizonte de comprensión filosófica quearrastra al hombre desde los griegos a la actualidad. Tal fracaso ha llevado a que el hombreque está en la realidad ya no se comprenda verdaderamente y con ello el mundo pierdetoda significación y se vuelve inesencial. El hombre se ha quedado dando tumbos en mediode las cosas y en esto mismo Dios, si lo hay, se nos ha vuelto ya en el gran extraño que nosexcede, ya en el carácter mismo de la objetividad donde todo cobra sentido, incluso el hombre. Sin embargo, ninguna de estas concepciones piensan radicalmente a Dios como problema. Zubiri necesito transitar por Freiburg para salir adelante no solamente en lo querespecta a la filosofía, sino en lo más propio de su vida; su fe se fortaleció gracias a Heidegger.. (shrink)

To formally understand cyclicity in innovation and to tie to Schumpeter’s idea about waves of creative destruction, we elaborate upon Thomas Kuhn’s (1962) hypothesis that science evolves through a succession of paradigm life cycles by noting that entrepreneurs recognize the profitability of new scientific theories through a delay. The delay from innovation to entrepreneurship may be due to technological inertia, the time taken in recognizing the applications of basic research, or related to how quickly technological change evolves over time and (...) its returns are realized. In our model, a profit-maximizing entrepreneur uses the latest scientific knowledge to create innovative technologies, which generates cycles between science and innovation. The necessary conditions for the existence of cycles are that human capital employed in science creation and high valued innovations is high, and the interest rate is low. The findings also tie to the notion about the variability of innovation over the business cycle and can provide useful inputs into the formulation of more effective technology policies. (shrink)

La autoevaluación institucional actualmente responde a las demandas de lograr una Universidad que esté a tono con los avances de la sociedad y a su vez se convierta en un reflejo de ella. En el artículo se realiza una valoración conceptual de las concepciones existentes sobre este proceso. Asimismo se ofrece una panorámica de las tendencias referidas a las diversas maneras de visualizar este fenómeno de innegable importancia para la vida y permanencia de las instituciones de educación superior. Nowadays, institutional (...) self-appraisal meets the demands of creating a university that keeps up with the new advances of society, and at the same time a university that becomes the reflection of its society. A conceptual assessment of the existing conceptions of this process is carried out in this article. Likewise, it is given a panoramic view of the tendencies referring to the different ways of visualizing this phenomenon of undeniable importance for the life and permanence of the higher education institutions. (shrink)

La educación universitaria enfrenta grandes desafíos como el de gestionar el cambio que se ajuste a las demandas de la sociedad contemporánea. Una de las formas para sensibilizar al mundo académico y facilitar la innovación es la evaluación y la autoevaluación. En este trabajo se realizó un análisis tendencial de los diversos enfoques y modelos del proceso de evaluación y autoevaluación institucional; así como de las propensiones actuales del proceso autoevaluativo de las instituciones de la educación superior a través del (...) concepto de calidad. One of the biggest challenges that University education faces nowadays, is to manage the corresponding changes that our contemporary society demands. A way to sensitize the academic world and to make innovation easier is through assessment and self-appraisal. This research work carried out a tendentious analysis of the different approaches and models of the institutional assessment and self-appraisal processes; as well as, of the current tendencies of the institutional self-appraisal process in higher education, by analyzing the concept of quality. (shrink)

Si la eliminación de la palabra y la persuasión determinan el origen de la violencia, ¿su restauración no podría abrir la posibilidad de la convivencia pacífica? La doxa, aquella forma de conocimiento que la filosofía desde sus orígenes ha desterrado al reino de lo ilusorio ¿no podría constituir el ámbito propicio del diálogo político en donde los interlocutores se abran a la comprensión del otro sin querer imponer una verdad absoluta? El objetivo de este trabajo será considerar el papel de (...) la doxa en el pensamiento de Arendt, dentro de su proyecto de reinterpretar la relación entre la filosofía y la política. (shrink)

International research enrolling human subjects has raised an ethical concern regarding the just distribution of benefits between the countries that design the research and the host communities. Although several universal declarations have expressed this concern, a gap between theory and practice continues to exist, as well as a significant divergence between the design of the research protocol and the social context where it will be implemented. Although institutional review boards have made a valuable effort to evaluate international research, their sensitivity (...) to the just sharing of research benefits as well as their attention to the social context must be evaluated. This article analyzes the distribution of benefits in a review of international research in Mexico and produces an ethical reflection based on the results. (shrink)

Este trabajo describe la vida y escritos de L. Polo hasta 1996. A los 25 años descubrió su método de pensamiento: el abandono del limite mental. Vivió en Madrid, Roma, Granada y Pamplona. Amante de la verdad y de la libertad personal. Entre sus obras más profundas se encuentran las que componen su Curso de teoría del conocimiento y su Antropología trascendental.

Este artigo apresenta de modo bastante sucinto alguns lances da leitura barbarasiana de Merleau-Ponty e o tournant que, em face dessa obra, levou Barbaras a uma “fenomenologia da vida”.

The aim of this paper is to present Merleau-Ponty’s criticism of Sartre’s ontology of being and nothingness. Against the model of contradiction, typical of that ontology, Merleau-Ponty resorts to the Kantian notion of negative grateness and its model of real opposition.Este texto pretende mostrar a crítica de Merleau-Ponty à ontologia do ser e do nada de Sartre. Contra o modelo da contradição, típica dessa ontologia, Merleau-Ponty retoma a noção kantiana de grandeza negativa e o seu modelo de oposição real.

El presente trabajo postula la indeterminación ontológica del objeto estético. Regresando sobre los orígenes de la estética filosófica, confronta la idea de la belleza como “perfección del conocimiento sensible” que Alexander G. Baumgarten desarrolla en su Aesthetica (1750) con los parágrafos de la Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790) en los que Immanuel Kant deslinda la belleza del concepto de perfección y distingue entre “pulchritudo vaga” y “pulchritudo adhaerens”. Se detiene luego en los ejemplos de "belleza libre" dados por Kant y aborda (...) finalmente la aporía del "objet ambigu" presentada por Paul Valéry en su diálogo Eupalinos, ou l'Architecte (1921) a la luz de los análisis de Hans Blumenberg y Hans-Robert Jauß. (shrink)

El Institución Nacional de Servicio de Aprendizaje Comercial ofrece el programa “Preparación para el mundo del trabajo”, con el objetivo de formar profesionales competentes para desempeñarse en el entorno profesional. Este informe tuvo como objetivo reflejar la propuesta de la unidad curricular 1 del programa, que abordó la historia del mundo del trabajo, las relaciones laborales, el empleo y la profesión y busca provocar reflexiones que permeen el cotidiano del adolescente. Para ello se utilizó el material puesto a disposición por (...) la Institución al facilitador y la experiencia vivida por el autor al impartir el contenido propuesto. Esta unidad curricular discutió: 1) el trabajo formal y su relación o no con la vida cotidiana de los adolescentes; 2) las dificultades que enfrentan las instituciones para contratar jóvenes aprendices, especialmente aquellos con vulnerabilidad social. La clase se dividió en cuatro momentos: presentación dialogada del tema, presentación de conceptos a través de diapositivas por parte del facilitador, presentación de un video de “Charlie Chaplin: tiempos modernos” y discusión final combinando todas las etapas anteriores. La docente pudo observar que los adolescentes ampliaron su comprensión del mundo del trabajo, posicionándose como ciudadanos con derechos y deberes, percibiéndose como parte de un proceso de construcción del mundo. Se observó mayor autonomía y espacios para intercambios saludables entre pares, adolescentes y su facilitador, así como con sus familias, relatadas por ellos en ocasiones posteriores. Por lo tanto, la gestión del aula posibilitó nuevas experiencias, ocupando otros espacios sociales, ampliando las oportunidades y posibilidades del adolescente en el mundo, promoviendo la salud mental. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar dos problemas fundamentales del transhumanismo: la edición genética (específicamente el caso de CRISPR/Cas9) y el _mind uploading _a la luz del concepto de tecnología gótica. La apropiación de la categoría de lo gótico pretende vislumbrar las contradicciones de la racionalidad científica y tecnológica gracias a algunas de sus premisas filosóficas (hibridación, fantasmagoría, entre otras). Al mismo tiempo y derivado de estos análisis, se hará un bosquejo de los problemas relacionados con una futura sociedad (...) posthumana en los aspectos éticos, militares, políticos, sociales y filosóficos. Al reflexionar sobre la sociedad posthumana, también se destacará el lugar del sujeto y su posible extinción por medio de estas tecnologías. _Palabras clave: _Transhumanimo, Mind Uploading, CRISPR, filosofía de la tecnología, tecnología gótica. (shrink)

Esse artigo investiga a fenomenologia do tempo de Merleau-Ponty e centra seu foco na crítica merleau-pontiana às "Lições sobre a consciência íntima do tempo" de Husserl. A partir dessa crítica e da diferença entre os dois autores, o artigo mostra como Merleau-Ponty se afasta do modelo husserliano de uma fenomenologia da Razão.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Tempo. Sujeito. Transcendental. Empírico. Time and Subject The transcendental and the empirical in Merleau-Ponty´s PhenomenologyAbstractThis article investigates Merleau-Ponty´s phenomenology of time and focuses on Merleau-Pontys critique of Husserls (...) Lessons about the intimate consciousness of time. Based on this critique and on the difference between the two authors, the article shows how Merleau-Ponty moves away from the Husserlian model of a phenomenology of Reason.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Time. Subject. Transcendental. Empirical. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo investiga a presença de Bergson na obra de Merleau-Ponty e o labirinto de questões que aí se desdobra. Procura mostrar como, na avaliação de Merleau-Ponty, o conceito de natureza em Bergson o impede de passar à história. Para tanto, toma como referência e debate Presença e campo transcendental, de Bento Prado Júnior.: This paper investigates the presence of Bergson in the work of Merleau-Ponty, and the labyrinth of questions that unfold from there. It shows how, for Merleau-Ponty, (...) Bergson's concept of nature prevented him from moving on to history. For this purpose, we take as a starting point Bento Prado Júnior's "Presença e campo transcendental". (shrink)