Results for 'referring'

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  1. Why definite descriptions really are referring terms1 John-Michael Kuczynski university of california, santa Barbara.Really Are Referring Terms - 2005 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 68 (1):45-79.
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    News from the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature (NRCBL) and the National Information Resource on Ethics and Human Genetics (NIREHG).National Reference Center for Bioet - 2007 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 17 (4):399-403.
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    Referring to Fictional Characters.Edward N. Zalta - 2003 - Dialectica 57 (2):243-254.
    In this paper, the author replies to a question raised about theories of nonexistent objects. The question concerns the way names of fictional characters, when analyzed as names which denote nonexistent objects, acquire their denotations. Since nonexistent objects cannot causally interact with existent objects, it is thought that we cannot appeal to a‘dubbing’or a‘baptism’. The question is, therefore, what is the starting point of the chain? The answer is that storytellings are to be thought of as extended baptisms, and the (...)
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  4.  14
    Referring as a collaborative process.Herbert H. Clark & Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs - 1986 - Cognition 22 (1):1-39.
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  5.  5
    On Referring.J. F. Thomson & P. F. Strawson - 1950 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 18 (1):87.
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    Referring to artifacts.Hilary Kornblith - 1980 - Philosophical Review 89 (1):109-114.
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  7.  8
    Referring.Leonard Linsky - 1967 - New York,: Humanities P..
  8.  7
    Peter F. Strawson.On Referring - 1997 - In Peter Ludlow (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Language. MIT Press. pp. 335.
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  9.  8
    Referring to events.Fred I. Dretske - 1977 - Midwest Studies in Philosophy 2 (1):90-99.
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  10.  16
    Computational Generation of Referring Expressions: A Survey.Emiel Krahmer & Kees van Deemter - unknown
    This article offers a survey of computational research on referring expressions generation (REG). It introduces the REG problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened in recent years. We discuss computational frameworks underlying REG, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link up REG algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation traditions. Considerable attention is given to recent efforts at evaluating REG algorithms and the lessons that (...)
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  11.  7
    Referring to things that no longer exist.Roderick M. Chisholm - 1990 - Philosophical Perspectives 4:545-556.
  12.  17
    Referring to nonexistent objects.Terence Parsons - 1979 - Theory and Decision 11 (1):95--110.
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    Referring to institutional entities: Semantic and ontological perspectives.Alexandra Arapinis - 2013 - Applied ontology 8 (1):31-57.
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  14.  17
    True Nominalism: Referring versus Coding.Jody Azzouni & Otávio Bueno - 2016 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 67 (3):781-816.
    One major motivation for nominalism, at least according to Hartry Field, is the desirability of intrinsic explanations: explanations that don’t invoke objects that are causally irrelevant to the phenomena being explained. There is something right about the search for such explanations. But that search must be carefully implemented. Nothing is gained if, to avoid a certain class of objects, one only introduces other objects and relations that are just as nominalistically questionable. We will argue that this is the case for (...)
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  15.  10
    The Interplay Between Gesture and Speech in the Production of Referring Expressions: Investigating the Tradeoff Hypothesis.Jan P. de Ruiter, Adrian Bangerter & Paula Dings - 2012 - Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (2):232-248.
    The tradeoff hypothesis in the speech–gesture relationship claims that (a) when gesturing gets harder, speakers will rely relatively more on speech, and (b) when speaking gets harder, speakers will rely relatively more on gestures. We tested the second part of this hypothesis in an experimental collaborative referring paradigm where pairs of participants (directors and matchers) identified targets to each other from an array visible to both of them. We manipulated two factors known to affect the difficulty of speaking to (...)
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  16. Naming and Referring: Table of Contents.Heidi Savage - manuscript
    This book is about whether reference to an individual is the essential feature of a proper name -- a widely held view -- or whether referring to an individual is simply a contingent feature. Three questions need resolving, then. First, whether all names in particular contexts are themselves referring devices. Second, whether recognizing names types and the consequent issue of their ambiguity can be resolved simply by distinguishing between name types and tokens thereof. Last, whether names are ever (...)
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  17.  11
    Correction referring to: Host under epigenetic control: A novel perspective on the interaction between microorganisms and corals.Adam R. Barno, Helena D. M. Villela, Manuel Aranda, Torsten Thomas & Raquel S. Peixoto - 2021 - Bioessays 43 (10):2170086.
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  18. Referring descriptions.R. M. Sainsbury - 2004 - In Marga Reimer & Anne Bezuidenhout (eds.), Descriptions and beyond. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 369--89.
     
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  19. Referring Descriptions.Mark Sainsbury - 2004 - In Marga Reimer & Anne Bezuidenhout (eds.), Descriptions and beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.
     
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  20.  5
    Referring.Robert Sokolowski - 1988 - Review of Metaphysics 42 (1):27 - 49.
    WHEN WORDS APPEAR THEY INTERRUPT the dense continuity of things. Pictures do so as well, but in a different way. The things surrounding me form a dense continuum: my attention can move from one thing to another without leaving what is immediately there. I can go from the table to the rug to the chair to the lamp and to the wall. But if at some point I come to a picture, this plain sequence is broken, and although it may (...)
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    Two- and Four-Year-Olds Learn to Adapt Referring Expressions to Context: Effects of Distracters and Feedback on Referential Communication.Danielle Matthews, Jessica Butcher, Elena Lieven & Michael Tomasello - 2012 - Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (2):184-210.
    Children often refer to things ambiguously but learn not to from responding to clarification requests. We review and explore this learning process here. In Study 1, eighty-four 2- and 4-year-olds were tested for their ability to request stickers from either (a) a small array with one dissimilar distracter or (b) a large array containing similar distracters. When children made ambiguous requests, they received either general feedback or specific questions about which of two options they wanted. With training, children learned to (...)
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  22.  1
    Referring, singular terms, and presupposition.David S. Schwarz - 1976 - Philosophical Studies 30 (1):63 - 74.
  23.  2
    Referring Expressions Again.P. T. Geach - 1964 - Analysis 24 (5):172 - 175.
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    Referring.A. P. Martinich - 1979 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 40 (2):157-172.
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  25.  1
    Empathy: Referring and remembering.Daniel A. Putnam - 1984 - Journal of Social Philosophy 15 (1):34-42.
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  26.  4
    What are referring expressions? How do we recognize them?Stig W. Jørgensen - 1998 - Pragmatics and Cognition 6 (1):99-120.
    The term 'referring expression' is often used without definition, and models of referring usually ignore the question of how NP's are recognized as referring expressions in discourse. In this paper, I review some relevant distinctions from the research in generics and, on that basis, provide a definition of referring expressions as specific and non-kind-referring noun phrases. I discuss some complications to the definition. Using Kronfeld's model of referring as my framework, I discuss the interaction (...)
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  27.  17
    Bioethics Resources on the Web.National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature - 2000 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 10 (2):175-188.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 10.2 (2000) 175-188 [Access article in PDF] Scope Note 38 Bioethics Resources on the Web * Once described as an "enormous used book store with volumes stacked on shelves and tables and overflowing onto the floor" (Pool, Robert. 1994. Turning an Info-Glut into a Library. Science 266 (7 October): 20-22, p. 20), Internet resources now receive numerous levels of organization, from basic directory listings (...)
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  28.  1
    Referring to internal occurrences: A reply to Coulter.Jack Bilmes - 1992 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 22 (3):253–262.
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  29.  11
    The Role of Metarepresentation in the Production and Resolution of Referring Expressions.William S. Horton & Susan E. Brennan - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7:168898.
    In this paper we consider the potential role of metarepresentation—the representation of another representation, or as commonly considered within cognitive science, the mental representation of another individual's knowledge and beliefs—in mediating definite reference and common ground in conversation. Using dialogues from a referential communication study in which speakers conversed in succession with two different addressees, we highlight ways in which interlocutors work together to successfully refer to objects, and achieve shared conceptualizations. We briefly review accounts of how such shared conceptualizations (...)
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  30. Referring uses and self-enforcing directives.Roger Buck - 1951 - Mind 60 (238):252-256.
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  31.  7
    On referring and intending.Stuart Hampshire - 1956 - Philosophical Review 65 (1):1-13.
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  32.  1
    Referring to God: Jewish and Christian philosophical and theological perspectives.Paul Helm (ed.) - 2000 - Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
    In this volume, philosophers from Britain, Israel and the US bring these interpretive techniques together and present important accounts of the problem of ...
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  33. Mr. Strawson on referring.Bertrand Russell - 2010 - In Darragh Byrne & Max Kölbel (eds.), Arguing about language. New York: Routledge.
  34.  5
    On Referring to Oneself.Maximilian de Gaynesford - 2004 - Theoria 70 (2-3):121-161.
    According to John McDowell, in its central uses, ‘I’ is immune to error through misidentification and thus to be accounted strongly identification‐free (I–II). Neither doctrine is obviously well founded (III); indeed, given that deixis is a proper part of ‘I’ (IV–VIII), it appears that uses of ‘I’ are identification‐dependent (IX–X).
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  35.  4
    Basic resources in bioethics: 1996-1999.National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature - 2000 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 10 (1):81-102.
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  36.  25
    Mr. Strawson on referring.Bertrand Russell - 1957 - Mind 66 (263):385-389.
    Leaving detail aside, I think we may sum up Mr. Strawson's argument and my reply to it as follows: There are two problems, that of descriptions and that of egocentricity. Mr. Strawson thinks they are one and the same problem, but it is obvious from his discussion that he has not considered as many kinds of descriptive phrases as are relevant to the argument. Having confused the two problems, he asserts dogmatically that it is only the egocentric problem that needs (...)
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  37.  5
    After BIOETHICSLINE: Online Searching of the Bioethics Literature.National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature - 2001 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 11 (4):389-390.
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  38.  3
    Modes of Referring and the Problem of Universals: An Essay in Metaphysics.R. J. B. - 1962 - Review of Metaphysics 15 (3):529-529.
    An essay in the "new" metaphysics which has been emerging from English analytic philosophy. Acknowledging his debt to Wittgenstein, Shwayder concedes that what he has to offer "is nothing but philosophical theory in pretty much the old-fashioned sense." The three foci are referring, properties, and natural numbers. The multifarious and subtle distinctions are the source both of the book's strength and weakness. The concern and care for detailed shades of meaning frequently gets in the way of a more general (...)
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  39.  3
    Indefinite Descriptions as Referring Terms.Stephen Barker - 2009 - Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 16 (4):569-586.
    I argue that indefinite descriptions are referring terms. This is not the ambiguity thesis: that sometimes they are referring terms and sometimes something else, such as quantifiers . No. On my view they are always referring terms; and never quantifiers. I defend this thesis by modifying the standard conception of what a referring term is: a modification that needs to be made anyway, irrespective of the treatment of indefinites. I derive this approach from my speech-act theoretic (...)
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  40. Geach on Referring Expressions.L. J. Cohen - 1962 - Analysis 23 (1):6-8.
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  41.  6
    Lexical Choice and Conceptual Perspective in the Generation of Plural Referring Expressions.Albert Gatt & Kees Deemter - 2007 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 16 (4):423-443.
    A fundamental part of the process of referring to an entity is to categorise it (for instance, as the woman). Where multiple categorisations exist, this implicitly involves the adoption of a conceptual perspective. A challenge for the automatic Generation of Referring Expressions is to identify a set of referents coherently, adopting the same conceptual perspective. We describe and evaluate an algorithm to achieve this. The design of the algorithm is motivated by the results of psycholinguistic experiments.
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  42.  8
    Bare NPs: Kind-referring, Indefinites, Both, or Neither?Manfred Krifka - 2003 - Semantics and Linguistic Theory 13:180.
    It is generally assumed that there are two types of genericity, called characterizing statements and kind reference in Krifka et al. (1995). Characterizing statements express generalizations about sets of entities or situations, cf. (1); kind reference involves reference to an entity that is related to specimens, cf. (2).
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  43.  13
    Age differences in adults' use of referring expressions.Petra Hendriks, Christina Englert, Ellis Wubs & John Hoeks - 2008 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 17 (4):443-466.
    The aim of this article is to investigate whether choosing the appropriate referring expression requires taking into account the hearer’s perspective, as is predicted under some versions of bidirectional Optimality Theory but is unexpected under other versions. We did this by comparing the results of 25 young and 25 elderly adults on an elicitation task based on eight different picture stories, and a comprehension task based on eight similar written stories. With respect to the elicitation task, we found that (...)
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  44.  5
    Planning english referring expressions.Douglas E. Appelt - 1985 - Artificial Intelligence 26 (1):1-33.
  45.  13
    Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions.Robert Dale & Ehud Reiter - 1995 - Cognitive Science 19 (2):233-263.
    We examine the problem of generating definite noun phrases that are appropriate referring expressions; that is, noun phrases that (a) successfully identify the intended referent to the hearer whilst (b) not conveying to him or her any false conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975). We review several possible computational interpretations of the conversational implicature maxims, with different computational costs, and argue that the simplest may be the best, because it seems to be closest to what human speakers do. We describe our (...)
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  46. Experimentation in Avicenna's Philosophy by Referring to Its Practical Application in His Works on Natural Sciences.Roohollah Fadaei & Reza Akbari - 2019 - Philosophy and Kalam 51 (2):245ß260.
    Avicenna, beside his theoretical discussions about experimentation, practically applied his experimental method to natural sciences studies such as medicine, biology, and meteorology. His theoretical discussions subsume propositions concerning the conditions under which experimental knowledge is attained, the components of this knowledge and its functions. Some of these propositions are as follows: necessity of recurrent observations for acquiring experimental knowledge, certainty plus conditional universality of such knowledge, and its role as demonstrative premises. Investigating the application of his theory in natural sciences (...)
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    What should referring doctors do if there is a delay in receiving COVID-19 test results and specialists require them for proper treatment of patients referred to them?David Jan McQuoid-Mason - 2020 - South African Journal of Bioethics and Law 13 (1):5.
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  48.  3
    Free Content Why Definite Descriptions Really are Referring Terms.John-Michael Kuczynski - 2005 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 68 (1):45-79.
    According to Russell, '... the phi ...' means: 'exactly one object has phi and ... that object ...'. Strawson pointed out that, if somebody asked how many kings of France there were, it would be deeply inappropriate to respond by saying '... the king of France ...': the respondent appears to be presupposing the very thing that, under the circumstances, he ought to be asserting. But it would seem that if Russell's theory were correct, the respondent would be asserting exactly (...)
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  49.  75
    The Number of Planets, a Number-Referring Term?Friederike Moltmann - 2016 - In Philip A. Ebert & Marcus Rossberg (eds.), Abstractionism: Essays in Philosophy of Mathematics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press UK. pp. 113-129.
    The question whether numbers are objects is a central question in the philosophy of mathematics. Frege made use of a syntactic criterion for objethood: numbers are objects because there are singular terms that stand for them, and not just singular terms in some formal language, but in natural language in particular. In particular, Frege (1884) thought that both noun phrases like the number of planets and simple numerals like eight as in (1) are singular terms referring to numbers as (...)
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  50.  2
    F. H. Bradley on Referring.Brenda Jubin - 1976 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 14 (2):157-168.
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