Este artículo se propone mostrar, al interior del concepto kierkegaardiano de libertad, la presencia de una alteridad activa, concebida como la diferencia, el no-ser, la nada, capaz de impulsar la existencia a la constitución de su identidad, por la fuerza de la contradicción. Esta alteridad radical es para Kierkegaard el pecado, cuya conciencia revela al hombre, además de su dualidad esencial, la distancia que lo separa del ser absoluto.

La nueva personalidad posmoderna significa apertura, no fragmentación irrevocable. La modernidad tardía puede romper el orden simbólico de la sociedad, pero se reconstituye como una forma de apertura, como un espacio para la imaginación radical. Aquí, los procesos psíquicos de la fantasía se hacen centrales como elemento autoconstrucción personal. Tanto en el plano de la interioridad psíquica como en el mundo exterior, vivir en la sociedad-red significa vivir conscientes de la sobre-determinación que imprime la fantasía en los mundos personales (...) y culturales. La fantasía, como flujo creativo de lo inconsciente, está ligada de manera directa con el conocimiento y con la experiencia del mundo, y no se puede evitar ni superar. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda las consideraciones de la alteridad del otro en las elaboraciones tempranas de Heidegger. Entendidas como condición de posibilidad para un abordaje propio de las cuestiones éticas, aquí analizamos tensiones y limitaciones en la tematización del otro, con el objetivo de dar cuenta de la transición hacia una comprensión radical de la alteridad en sus trabajos posteriores a 1930, más allá de las limitaciones antropológicas y subjetivas de las elaboraciones de Husserl. Para dar cuenta (...) de ello, en primer lugar, analizamos los tratamientos respectivos en la fenomenología de Husserl, poniendo énfasis en los límites de su enfoque. En segundo lugar, abordamos las elaboraciones en torno a la alteridad del otro en los trabajos de Heidegger, para dilucidar el carácter transicional de la comprensión de base, a partir de sus desplazamientos y limitaciones propias. Finalmente, circunscribimos su enfoque sobre las estructuras relacionales, destacando algunas discusiones sobre implicancias éticas. De este modo, nos proponemos dar cuenta del carácter fronterizo de una comprensión filosófica del otro, en su empuje hacia su radicalización en el pensamiento contemporáneo. (shrink)

A investigação que se segue tem como escopo evidenciar os motivos que permitem (re)posicionar a filosofia da alteridade de Emmanuel Levinas para além de sua então reconhecida vinculação à fenomenologia. Trata-se de situá-la, paradoxalmente, no rol de um pensamento de corte trágico graças à oposição ao romantismo do Idealismo da filosofia moderna. Entretanto, como o foco da reflexão do autor se volta explicitamente para a ética sui generis que brota da visceral relação/interpelação advinda do contato/Dizer de um Rosto humano que (...) não pode ser reduzido ao Logos, urge enfatizar, por um lado, certa aproximação de seu pensamento tanto da genealogia da moral em Nietzsche como da ética originária ontológica em Heidegger. Por outro lado, pretende-se apontar para certo distanciamento desse outro niilismo que se consolida em torno da ética da alteridade em relação ao pensamento dos referidos filósofos trágicos. Afinal, a ética do Rosto visa pensar outramente a transmutação de valores que já não tem como objeto a vontade de potência e/ou o cuidado da Existência pelo ser humano. Graças à radical (alter)ação da condição humana provocada pelo dizer da proximidade do Outro-próximo, desponta nesse cenário uma subjetividade que se caracteriza por uma autêntica maternagem e por uma substituição de outrem. Tendo-se, pois, em mente essas constatações, procurar-se-á descrever os traços indeléveis de certo niilismo disruptivo presente na gênese da filosofia trágica do Rosto do outro. Palavras-chave: Alteridade. Niilismo. Ética. Filosofia. Linguagem. (shrink)

A partir da pergunta que dá título a este artigo, pretendemos posicionar o pensamento de Michel Foucault em relação ao materialismo através de uma análise que contemple as três fases de seu pensamento, a saber, a arqueologia, a genealogia e a ética. Mediante esta análise, concluímos não só pela filiação do pensamento de Michel Foucault no campo mais amplo e plural dos materialismos, mas também pela radicalidade que o filósofo assume em relação ao materialismo em todas as fases de seu (...) pensamento. Do ponto de vista da arqueologia, argumentamos que a tomada do discurso não em seu caráter representativo, significativo ou teleológico, mas na concretude e singularidade de seu aparecimento, reforça de forma significativa o materialismo; em relação à genealogia, mostramos como a microfísica do poder, ao voltar-se contra os efeitos de hegemonia que produzem a abstração dos Grandes Conceitos e das Grandes Coisas, revelam a materialidade de um jogo de forças sujeitado pelas formas oficiais do saber e do poder; por fim, do ponto de vista da ética, esclarecemos que o âmbito da análise da relação de si consigo não consiste no domínio da interioridade, refúgio último do imaterialismo, mas justamente no âmbito da produção de subjetividade determinada por uma relação com a exterioridade, a alteridade e o fora. Dessa forma, consideramos a noção de Materialismo Radical pertinente para compreendermos, de forma mais rigorosa, tanto certas características próprias ao pensamento de Michel Foucault, quanto sua indubitável filiação ao materialismo. (shrink)

This paper is an analysis of the term ming in the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi. I show that though ming does involve the realization of the fundamental unity of opposites, the realization of this unity does not force the Zhuangzi to endorse a 'radical relativist' stance on morality, since the perspective of the Sage through ming is shown to be a privileged perspective. Overall, the Zhuangzi does not endorse any normative stance on morality. Rather, it endorses a way (...) of life that will ensure one's own personal survival and the survival of this fundamental unity of opposites. The stories of the useless tree in Chapter 4, the skillful cook in Chapter 3, and the death of Hundun in Chapter 7 serve as examples for my interpretation. (shrink)

This paper is an analysis of the term ming ('clarity, 'illumination') in the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi. I show that though ming does involve the realization of the fundamental unity of opposites, the realization of this unity does not force the Zhuangzi to endorse a 'radical relativist' stance on morality, since the perspective of the Sage through ming is shown to be a privileged perspective. Overall, the Zhuangzi does not endorse any normative stance on morality. Rather, it endorses (...) a way of life that will ensure one's own personal survival and the survival of this fundamental unity of opposites. The stories of the useless tree in Chapter 4, the skillful cook in Chapter 3, and the death of Hundun in Chapter 7 serve as examples for my interpretation. (shrink)

Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius. Rooted in religious rituals from the Western Zhou Dynasty, filial piety in the Analects functions primarily a form of ritual, but based as much in the emotions of the performer as the formal behavior itself, especially in mourning rituals. This ritual foundation is critical for understanding not only the general form of filial piety in the text, but also famous problematic passages in which Confucius favors concealing the misdeeds of (...) one's father and promotes a relatively weak stance on remonstration. However, it is also important to understand these passages in a wider textual context, which provides a clearer picture of both the general significance of filial piety in early Chinese thought and the diversity within the early Confucian tradition. (shrink)

Li 禮 (translated variously as “ritual”, “etiquette”, or “propriety”) plays a central role in early Confucianism, but its complexity is not always fully understood. At first glance, it may seem as if li behaviors are merely attempts to promote conservative practices from the idealized Chinese past. However, by examining the nature and function of li, as described the Analects (Lunyu 論語) and the Xunzi 荀子 (two key texts in the early Confucian tradition), it becomes overwhelmingly apparent that li is a (...) much more complicated phenomenon. Li actually plays key roles within the interconnected fields of Confucian ethics, religion, and politics and often adds aesthetic elements to these areas of thought. As such, it is as much a source of Confucian innovation as it is a tool for promoting reverence for the past. (shrink)

The Mencius contains several negative remarks about the Mohists and their doctrine of ‘universal love’ (jian’ai). However, little attention has been paid to whether Mencius’ descriptions of Mohism were accurate. Fortunately, there is a surviving record of the beliefs of Mozi in the text that bears his name. In this essay, I analyze this text and descriptions of Mohism from other early Chinese texts, and compare them to the criticisms of Mohism in the Mencius. Ultimately, I show that the image (...) of the Mohists as ones who promoted a doctrine that contradicted filial piety was inaccurate, and obscured the complexities of filial piety in the Warring States period. (shrink)

Abstract:Open neural tube defects or myelomeningoceles are a common congenital condition caused by failure of closure of the neural tube early in gestation, leading to a number of neurologic sequelae including paralysis, hindbrain herniation, hydrocephalus and neurogenic bowel and bladder dysfunction. Traditionally, the condition was treated by closure of the defect postnatally but a recently completed randomized controlled trial of prenatal versus postnatal closure demonstrated improved neurologic outcomes in the prenatal closure group. Fetal surgery, or more precisely maternal-fetal surgery, raises (...) a number of ethical issues that we address including who the patient is, informed consent, surgical innovation and equipoise as well maternal assumption of risk. As the procedure becomes more widely adopted into practice, we suggest close monitoring of new fetal surgery centers, in order to ensure that the positive results of the trial are maintained without increased risk to both the mother and fetus. (shrink)

Xunzi's 荀子 essay, "A Discussion of Rituals" is the earliest attempt in early China to theorize at length about the nature and importance of rituals. This essay is crucial to understanding the importance of ritual in Xunzi's philosophy of self-cultivation, of which there is no shortage of analysis.1 Most of this analysis centers on the notion of ritual in general, but Xunzi's essay also reveals his reaction to several criticisms to specific ritual practices, especially mourning rituals and ancestral sacrifices, that (...) can be found in the Mozi 墨子 and the Zhuangzi 莊子.2 In response to these challenges, Xunzi not only develops a theory of ritual, but also begins to sketch a method of ritual performance that... (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the hermeneutical method of Theodoret of Cyrus, who was one of the most important Biblical commentators and an influential theologian of the School of Antioch. This paper attempts to point out the fact that in the person of the Blessed Theodoret we find the first attempt of synthesis between the Antioch and Alexandria hermeneutical schools. In his hermeneutical work Theodoret attempted to overcome the contradictions existing up to that point and to follow (...) a middle way, without discarding neither the literal nor the spiritual-allegorical interpretation. It could be argued that Theodoret rejected the extreme hermeneutical trends of both the Alexandrian and Antioch inspirations; he developed his unique methods and tactics, which were rooted in the previous patristic tradition of the Church Fathers. (shrink)

v. 1. 1797-1816 -- v. 2. 1817-1822 -- v. 3. 1823-1828 --4. 1829-1831 -- v. 6 1835-1837 -- v. 7 Indici.

The first Italian edition (Vita e Pensiero, Milan 1996) has been thoroughly revised, corrected and updated, and is complemented by an index of the most ...

L’article tente de présenter la tolérance comme une vertu, c’est-à-dire comme une capacité, un certain habitus , permettant à l’homme d’établir un rapport juste avec autrui. Cependant, avant de commencer à présenter la vertu de la tolérance, le concept de vertu est expliqué au sens aristotélicien du terme, notamment à la lumière de la vertu de l’amitié. Cet éclaircissement a abouti à la conclusion que la vertu était un état intérieur qui permet à un homme de mettre en harmonie ses (...) sentiments avec la donne naturelle. C’est pourquoi les vertus d’un homme impliquent la justesse de ses actes, que ce soit envers lui-même ou envers les autres. Ainsi, la tolérance sera présentée comme une vertu permettant à l’homme de vaincre les vices tels que les préjugés, l’attitude hostile ou la haine. Les vices en question ne représentent pas seulement un danger pour l’individu en tant que tel, mais aussi pour la société toute entière car ils mettent directement en péril la démocratie et les droits de l’homme. Donc, vaincre ces vices, à travers le dialogue et la tolérance, permet d’établir les fondements de la démocratie et des droits de l’homme en général. La fin de l’article se penche sur le rapport entre le droit et la morale, comprise au sens de la vertu, en concluant que le droit et la morale doivent se compléter plutôt que s’exclure. (shrink)

The first author in which the traditions of Judaic thought and Greek philosophy flow together in a significant way is Philo of Alexandria.This study presents a ...

Im Aufsatz wird der Versuch unternommen, die Toleranz als Tugend, d.h. als Eigenschaft im Sinne eines Habitus darzustellen, die es einem Menschen ermöglicht, in aufrichtigen Dialog mit anderen zu treten. Bevor aber die Tugend der Toleranz dargestellt wird, soll zuerst der Begriff der Tugend im aristotelischen Sinne unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der aristotelischen Tugend der Freundschaft erläutert werden. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass die Tugend eine innere Haltung ist, die es einem Menschen ermöglicht, seine Gefühle und natürlichen Anlagen in Einklang und (...) Harmonie zu bringen. Deshalb sind die Tugenden eines Menschen die Voraussetzungen für sein gutes Handeln sowohl sich selbst wie auch anderen gegenüber. Im Anschluss an diese Ausführung wird Toleranz als Tugend dargestellt, und zwar als jene Tugend, die einem Menschen hilft, Laster wie Vorurteil, Feindseligkeit und Hass gegenüber anderen zu überwinden. Diese Laster stellen nicht nur eine Gefahr für den Einzelnen als solchen dar, sondern darüber hinaus für die ganze Gesellschaft, denn sie gefährden indirekt Demokratie und Menschenrechte und können diese sogar verhindern. Die Überwindung dieser Laster durch die Tugenden der Dialogfähigkeit und der Toleranz heißt folglich zugleich, eine Grundlage für Demokratie und Menschenrechte zu schaffen. Am Ende des Artikels ist das Verhältnis zwischen Recht und Moral – in Sinne der Tugend – in der modernen Gesellschaft zu klären, das ein Ergänzungsverhältnis ist, woraus erhellt, dass Recht und Moral sich nicht ausschließen. (shrink)