El presente escrito tiene como objetivo aproximarse a lo que ha sido la gran “fisura” de los “Principios de la filosofía del derecho”: el aumento ingente de pobreza en el seno de las sociedades industriales modernas. A partir de su filosofía gris, carente de soluciones, Hegel aporta una filosofía política cuya estructura lógica y coherencia no escapa del latido de la negatividad que ostenta todo acontecer histórico, dando cuenta de las contradicciones de los mismos elementos que vertebran aquella realidad tal (...) y como es. En este sentido, la pobreza no será vista ya como mero daño colateral de la abundancia o como una intrusión externa dentro de la sociedad civil y enfrentada al Estado, sino como el fundamento del mismo orden existente. La lectura de Hegel conducirá a aproximarse a las propias “fisuras” de la realidad y, muy especialmente, a los límites de la racionalidad moderna, cuyo nivel de abstracción y desapego de la realidad parece generar un incontenible amontonamiento de residuos imposibles de recoger por la misma. (shrink)

La intención de este artículo será proponer una lectura tentativa del papel del mesianismo que sea acorde con la centralidad del concepto de experiencia y redención en Walter Benjamin y, al mismo tiempo, que sea capaz de dar con las tensiones teóricas propias de la maceración materialista de su pensamiento, así como la influencia inequívoca de problemas de cuño kantiano en la conformación de la atomización de la experiencia de la modernidad diagnosticada por Benjamin. Para ello, nos fijaremos en una (...) de las últimas y más acabadas modulaciones del concepto de crítica inmanente en la figura del historiador dialéctico tal y como es abordada en El libro de los Pasajes. (shrink)

Razão e liberdade são tidas como os princípios fundadores da sociedade industrial e tecnológica do capitalismo avançado. Para garantir a validação de seu discurso, a tecnologia dispõe de sofisticadas formas de controle, que atuam na consolidação da unidimensionalidade como elemento garantidor da coesão social e da manutenção do status quo. Para isso, o “ordenamento tecnológico” recebe o apoio de uma “coordenação política e intelectual”, que garantem a eficiência processual e a eficácia teleológica das diversas formas de controle da (...) civilização industrial avançada. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender e expor como para Marcuse, a sociedade do capitalismo afluente, com suas novas formas de controle, protagoniza a formação e consolidação da cultura da unidimensionalidade. Para tanto, a partir do método dialético do filósofo frankfurtiano, debateremos temas como, a contenção do pensamento crítico, condicionamento das necessidades humanas e a racionalidade tecnológica. No intercurso de nossa exposição mostraremos que por trás do discurso da liberdade, a nova sociedade industrial tecnológica, impõe suas formas específicas de controle sobre os indivíduos tendo como resultado a formação de um sistema social unidimensional, onde não há lugar para o pensamento crítico, tido como supérfluo. Pois, não só ameaça a atual compreensão de progresso tecnológico da sociedade unidimensional, como também é capaz de inverter a ordem do discurso estabelecido e desmontar toda e qualquer convivência social do atual status quo. (shrink)

O advento do capitalismo industrial abalou a relação do homem moderno com sua tradição histórica e toda experiência plena oriunda dela. Considerando que toda mudança no modo de produção interfere nas relações humanas de maneira positiva e negativa, este artigo pretende analisar, por meio de aspectos do pensamento de Walter Benjamin, a crise da experiência na Modernidade, seguindo a leitura benjaminiana do poeta francês Charles Baudelaire.

La filosofía de la técnica propuesta por Heidegger tiene uno de sus hilos conductores en la crisis ecológica. A partir de aquí se pueden señalar sus vínculos con la tradición del marxismo y la economía ambiental, la pro-puesta del decrecimiento y una renovada filosofía de la naturaleza.

Resumen: Desde el principio ha sido muy obvio que el capitalismo es un tipo de empresa engañosa. Por otro lado, el capitalismo ha estado vinculado a la acumulación masiva de riqueza. Como se indica, el capitalismo ha estado vinculado a la explotación, a una creciente desigualdad de la riqueza, a colapsos económicos y a conflictos internacionales. La economía política ha estudiado durante mucho tiempo cómo interactúan las dos caras del capitalismo. ¿Es posible arreglar los problemas del (...) capitalismo preservando sus beneficios, como afirman sus partidarios? Algunos anticapitalistas sostienen que limitar o eliminar el capitalismo es la única manera de acabar con él. La teoría tendrá el mayor impacto en el resultado de esta situación. Los economistas ven los mercados como un lugar en el que todos reciben un trato justo a la hora de valorar y recompensar las contribuciones económicas a la sociedad. El reino del mercado, en vez de culpar los defectos sociales e individuales de manera global, culpa la carencia del individuo manera particular. La clave para formular una predicción sólida de la caída del orden actual es la tesis marxiana de que las relaciones de producción constituyen la base de toda civilización. En otras palabras, las estructuras de clase sustentan las instituciones políticas, culturales e ideológicas. De ello se desprende que una sociedad postcapitalista sólo puede desarrollarse en la medida en que surjan nuevas relaciones de producción, o de clase (o más exactamente, relaciones “sin clases”). De forma similar a cómo surgieron nuevas relaciones económicas a lo largo del tiempo cuando Europa pasó de una sociedad feudal al capitalismo industrial, y cómo se construyeron nuevas sociedades sobre estos sistemas, en las próximas generaciones surgirán nuevas manifestaciones de crecimiento masivo de la producción para que la especie humana experimente menos épocas de crisis económica. A finales de 2007, la economía mundial se desplomó rápidamente, obligando a los bancos a declararse en quiebra y a necesitar rescates gubernamentales. La principal idea errónea de las economías de mercado, que se autorregulan de forma natural, quedó rebatida. La catástrofe brindó la oportunidad a los individuos de reevaluar cuestiones de larga data que habían quedado sin resolver porque desafió las nociones preconcebidas. La obra fundamental de Marx, “El Capital”, según las librerías de todo el mundo, tuvo un espectacular aumento de ventas tras la crisis. En algunos aspectos, el marxismo parece estar regresando. Debido a la tradición crítica que creó, que abarca las humanidades y las ciencias sociales, el marxismo no puede entenderse adecuadamente dentro del marco del siglo XIX. Marx fue capaz de influir en el agua que bebemos y en el aire que respiramos incluso en lugares donde fue rechazado. El marxismo es omnipresente, como han demostrado las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Mientras sirvan de catalizadores para el bienestar y el desarrollo de la sociedad, las tendencias económicas contemporáneas como el espíritu empresarial y la libre empresa no son desalentadas por el marxismo moderno. (shrink)

Según Adorno, la teoría no supeditada a exigencias prácticas inmediatas refleja y reproduce una injusticia, a saber, la que acompaña a la división entre el trabajo manual y el trabajo intelectual, pero por otra parte es una fuente de autonomía en medio de la agudización en las sociedades del capitalismo industrial avanzado de la dominación de la naturaleza y el control administrativo de la vida. Con miras a evitar el uso clasificatorio del lenguaje y la consecuente infravaloración de (...) lo particular en nombre de la primacía de lo universal, Adorno opta por una escritura dialéctica congruente con su crítica a la reificación. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por intención principal dilucidar las distinciones y relaciones conceptuales que existen entre labor, trabajo y ocio, en el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt y Walter Benjamin, a modo de esclarecer cómo los posicionamientos de ambos autores contribuyen a la crítica de la concepción del trabajo moderno. Para ello, será necesario exponer los matices conceptuales de la obra de Arendt, a saber, la distinción entre trabajo y labor, con el fin de trazar las diferencias y puntos de encuentro (...) con las reflexiones de Benjamin en torno a los cambios traídos como consecuencia del auge del capitalismo industrial y en la experiencia del ocio. Entre estos matices, esclarecimientos y contrastes, es preciso no solo destacar la importancia de la relación e influencia de ambos autores, sino su vigencia en las problemáticas sociales contemporáneas al respecto. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo queremos mostrar que la crítica de Marx al modo de producción capitalista no sucumbió al economicismo, puesto que no solo denunció la explotación económica, explicando los aspectos puramente cuantitativos de la extracción de plusvalía. No fue la suya una crítica meramente econométrica. Marx y Engels, al igual que otros teóricos socialistas y no socialistas, comprendieron y denunciaron la degradación espiritual e incluso la desintegración antropológica padecida por millones de seres humanos, en una sociedad sometida al capital. (...) Marx llegó a considerar que el capitalismo también era responsable del ocaso de las artes. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo expondremos y analizaremos algunos de los aspectos más significativos del pensamiento de John Ruskin. Comprobaremos que sus reflexiones sobre el arte en general y sobre la arquitectura en particular están íntimamente conectadas con sus ideas morales, religiosas y sociopolíticas. Fue un enemigo declarado de la civilización industrial, responsabilizándola de haber convertido el mundo en un lugar inhóspito, cruel y feo. Debía comprenderse en toda su profundidad el abismo que media entre la belleza sagrada de una (...) torre gótica y la insufrible fealdad de una chimenea fabril. Pero Ruskin no fue un esteta despreocupado de lo social. Contempló con horror la miseria material y espiritual de esas muchedumbres hacinadas inhumanamente en los suburbios urbanos, la creciente devastación de la naturaleza, el endiosamiento del dinero, la degradación del gusto artístico y el desfallecimiento de las artes. Todos esos fenómenos o procesos estaban ocasionados por una misma lógica económica, injusta y absurda. (shrink)

Resumo : O objetivo do texto é abordar a temática dos meios de comunicação como instrumento de poder à luz da indústria cultural conforme Theodor Adorno. Busca-se responder à seguinte questão: como a indústria cultural reproduz as relações de poder no capitalismo contemporâneo? Para a consecução de tal objetivo, o texto apresenta as seguintes etapas: uma breve contextualização histórica e teórica da Teoria Crítica - vertente filosófica à qual Adorno e outros autores se filiaram - a definição da indústria (...) cultural conforme Adorno em seus principais argumentos, os efeitos da indústria cultural e do capitalismo organizado, a postura crítica frente ao contexto referido e a nova postura de Adorno nos anos 50 e 60 frente aos meios de comunicação. A principal tese do artigo leva ao entendimento de que a indústria cultural incorpora toda uma racionalidade de dominação e disciplina da vida social e reprodução da ordem capitalista vigente, acabando com as contradições no âmbito das manifestações artísticas na medida em que somente o lucro é visado. Summary : The aim of this text is discuss communication means as power instrument in the light of culture industry according to Theodor Adorno. There is a main question which the article seeks an answer: how does culture industry reproduce power relations in contemporary capitalism? In order to concretize this aim, this text presents the following parts: a brief historical and theoretical contextualization of Critical Theory - Adorno and other authors' philosophical current - culture industry concept according to Adorno, culture industry and organized capitalism effects, critical position on this context and Adrono's new posture in the fifties and sixties on communication means. The article's main thesis points to evaluation of culture industry1s rationality of domination and discipline of social life and reproducing of actual capitalist order. This leads to the end of contradictions in art, considering that profit is the only aim. Keywords : Culture Industry, Communication, Power. (shrink)

Já em 1921, Freud inaugurou uma abordagem que considera a psicologia das massas como extensão das experiências individuais, célebre pela afirmação de que toda psicologia é, em última análise, social. Tal perspectiva seria reapropriada por Adorno, que desdobrou a posição freudiana ao situar as massas como um agente decisivo a partir do estágio industrial do capitalismo. Diante do valor deste diálogo, o presente trabalho adotou como objetivo uma análise da reapropriação feita por Adorno da psicologia das massas tal (...) como preconizada por Freud. Mediante uma obrigatória referência a Psicologia das Massas e Análise do Eu, de Freud, delineou a trajetória do conceito de massa ao longo da obra de Adorno até a culminância de uma psicologia social analiticamente orientada. Em termos conclusivos, aposta que as condições que levam o indivíduo a “ser” massa são relativas à objetividade social que promove a irracionalidade mediante a mercantilização e reificação das relações sociais. (shrink)

Teniendo en cuenta que la filosofía es hija de la polis, a primera vista, el tema de la filosofía de la ciudad puede no revelar nada nuevo. De hecho, la filosofía y la ciudad cuentan una historia paralela. Es en el ágora, un espacio privilegiado para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía, donde la filosofía se desarrolla como debate de argumentos. Pero, aunque a lo largo de la historia las ciudades puedan reflejar un deseo civilizatorio, lo cierto es que la ciudad (...) contemporánea refleja muy poco de la realidad política de la polis, de la indiferenciación medieval entre lo público y lo privado o de la racionalidad normativa de la ciudad moderna. Las ciudades en el siglo xx, y especialmente en el siglo xxi, tienen que ver más con las relaciones sociales y económicas de la ciudad industrial y posindustrial. La progresiva mecanización del siglo xix y su extensión, en el siglo xx, a la automatización y a la digitalización, cambian definitivamente la forma en que nos relacionamos, pensamos y trabajamos —en resumen, cómo vivimos—. Con el establecimiento de un capitalismo de orden económico que afecta a todas las dimensiones de la vida de la ciudad, esta queda delimitada por el poder, revela las contradicciones de las sociedades urbanas diseñadas por los mercados y da lugar, según David Harvey, a la apropiación privada de la vida y los espacios. (shrink)

El principal cometido del presente trabajo es examinar el nivel productivo-infraestructural y subjetivo del régimen neoliberal, en contraste con la lógica puramente económica-empresarial del modo de producción capitalista en la era industrial y disciplinaria. En primer lugar, examinamos la noción foucaultiana de “biopolítica” y su recepción en el pensamiento de Deleuze, analizando el papel pretendidamente esencial que juegan los deseos humanos para el funcionamiento del capitalismo de consumo. A la luz de las averiguaciones logradas, indagamos en perspectiva histórica (...) las principales tecnologías donde se cifra la eficacia del “psicopoder” emergente, con el objeto de dilucidar, a la luz de las nuevas formas de producción inmateriales y en red, su sentido y sus efectos en las subjetividades y las formas de vida. (shrink)

Se hace una apretada síntesis de lo que significa la crisis de la civilización industrial o moderna, a partir de una mirada histórica que contempla el paisaje completo del pasado humano y de la vida. Se plantea que el dilema central es entre tradición y modernidad, y que para remontar la crisis se requiere remontar el dominio del racionalismo, la dependencia de la energía fósil, el abandono al que se ha condenado al individuo y la fase corporativa del (...) class='Hi'>capitalismo. Se identifica la construcción del poder social como la piedra axial de una ecología política verdaderamente emancipadora. Se concluye que las próximas décadas serán cruciales pues se habrá de vivir el conflicto supremo entre el mono demente y el mono pensante, entre los intereses particulares y perversos y la conciencia cósmica. De ello dependerá la supervivencia de la especie humana o su desaparición. (shrink)

A partir del análisis del ambientalismo desde las perspectivas que brindan diferentes discursos sobre desarrollo sostenible, los autores argumentan que, en un nivel de aplicación local, en comunidades y proyectos específicos, se pueden generar nichos de sostenibilidad, pese a que reconocen la extrema dificultad de este desafío; comparan viejas y nuevas propuestas para alcanzar la sostenibilidad, tales como: el desarrollo sostenible, el capitalismo natural, el decrecimiento sostenible o el ecologismo de los pobres. Por último, presentan dos casos con particularidades (...) diferentes, en los que comunidades pobres se resisten a la Raubwirtschaft o economía industrial de rapiña dominante, al buscar la construcción de nichos de sostenibilidad desde una perspectiva local y de comunalidad, mediante el ordenamiento comunitario territorial, la gobernanza democrática y la planeación participativa. (shrink)

El artículo busca explicar las razones de la conversión al discurso de la sustentabilidad, por parte del sector de los grandes productores de petróleo y el de los latifundios empresariales de monocultivos, que hegemonizan el agro negocio. Para ello, se analiza la forma como históricamente se ha constituido el bloque de poder hegemónico conformado como un complejo de poder técnico-científico-industrial-financiero-militar-mediático, del cual también participan los dueños de los agronegocios -el viejo bloque de poder modernizado. Se concluye que se avecina (...) una verdadera tragedia con la expropiación generalizada que advendrá de la expansión del monocultivo latifundista moderno-colonial de los agro negociantes que quieren someter la producción agrícola a la producción de combustibles de biomasa. Se señala la enorme importancia de comprender adecuadamente el carácter mundial del capitalismo y del papel del desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas que el capital impone al mundo y la necesidad de ejercer el derecho a la diferencia anclada en la defensa del territorio. (shrink)

Possivelmente como decorrência dos efeitos ameaçadores e destrutivos que as duas grandes guerras mundiais trouxeram para o mundo, na segunda metade do século XX tornou-se mais aguda a preocupação com os problemas planetários. E, nesta esteira, um dos fenômenos emergentes foi a proliferação de organizações supranacionais e instituições voltadas para uma preocupação com as questões internacionais, especialmente aquelas cujos impactos adquiriam âmbito global. A guerra fria, a competição pela hegemonia de nações imperialistas como EUA e União Soviética, impulsionou uma corrida (...) pelo protagonismo nas áreas militar, tecnológica e industrial, alavancando de maneira inédita e desmedida a exploração dos recursos ambientais. A busca dos resultados a qualquer custo, no intuito de otimizar os lucros, tornou-se a finalidade do capitalismo neoliberal ancorado em corporações multinacionais, que hoje se tornou preponderante em termos globais. E isso inclui o esgotamento dos recursos naturais, se isso for condição para lucros maiores. Em face deste cenário, apesar dos governos e instituições supranacionais se articularem no sentido de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável, de se organizarem eventos periódicos para a defesa do meio ambiente, as iniciativas implementadas mais parecem paliativos ante a voracidade dos mercados. Como, pois, enfrentar efetivamente este paradoxo? Existem perspectivas efetivas de sua ultrapassagem? A reflexão aqui trazida se propõe a abordar estas questões e as implicações a elas inerentes, partindo de uma base teórica discursiva de inspiração habermasiana para analisar o fenômeno da sustentabilidade em nível planetário, sob uma ótica democrática e cidadã (cosmopolita e ativa). (shrink)

El caso del Movimiento Arcoíris en Chile permite ilustrar en dos ámbitos, los significados atribuidos a la naturaleza y las formas que adquiere la acción colectiva contemporánea, las derivas y tensiones que se presentan al intentar materializar el mundo anhelado. Esta investigación, se efectuó por medio de una etnografía (2009-2022) y diez entrevistas semiestructuradas analizadas desde un enfoque hermenéutico. Tuvo como resultados nueve prácticas sedimentadas -de las cuales se presentan tres- y un conjunto heterogéneo de significaciones para cada una de (...) ellas. A modo de discusión y conclusión se propone que este Movimiento expande un tipo de vínculo afectivo/espiritual con la naturaleza que rehúye del modo de producción industrial y que sus formas de acción colectiva privilegian la autonomía y la horizontalidad entre sus miembros. Ambas cuestiones encuentran límites en la espontaneidad de las acciones, el capitalismo verde, en las dificultades para arribar a acuerdos y/o su escaso cumplimiento. (shrink)

The article presents sociological considerations in regards to the advent of globalism. With the implosion of capitalism and the acceleration of globalization, the concept of globalism is in need of new interpretations. Some sociologists indeed would see it solely as the ideology of globalization. In the article, globalism is regarded as a social system not only with ideological characteristics but also economic ones. This radically changes the very logic of capitalism, which is focused on linear and monocentric production. Through the (...) theory of link-value the article illustrates the process by which economic development takes place. It is shown that as well as the assets identified by the main economic schools, development is based on factors such as infrastructure investments, technologies, and networking. Today, with globalism, it is economic ties that create wealth and they are more important than the production process itself. Such transformation is highlighted through the growth of the financial and commercial dimensions, as well as the change in industrial activities. The article deals with the fundamental importance of the global value chain in nowadays, as well as the reshoring and the nearshoring. After illustrating the evolution of territorial networks, several case histories are presented: from the new economic centres of globalism to the decline of industrial districts. Finally, the article examines new generations models of innovation and culture districts. Keywords : Economic development; Globalism; Production processes; Global value chain; Territorial networks; Open innovation. [1] Sunto L'articolo espone alcune considerazioni sociologiche relative all'avvento del globalismo. Con l'implosione del capitalismo e l'accelerazione della globalizzazione, il concetto di globalismo necessita di nuove interpretazioni. Alcuni sociologi infatti lo considerano solamente come l'ideologia della globalizzazione. Nell'articolo, il globalismo è considerato come un sistema sociale con caratteristiche non solo ideologiche ma anche economiche. Questo cambia radicalmente la logica stessa del capitalismo, che è incentrato sulla produzione lineare e monocentrica. Attraverso la teoria del valore-legame l'articolo illustra il processo attraverso il quale si crea lo sviluppo economico. Viene dimostrato che oltre ai fattori proposti dalle principali scuole economiche, quali le infrastrutture pubbliche e la tecnologia, lo sviluppo dipende anche dal networking. Oggi, con il globalismo, sono i legami economici che creano ricchezza e questi ultimi diventano più importanti del processo produttivo in sé. Tale trasformazione è evidenziata dalla crescita delle dimensioni finanziarie e commerciali dell’economia, nonché dal mutamento delle attività industriali. Nell’articolo viene trattata l’importanza che attualmente rivestono le catene globali del valore, ma anche i nuovi fenomeni del reshoring e del nearshoring. Dopo aver illustrato l’evoluzione delle forme di networking territoriale, vengono presentati diversi casi-studio: dai nuovi poli produttivi globalizzati al declino dei distretti industriali. Nella parte finale dell’articolo vengono illustrati modelli distrettuali di nuova generazione come quelli dell’innovazione e della cultura. Parole Chiave : Sviluppo economico; Globalismo; Processi produttivi; Catena globale del valore; Reti territoriali; Innovazione aperta. (shrink)

The article presents sociological considerations in regards to the advent of globalism. With the implosion of capitalism and the acceleration of globalization, the concept of globalism is in need of new interpretations. Some sociologists indeed would see it solely as the ideology of globalization. In the article, globalism is regarded as a social system not only with ideological characteristics but also economic ones. This radically changes the very logic of capitalism, which is focused on linear and monocentric production. Through the (...) theory of link-value the article illustrates the process by which economic development takes place. It is shown that as well as the assets identified by the main economic schools, development is based on factors such as infrastructure investments, technologies, and networking. Today, with globalism, it is economic ties that create wealth and they are more important than the production process itself. Such transformation is highlighted through the growth of the financial and commercial dimensions, as well as the change in industrial activities. The article deals with the fundamental importance of the global value chain in nowadays, as well as the reshoring and the nearshoring. After illustrating the evolution of territorial networks, several case histories are presented: from the new economic centres of globalism to the decline of industrial districts. Finally, the article examines new generations models of innovation and culture districts. Keywords : Economic development; Globalism; Production processes; Global value chain; Territorial networks; Open innovation. [1] Sunto L'articolo espone alcune considerazioni sociologiche relative all'avvento del globalismo. Con l'implosione del capitalismo e l'accelerazione della globalizzazione, il concetto di globalismo necessita di nuove interpretazioni. Alcuni sociologi infatti lo considerano solamente come l'ideologia della globalizzazione. Nell'articolo, il globalismo è considerato come un sistema sociale con caratteristiche non solo ideologiche ma anche economiche. Questo cambia radicalmente la logica stessa del capitalismo, che è incentrato sulla produzione lineare e monocentrica. Attraverso la teoria del valore-legame l'articolo illustra il processo attraverso il quale si crea lo sviluppo economico. Viene dimostrato che oltre ai fattori proposti dalle principali scuole economiche, quali le infrastrutture pubbliche e la tecnologia, lo sviluppo dipende anche dal networking. Oggi, con il globalismo, sono i legami economici che creano ricchezza e questi ultimi diventano più importanti del processo produttivo in sé. Tale trasformazione è evidenziata dalla crescita delle dimensioni finanziarie e commerciali dell’economia, nonché dal mutamento delle attività industriali. Nell’articolo viene trattata l’importanza che attualmente rivestono le catene globali del valore, ma anche i nuovi fenomeni del reshoring e del nearshoring. Dopo aver illustrato l’evoluzione delle forme di networking territoriale, vengono presentati diversi casi-studio: dai nuovi poli produttivi globalizzati al declino dei distretti industriali. Nella parte finale dell’articolo vengono illustrati modelli distrettuali di nuova generazione come quelli dell’innovazione e della cultura. Parole Chiave : Sviluppo economico; Globalismo; Processi produttivi; Catena globale del valore; Reti territoriali; Innovazione aperta. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el desarrollo de las nanotecnologías en el contexto de la irrupción de la crisis económica mundial. Comienza destacando los elementos claves de una revolución tecnológica: las características técnicas, el papel en la acumulación de capital y el impacto sobre las clases sociales. Luego se analiza el lugar de la tecnología en el desarrollo, para terminar mostrando cómo las tendencias a la concentración del capital están envolviendo a las nanotecnologías, lo cual puede llevar a un mundo más desigual (...) al que ya existe hoy en día. Las nanotecnologías constituyen la base de la próxima revolución industrial que ya se está estableciendo. Con la irrupción de la crisis económica mundial también las nuevas tecnologías se verán impactadas. Algunos voceros gubernamentales de países desarrollados han mencionado que podrían ser utilizadas como palanca para salir de la crisis, por el contrario en este artículo se presenta el tema en el contexto de las tendencias a la concentración del capital. (shrink)

El timbre general de los documentos implicados en el actual proceso de reforma educativa oscila entre la apología y el tecnocratismo, permaneciendo a la sombra de la discusión, por lo que al ámbito académico respecta, las más de las veces, el papel que la Universidad jugará como motor de la investigación y la innovación tecnológica en la dinámica competitiva de los grandes bloques capitalistas. Estos textos deben ser leídos en su contexto social, político y económico, así como confrontados a la (...) luz, o más bien a la oscuridad, de documentos de la Comisión Europea relativos a las políticas de convergencia y competitividad económica. Las siguientes... líneas acotan con gran precisión el contexto de la reforma: "Los poderes públicos, para asumir sus responsabilidades deben apoyar el desarrollo de los mercados del futuro y prever los ajustes en vez de sufrirlos. La Unión Europea debe situar mejor su capital científico y tecnológico al servicio de la competitividad industrial y de las necesidades de los mercados. Conviene prestar mayor atención a la difusión de los resultados de la innovación, su transferencia y su valorización por la industria y actualizar la distinción tradicional entre investigación fundamental, investigación precompetitiva e investigación aplicada para evitar lo que ha ocurrido en algunas ocasiones en el sentido de que la industria europea no siempre ha podido beneficiarse de todos los esfuerzos efectuados en materia de investigación" 1. Según creemos, el actual proceso de convergencia persigue la conversión de la educación superior en una mera función de la reproducción capitalista. The general tone of documents that relate to the actual education reform process oscillates between self-defense and technocratism. In academic circles, far from debate, the university is regarded as being the engine of investigation and the innovative technology that will be employed by large capitalist groups in their fields of dynamic competition. These texts should be read in their social, political and economic contexts and should be compared with the clarity or perhaps obscurity of European Commission papers written on convergence and economic competitiveness. We believe that the present convergence process is designed to promote further education as a mere tool to be used in capitalist reproduction. (shrink)

'This is a very good and important book that is must reading for anyone interested in evolutionary economics and/or the relationship between history and economics. In addition, you get a very well documented and argued interpretation of long run capitalist development from the industrial revolution to the present that will be a standard reference... a first rate contribution to the discussion of how evolutionary economics should develop.' -Journal of Evolutionary Economics 'The book offers numerous insights into particular aspects of (...) technological change... Social theorists and policy advisors today need to be able to understand technological change in relation to cultural, political and economic life, and to situate contemporary developments in a longer term perspective. The authors provide a framework to do exactly that. Their book is a welcome demonstration of the usefulness of historical context for contemporary debates regarding science and technology policy.' -Business History 'A thought-provoking work that is valuable for more than its detailed account of the technological revolutions that shape our economy today. By directing our attention to a perspective outside the current wave, it shapes our thinking about events inside the current wave.' -Academy of Management Review 'This major contribution to economic history is the most impressive and convincing attempt I know to apply the concept of the 'long waves', a basic rhythm of historical development in the era of capitalism, to the entire stretch from eighteenth-century Lancashire to twenty-first-century Silicon Valley. It is also a call for economic history to escape from the handcuffs of narrow retrospective econometrics to the freedom of its vocation: understanding and explaining secular historical transformations.' -Eric Hobsbawm FBA, American Academy of Arts andamp; Sciences, Emeritus Professor of Social and Economic History, Birkbeck College; Author of The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991The Internet and mobile telephones have made everyone more aware than ever of the computer revolution and its effects on the economy and society. 'As Time Goes By' puts this revolution in the perspective of previous waves of technical change: steam-powered mechanization, electrification, and motorization. It argues for a theory of reasoned economic history which assigns a central place to these successive technological revolutions. (shrink)

This paper attempts to bridge business ethics to corporate social responsibility including the social and environmental dimensions. The objective of the paper is to suggest a conceptual methodology with which ethics of corporate environmental management tools can be considered. The method includes two stages that are required for a shift away from the current dominant unsustainable paradigm and toward a more sustainable paradigm. The first stage is paradigmatic, metaphoric and normative. The second stage is a practical stage, which in turn, (...) is analytic, descriptive and positive. The method is applied to common industrial metabolism tools of ecological footprints (EF), environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) and industrial ecology (IE). The application shows that all three tools can be used in business ethics, in particular, when the first stage of the method is applied to their use. (shrink)

Skeptics of the moral case against industrial farming often assert that harm to animals in industrial systems is limited to isolated instances of abuse that do not reflect standard practice and thus do not merit criticism of the industry at large. I argue that even if skeptics are correct that abuse is the exception rather than the rule, they must still answer for two additional varieties of serious harm to animals that are pervasive in industrial systems: procedural (...) harm and institutional oppression. That procedural and institutional harms create conditions under which abuse is virtually inevitable only increases the skeptic's burden. (shrink)

There has recently been increasing interest in the possibility and ethics of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), which would combine sophisticated AI with machinery capable of deadly force. One objection to LAWS is that their use will create a troubling responsibility gap, where no human agent can properly be held accountable for the outcomes that they create. While some authors have attempted to show that individual agents can, in fact, be responsible for the behaviour of LAWS in various circumstances, this (...) will not be possible in all cases. This article argues, however, that by assigning responsibilities to group agents operating within the military‐industrial complex, as well as the military‐industrial complex as a whole, we may be able to close the responsibility gap, or at least reduce its costs. Insofar as the potential for responsibility gaps poses an ethical barrier to the development and deployment of LAWS, this argument, if sound, may show their use to be morally permissible in a greater range of cases. (shrink)

Table of contents -- Foreword by klaus schwab -- Author biographies -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction - by armand doucet & jelmer evers -- education in a time of unprecedented change by michael soskil -- education today: a collection of snapshots by elisa guerra -- - overcoming equity gaps in and through education by michael soskil -- Teach me: the learner profile by armand doucet -- the power of learning by nadia lopez -- contextualizing personalization in education by armand doucet -- (...) Evolution of technology in the classroom by koen timmers -- flip the system: the networked activist teacher by jelmer evers -- Conclusion- by armand doucet & jelmer evers -- Epilogue by andreas schleicher. (shrink)

In most social species, position in the male social hierarchy and reproductive success are positively correlated; in humans, however, this relationship is less clear, with studies of traditional societies yielding mixed results. In the most economically advanced human populations, the adaptiveness of status vanishes altogether; social status and fertility are uncorrelated. These findings have been interpreted to suggest that evolutionary principles may not be appropriate for the explanation of human behavior, especially in modern environments. The present study tests the adaptiveness (...) of social status with actual mating and reproductive data in a representative sample of males from an industrial society. Reproductive success, even when assessed by a more reliable measure ofactualmale fertility than the one commonly used, fails to correlate with social status. In striking contrast, however, status is found to be highly correlated withpotentialfertility, as estimated from copulation frequency. Status thus accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in thisproximatecomponent of fitness. This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies and would result in a substantial positive relationship between cultural and reproductive success in industrial populations were it not for the novel conditions imposed by contraception and monogamy. Various underlying mechanisms are suggested for these findings, illustrating the value of current behavioral and reproductive data in the study of adaptation. It is concluded that evolutionary explanations of human behavior remain entirely relevant in modern societies. (shrink)

This research aims at establishing the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises by means of economic and mathematical modelling. The goal was achieved using the following methods: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis (to critically analyse the scientific approaches of scientists regarding the expediency of using mathematical models in the context of enterprises’ e-commerce development), target, comparison and grouping (to reveal innovative methodological approach to assessing ICT impact on e-commerce development of industrial (...) enterprises), tabular, analytical and integral method (for summarizing the analysis results of enterprises readiness to implement ICT, ICT use in the activities of industrial enterprises of Ukraine and the analysis of e-commerce development), mathematical modelling (to build a regression model determining impact of changes in ICT use on the market share occupied by industrial enterprises), generalization (to determine promising directions of e-commerce developing of industrial enterprises). The implementation of a comprehensive approach to understanding the importance of ICT influence on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises will ensure acceleration of the digitalization of business processes, will contribute to the speed increase of enterprises response to customer requests, and increase the market share occupied by enterprises. A new vision of directions for developing e-commerce of industrial enterprises is suggested, which are determined by the need for enterprise rebranding, the development of e-commerce tools and technologies, the importance of outsourcing service automation and promotion of subscription trade. ICT is considered as integration factor that determines prospects for e-commerce development of industrial enterprises and contributes to increasing efficiency of online business management. Research results demonstrate that the use of economic and mathematical modelling is an important tool for assessing ICT impact, and its absence can negatively affect the accuracy and validity of online business management. (shrink)

_Europe's Economic Challenge_ considers what sort of industrial economic strategy would prepare Europe for the next century. The authors examine the broad approaches to industrial policy and explore future possibilities for what is needed if these policies are to become reality.

The article is focused on the investigation of the impact the corporate culture makes on industrial enterprise development. It demonstrates that the formation of the corporate culture principles contributes to raising the level of staff involvement, its labor activity performance, maintaining and reproduction of human capital assets of an enterprise. Investments in the development of corporate culture are considered as an alternative to traditional methods of increasing the efficiency of an enterprise in an uncertain economic environment. Corporate culture development, (...) which involves a commitment to raising the level of knowledge, innovativeness and organization, has a positive effect on the performance and efficiency of the entire company, and aids in the regulation of internal labor relations, preventing potential critical situations. The introduction and development of corporate culture, which includes a certain system of values and behaviors, in modern domestic industrial enterprises is becoming a necessity. The application of the principles and values of corporate culture leads to the long-term success of an industrial enterprise. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, I indicate how the naturalized and individualized conception of disability that prevails in philosophy informs the indifference of philosophers to the predictable COVID-19 tragedy that has unfolded in nursing homes, supported living centers, psychiatric institutions, and other institutions in which elders and younger disabled people are placed. I maintain that, insofar as feminist and other discourses represent these institutions as sites of care and love, they enact structural gaslighting. I argue, therefore, that philosophers must engage in (...) conceptual engineering with respect to how disability and these institutions are understood and represented. To substantiate my argument, I trace the sequence of catastrophic events that have occurred in nursing homes in Canada and in the Canadian province of Ontario in particular during the pandemic, tying these events to other past and current eugenic practices produced in the Canadian context. The crux of the article is that the COVID-19 pandemic has thrown into vivid relief the carceral character of nursing homes and other congregate settings in which elders and younger disabled people are confined. -/- KEYWORDS carceral, conceptual engineering, nursing home-industrial-complex, philosophy of disability, structural gaslighting. (shrink)

Animals and War: Confronting the Military-Animal Industrial Complex is the first book to examine how nonhuman animals are used in war and the military. Animals and War contributes significantly to the fields of social justice, animal rights, and anti-war/peace activist communities. This book also will be read by peace, conflict, social justice, and critical animal studies scholars, students, and practitioners.

Mit diesem Handbuch wird auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage eine Gesamtdarstellung vor allem der privatrechtlichen Medienprozesse vorgelegt, die im Zusammenhang mit der Produktion und Vermarktung bzw. Nutzung von Zeichen, Bildern, T nen und anderen Informationen (Medienprodukten) entstehen. Dabei werden auch die europarechtlichen Aspekte der Entwicklung des Medienrechts dargestellt. Das Handbuch enth lt Richtlinien, Gesetzestexte und Vertragsmuster, um dem Nutzer einen schnellen Zugriff zu erleichtern.

This book explores the way that human symbolic abilities have precipitated the colonisation and replacement of the natural world by the industrial order, transforming human character and experience.

This paper aims to understand the kind of activities that industrial actors develop in order to protect their enterprises during industrial crisis conditions. A series of political unrest, insurgency, economic turmoil, deadly earthquakes, and economic embargo at the Indo- Nepal boarder escalated the industrial crisis in Nepal. The quest for sustainability of enterprises during the enduring nature of the crisis stimulated for a more detail conversation and survey. A perceptual survey of industrial actors accompanying conversation therein (...) indicates that trade union and association leaders develop positive attitude and advance specific activities for protecting their enterprises during industrial crisis conditions. The study finds that an empathic nature helps to develop a positive attitude among the industrial actors, which seems contributory for enterprises to survive during crisis conditions. The actors tend to positively perceive significance of specific activities under the conditions of difficulties and hardships and enhance immunity to the industrial crisis. This paper argues that the empathic nature of the industrial actors becomes more effective to safeguard the pluralistic interests of the stakeholders of the enterprise than the self- centric nature of the actors. The actors are not only engaged in safeguarding their claims on the industry but are also contributing—beyond their routine work—positively to strengthen the enterprise immunity during difficulties. This paper concludes with an insight of shifting managerial attention from the generic concepts like cost minimisation and product differentiation to the concepts of regularity in supply of goods and services in the business network by expanding the scope of industrial relations vertically and horizontally. The empathic nature of industrial actors enhances the effectiveness of the general system theory and social network theory by developing understanding of the role of industrial actors’ relations in sustaining and operationalizing a business network under organizational crisis conditions. (shrink)

The purpose of this document is to consider possible industrial policy measures that could be contemplated by the South African Government to provide support for the export competitiveness of the country’s processed fruit products. It follows an earlier analysis by Don Ross, which argued for the conclusion that the industry meets key criteria for economically justifiable industrial policy assistance. That is, it offers a premium product that can be amplified in value by brand strengthening, can be positioned more (...) advantageously than at present in international value chains, and would benefit from an environment made more competitive by liberalization of international trade practices and reduction in management of input prices (chiefly tin plate and sugar). In short: the main factors now limiting the competitiveness of the industry’s exports derive neither from its product characteristics nor from independent market dynamics, but from exogenous constraints that are in principle correctible by policy. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the "innovation ecosystem" concept formation and provides a simplified schematic representation of the system as five interacting modules. Innovations are assumed by national governments and companies as a source of long-term sustainability. In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in identifying approaches that would accelerate the development and deployment of innovations. The attention of the academic and business communities representatives to the innovation ecosystems underlines the fact (...) that it is ecosystems and IT platforms that implement them that are the most promising candidates for the role of an organizational structure for the accumulation and scaling of new knowledge in the era of the industrial revolution. (shrink)

A test procedure optimization method was proposed in this paper to improve the test efficiency of the industrial robot servo system to be tested on the IRSS integrated testing platform. First, an ordered sequence was used to define the IRSS test project when tested on the IITP. The ordered sequence consisted of execution subelements, which were a combination of control variable parameters of the IITP. Second, the optimization relationships among the IRSS test projects were dug out according to the (...) IRSS test project sequences. Finally, by using the traveling salesmen problem, an optimization model was established based on the optimization relationships of the IRSS test projects, and the optimal test order of the IRSS test projects to be tested on the IITP was obtained by solving the model. A case analysis showed that the proposed method optimized the test procedure on the IITP effectively, and the test time when implementing the test on the IITP according to the optimized order was nearly 50% shorter than before optimization. The optimization effect was thus found to be significant. (shrink)

Este texto analizará críticamente la actual fase económica para mostrar la importancia de los bienes comunes intangibles. Sondea la tesis de un nuevo modo de producción «en ciernes», basado en la gestión colaborativa. Analiza los intangibles de acuerdo a su calidad y carácter. Compara los sistemas de patentes y derechos de propiedad intelectual que permiten su apropiación y las resistencias a su «comoditización» desde el software libre y las propuestas de flexibilización de derechos de autor. Advierte sobre el «fetichismo tecnológico» (...) y propone un marco mínimo de discernimiento en dilemas vinculados a estas materias.It will scan critically the current economic phase to show the importance of the intangible commons. Investigate the thesis of a new mode of production based on collaborative knowledge management. Analyze the specificities of the intangible commons according to their quality and character. We will compare the patent and intellectual property rights that allow its appropriation. Study the resistance to its «commoditization» from the free software paradigm and the proposed relaxation of copyright. Warn of the risks of new forms of «technological fetishism» and conclude by proposing a minimum framework of discernment dilemmas in these matters. (shrink)

This paper examines discourses of stakeholders regarding global climate change to assess whether and how they construct industrial animal agriculture as posing a risk. The analysis assesses whether these discourses have shifted since the release of Livestock’s Long Shadow, a report by the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization, which indicated that the industrial animal agriculture sector as a whole contributes more to global climate change than the transportation sector. Using Ulrich Beck’s theorizing of the “risk society,” this (...) paper examines how various animal rights and welfare groups, environmental organizations, meat industry stakeholders, governmental agencies, and newspapers in Canada, the United States, and internationally investigate and construct industrial animal agriculture as a risk, if at all, and how their respective discourses conflict. The findings indicate that while some stakeholders acknowledge industrial animal agriculture’s contribution to global climate change, for the most part the problematization of animal agriculture has not increased since the release of Livestock’s Long Shadow, and the animal agriculture industry has seemingly not lost its power to “rationalize risk.”. (shrink)

The national new area Xiong’an has been established to take over the noncapital functions of Beijing in China. In light of local resources and environmental constraints, it is important to clarify the mode of industrial transfer for Xiong’an new area to achieve the developmental goals. This study simulates and analyzes the speed of industrial transfer and the capacities of XNA in light of resource and environmental constraints. The results show that, to just realize modernization in 2035, the transfer (...) rate of the secondary industry and tertiary industry is annually 3.7 billion yuan and 6.4 billion yuan, respectively. But at this speed, the atmospheric environment will be overloaded by 2028. The minimum and maximum transfer rate to realize modernization in 2035 without overloading resources and environment are also specified as well as the total size of economy and population. The results indicate that land for the construction of XNA is rich, but local water is not sufficient to support industrial growth. The atmospheric environment of XNA is also an important limiting factor. It is thus necessary to reduce air pollution and increase the population and industrial scale of the area by increasing the transfer rate of the tertiary industry. (shrink)