There has been a shift from teaching to learning, the so-called process of ‘learnification’, which promotes the idea that teaching should be primarily concerned with the creation of rich learning environments and scaffolding student learning. In doing so, this process of ‘learnification’ has also attacked the idea that teachers have something to teach and that students have something to learn from their teachers. The influence of constructivism, and thinkers like Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner in this paradigm shift is quite evident; (...) however, this gives rise to a tension in what a teacher is and what teaching entails, because the teacher, by definition, is someone who has something to teach students, and not merely a facilitator of the learning process. Moreover, because of constructivism and ‘learnification’, current educational practices and policies seem to pay little attention to the importance of ‘relations’ and ‘the encounter with the Other’, which become merely desirable by-products. In this article I criticise constructivism and ‘learnification’ by proposing that the teacher is a community ‘builder’ and teaching a ‘situational revelation’, while also emphasising the importance of ‘relations’ in the educational process. The starting point for my discussion is a much neglected passage of I and Thou where Martin Buber discusses the importance of the ‘living centre’ [lebendigen Mitte] for ‘true community’ [Die wahre Gemeinde] formation. (shrink)

No início do século XIV, Raimundo Lúlio, contrapondo-se aos mestres em Artes por ele identificados como averroistae, desenvolveria não menos que dois métodos resolutivos de inconsistência, a fim de refutar aquelas teses filosóficas que divergem da fé cristã. Um deles serve-se de silogismos contraditórios capazes de expressar a estrutura de um argumento ad hominem, ao passo que o outro nada mais é do que uma reductio ad impossibile elaborada com base em suposições contraditórias. In the early fourteenth century, Ramond Lully, (...) opposed to university philosophers whom he identified as averroistae, developed no less than two methods for the resolution of inconsistency, in order to refute philosophical theses which diverge from the Christian faith. The first of these uses contradictory syllogisms expressing the structure of an ad hominem argument, while the other is a reductio ad impossibile produced with contradictory suppositions. (shrink)

Nurses play a crucial role in reducing health disparities and advancing health equity for individuals and communities. The future nursing workforce relies on their nursing education to prepare them to promote health equity. Nursing educators prepare students through a variety of andragogical learning strategies in the classroom and in clinical experiences and by intentionally updating and revising curricular content to address knowledge and competency gaps. This critical review aimed to determine the extent to which health equity concepts are explicitly present (...) in prelicensure undergraduate nursing curricula globally. Of 434 articles screened, 22 articles describing 20 studies met inclusion criteria. Frequency and quantity of health equity content, concepts and topics, teaching strategies, evaluation strategies, and the overall extent of integration varied widely. Notably, only two articles described overall well‐integrated explicit health equity content, and there was little attention to whether students transfer this learning into practice. A focus on individualism rather than population and community was noted, highlighting the presence of whiteness in nursing. Results from this review confirm that nursing education has room to improve with respect to health equity in the curricula. (shrink)

Does action always arise out of desire? G. F. Schueler examines this hotly debated topic in philosophy of action and moral philosophy, arguing that once two senses of "desire" are distinguished - roughly, genuine desires and pro attitudes - apparently plausible explanations of action in terms of the agent's desires can be seen to be mistaken. Desire probes a fundamental issue in philosophy of mind, the nature of desires and how, if at all, they motivate and justify our actions. At (...) least since Hume argued that reason "is and of right ought to be the slave of the passions," many philosophers have held that desires play an essential role both in practical reason and in the explanation of intentional action. G. F. Schueler looks at contemporary accounts of both roles in various belief-desire models of reasons and explanation and argues that the usual belief-desire accounts need to be replaced. Schueler contends that the plausibility of the standard belief-desire accounts rests largely on a failure to distinguish "desires proper," like a craving for sushi, from so-called "pro attitudes," which may take the form of beliefs and other cognitive states as well as desires proper. Schueler's "deliberative model" of practical reasoning suggests a different view of the place of desire in practical reason and the explanation of action. He holds that we can arrive at an intention to act by weighing the relevant considerations and that these may not include desires proper at all. (shrink)

This paper argues that both teleological and causal concepts are required for explanations of intentional actions. It argues against ‘causalism’, the idea that action explanations are essentially causal. This requires analyzing Mele’s Q-Signals-from-Mars argument that having a purpose and behaving so as to achieve it aren’t sufficient to explain an intentional action. Though Mele’s example shows that external causal interference can defeat the claim that an intentional action has been performed, this is consistent with teleological concepts being required (even if (...) not sufficient) for action explanation. Mele’s example would work even if causalism were true. But causalism is false. Causalism depends on the idea that ‘agents always do what they want’ can be understood as saying agents have mental states, desires, that cause their behavior. But intentional actions involve what agents want only in the sense that actions have purposes, which are not mental states and cannot be the causes of actions. To perform an intentional action is to pursue some purpose in some way. This paper argues that neither the reference to the purpose that explains why the action was performed, nor the causal account of how this purpose was pursued, can be eliminated. (shrink)

No início do século XIV, Raimundo Lúlio, contrapondo-se aos mestres em Artes por ele identificados como averroistae , desenvolveria não menos que dois métodos resolutivos de inconsistência, a fim de refutar aquelas teses filosóficas que divergem da fé cristã. Um deles serve-se de silogismos contraditórios capazes de expressar a estrutura de um argumento ad hominem , ao passo que o outro nada mais é do que uma reductio ad impossibile elaborada com base em suposições contraditórias.

People act for reasons. That is how we understand ourselves. But what is it to act for a reason? This is what Fred Schueler investigates. He rejects the dominant view that the beliefs and desires that constitute our reasons for acting simply cause us to act as we do, and argues instead for a view centred on practical deliberation--our ability to evaluate the reasons we accept. Schueler's account of 'reasons explanations' emphasizes the relation between reasons and purposes, and the fact (...) that the reasons for an action are not always good reasons. (shrink)

What is ignorance? -- The size of personal universes -- Who controls knowledge? -- The scope of ignorance -- The many branches of ignorance -- Ignorors and ignorees -- Anti-intellectualism -- Ignorance in education -- Ignorance in the media -- Ignorance in politics -- Institutional ignorance -- Faith, science, and ignorance -- Propaganda -- Costs and consequences of ignorance -- Working from and with ignorance.

This is an in-depth study of two exceptional seals impressed on tablets from late Sukkalmah-early Kidinuid Susa and Haft Tepe. Both seals have exceptionally long inscriptions in Akkadian, mentioning Išme-karāb and Inšušinak, respectively, followed by penalty and curse clauses resembling those used in the economic and legal texts and royal charters of Sukkalmah Susa. Analysis of the inscriptions implies that both seals must have been official seals, used by legal bodies during appeals to the supreme court. The Išme-karāb sealing, which (...) mentions the deities Išme-karāb, escort of the dead to the underworld, and Inšušinak, judge of the dead, evokes divine judgement. The Inšušinak seal has a more secular and “national” character, invoking in the curse formula four important Elamite rulers, including the illustrious Šilhaha. (shrink)

Texts from the Late Old Babylonian Period. By Seth F. C. Richardson. The Journal of Cuneiform Studies Supplemental Series, vol. 2. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2010. Pp. ix + 221.

Este artigo mostra que não há uma tese de subdeterminação de teorias científicas pelos indícios observacionais, mas várias. Identificamos quatro, com significados, plausibilidades e implicações distintos. Mostra-se que as mais fortes não passam de conjeturas, e que as mais fracas são mais plausíveis, mas não possuem implicações filosóficas robustas – em particular, não implicam o antirrealismo científico –, embora forneçam indícios de alternativas teóricas sistematicamente ignoradas na ciência, bem como do emprego de critérios em parte valorativos de escolha de teorias.

Existing theoretical literature on justice, law, and community typically treats them as ideas studying them through an analytical and rational approach. In this article, I propose to investigate these concepts through aesthetic experience as an attempt to both sharpen our imagination of such concepts and demonstrate they are inseparable. I do this by painstakingly examining the movies Shoplifters by Kore-eda and The House That Jack Built by Von Trier. Rather than focusing on thematic analysis, I claim and show that film (...) form is crucial for aesthetic and affective experience. Furthermore, and against the conventional view, I argue that both movies articulate a spatialized vision of justice defined by its materiality. Together these aspects help us to keep (re)imagining law, justice, and community, and grasp better their worldmaking properties and powers. (shrink)

Philosophy of science has undergone a naturalistic turn, moving away from traditional idealized concerns with the logical structure of scientific theories and toward focusing on real-world scientific practice, especially in domains such as modeling and experimentation. As part of this shift, recent work has explored how the project of philosophically understanding science as a natural phenomenon can be enriched by drawing from different fields and disciplines, including niche construction theory in evolutionary biology, on the one hand, and ecological and enactive (...) views in embodied cognitive science, on the other. But these insights have so far been explored in separation from each other, without clear indication of whether they can work together. Moreover, the focus on particular practices, however insightful, has tended to lack consideration of potential further implications for a naturalized understanding of science as a whole (i.e., above and beyond those particular practices). Motivated by these developments, here we sketch a broad-ranging view of science, scientific practice and scientific knowledge in terms of ecological-enactive co-construction. The view we propose situates science in the biological, evolutionary context of human embodied cognitive activity aimed at addressing the demands of life. This motivates reframing theory as practice, and reconceptualizing scientific knowledge in ecological terms, as relational and world-involving. Our view also brings to the forefront of attention the fundamental link between ideas about the nature of mind, of science and of nature itself, which we explore by outlining how our proposal differs from more conservative, and narrower, conceptions of “cognitive niche construction.”. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta a concepção de democracia adotada pela Teoria dos Sistemas Sociais na versão de Niklas Luhmann. Embora seja um tema pouco frequente na obra do sociólogo, ela foi exposta com clareza no artigo The Future of Democracy, publicado em 1990. Neste artigo, a concepção é apresentada como uma hipótese histórica que foi capaz de prever e explicar algumas características da democracia ocidental após a queda do bloco soviético. O artigo avança um desenvolvimento dessa concepção democrática para entender melhor (...) o ressurgimento dos movimentos políticos de extrema-direita na última década e, por outro lado, mostrar como tais movimentos são incompatíveis com o princípio democrático proposto pela teoria luhmanniana. (shrink)

Propomos comparar as respostas de Schopenhauer e Freud à questão do significado do prazer e desprazer, dadas por eles, respectivamente, em A ordem da salvação (W II) e Além do princípio do prazer. Ambos lhe respondem concordantemente, pois assinalam que a conduta humana ou os processos psíquicos se dilatam entre a busca do prazer e a fuga da dor (em Schopenhauer, a partir da afirmação da Vontade, e em Freud, conforme o princípio de prazer), e a busca da dor e (...) fuga do prazer (em Schopenhauer, no ascetismo ou graças ao “destino”, conduzido pela Vontade inconsciente, e em Freud, a partir da compulsão à repetição). Mesmo que na contradição schopenhaueriana se expresse mais uma polaridade entre o intelecto e a Vontade, e na freudiana, duas tendências subordinadas ao instinto de morte, defenderemos que ambos os autores estão mais afinados nesse tema do que no do dualismo entre Morte e Eros. (shrink)

o artigo trata da compreensáo da Modernidade no pensamento de Foucault abordando a dimensáo historica da atualidade na esfera de problematizaçáo socio-politica dos nossos dias. Seu nucleo de argumentacáo concentra-se nas condições de exame da questáo etica atraves da leitura que Foucault faz de Kant do principio da maioridade , do telos da afiio e da autonomia individual. Com isto o artigo propõe um eixo de analise da ideia foucaultiana de uma estetica da existencia a partir da relaçao entre subjetividade (...) e poder. (shrink)

Uma das questões mais fundamentais para quem se ocupa com a Metafísica de Aristóteles é saber se a ciência mais elevada a que se faz alusão na obra constitui uma única ciência ou se o livro contém possivelmente diferentes projetos de ciência preeminente. Neste trabalho, analisamos brevemente as posições dos mais relevantes intérpretes acerca do tema, dedicando especial atenção aos autores unitaristas. Por fim, apresentamos um esboço de nossa própria posição, que apesar de defender a existência duma ciência preeminente unitária, (...) vai contra a tendência de fundar a tese unitarista na chamada ontologia aristotélica. (shrink)

Uma das questões mais fundamentais para quem se ocupa com a Metafísica de Aristóteles é saber se a ciência mais elevada a que se faz alusão na obra constitui uma única ciência ou se o livro contém possivelmente diferentes projetos de ciência preeminente. Neste trabalho, analisamos brevemente as posições dos mais relevantes intérpretes acerca do tema, dedicando especial atenção aos autores unitaristas. Por fim, apresentamos um esboço de nossa própria posição, que apesar de defender a existência duma ciência preeminente unitária, (...) vai contra a tendência de fundar a tese unitarista na chamada ontologia aristotélica. (shrink)

Há um conhecido argumento contra o realismo acerca dos universais. De acordo com ele, tal realismo conduz a um regresso ao infinito. Este artigo visa a mostrar que é possível bloquear o regresso sem lançar mão de recursos argumentativos ad hoc. Algumas considerações sobre a forma lógica de frases relacionais contendo termos que se referem a propriedades e relações mostram como substituir a forma viciosa de regresso por uma menos problemática.

Este artigo aborda a mudança de paradigma para a noção de trabalho na sociedade impactada pela transformação digital. Reformulando o conceito de trabalho como transformação conservadora de energia, de acordo com a primeira lei da termodinâmica, para o entendimento do trabalho como redução da entropia, conforme a segunda lei, é possível compatibilizá-lo com os conceitos de informação e de comunicação. O artigo sugere que esta reformulação já estava implícita na teoria marxista e a diferencia do modelo ricardiano clássico. A transformação (...) digital é pensada como corte epistemológico no modo de produção, que traz consequências para o sistema funcional da economia. Neste, o modo dominante da economia capitalista (o capitalismo de plataforma) é confrontado com modos alternativos como o da Economia Solidária. O artigo examina se a transformação digital traz vantagens comparativas para a Economia Solidária e conclui positivamente neste sentido. (shrink)

This article argues that to disrupt legal education in a radical sense, students need to become acquainted with the art of worldmaking and the view that law is a “way of worldmaking”. First, I show that law is a cultural semiotic practice that requires decoding and, for that reason, demands a creative intervention by those that want to know, understand, and do things with law. Altogether this amounts to recognizing the different modes in which law creates, and is part of, (...) worlds. Second, I propose that due to different features of their aesthetic form, comics are a particularly effective medium to place students before the myriad ways in which law and lawyers make and reproduce worlds. Third, I illustrate the argument by exploring how the Saga comic series, through its formal multimodality and narrative and cultural complexity, can make good on that challenge. (shrink)

It is common in the cognitive and computational sciences to regard virtual reality (VR) as composed of illusory experiences, given its immersive character. In this paper, we adopt an ecological-enactive perspective on cognition (Sect. 3) to evaluate the nature of VR and one’s engagement with it. Based on a post-cognitivist conception of illusion, we reject the commonly held assumption that virtual reality experiences (VREs) are illusory (Sect. 4). Our positive take on this issue is that VR devices, like other technological (...) devices, can be embodied during use, which is why they can be the source of experiences (Sect. 5). We then propose a new concept to interpret VREs, namely, _allusion_, which means that the subject acts _as if_ the virtual experiences are real (Sect. 6). This kind of engagement has a volitional aspect, which is evident in the onboarding of VR devices and which allows us to distinguish VREs from other experiences. We conclude that, even though we have experiences that afford certain interactions in VR, the strong continuity between cognitive and biological processes is not sustained therein. This characterizes a difference of kind—given the current state of technology—between VREs and fully fledged cognitive states, which nevertheless allows for constrained experimentation in cognitive science. (shrink)

John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice has reoriented western philosophic thought, starting a new period of reflection on justice. Designed so as to offer “one” theory, this work does not present a dogmatic purpose; however, it does propose principles of justice, resulting from a hypothetical original agreement, to constitute what it calls “justice as fairness”, characterized by the foundation of the rules of “fair” in the institutions. Through the “veil of ignorance” imposed to men in their “original position”, Rawls makes (...) the design of such principles the result of a rational common sense among individuals, trying to achieve a moral ideal that works as an alternative for the utilitarian doctrine and as the basis for a fair democratic society. The importance of Rawls’s complete work can be assessed by the great attention and comments it has received in the academic world, becoming responsible for the rebirth of discussions related to fundamental issues concerning ethics and political philosophy. This has not prevented criticism to the author’s thinking from arising. The paper aims demonstrate that the vehement disagreement used by Rawls’s critics when attacking the argument of original sense decreases the importance of his theory. (shrink)

We comment here one of the most categorical, radical and fundamental concepts of Schopenhauer’s pessimism: the theory of positivity of pain and negativity of pleasure. We present its development in the philosopher’s capital work The World as Will and Representation and defend that it is present in a vital way in his three metaphysics, but is only made explicit in the last (of customs). Finally, we “dialogue” with the problematical issues that G. Simmel and C. Janaway address this argument and (...) propose a possible explanation of the thinker’s strategy to reserve its notability to the last book. (shrink)

JUSTE, Rubén. IBEX 35: una historia herética del poder en España, Capitán Swing Libros, Madrid, 2017, 330p.

Culture plays an important role in defining ethics standards because dissimilar cultures socialize their people differently, according to what is acceptable behaviour. The potential significance of ethnic groups for marketing justifies inquiry into the moral judgments, standards, and rules of conduct exercised in marketing decisions and situations arising from decisions whether or not to focus on individual ethnic groups within an economy. Identifying and targeting ethnic groups for marketing purposes are tasks fraught with many ethical difficulties. In a multicultural society (...) consisting of a dominant group and many diverse, minority groups defined by ethnicity, these problems can be expected to increase substantially. Consequently, marketers may include minority ethnic consumers in their mainstream marketing programs. In itself, this has ethical consequences. Alternatively, if marketers seek to target individual minority ethnic groups within the same economy a further set of ethical consequences needs to be considered. This paper reviews the concepts of ethnicity and ethnic groups and their relevance for marketing strategy within an economy where there is a dominant group and also significant minority ethnic groups. The ethical consequences for minority communities arising from the use of non-ethnic, mainstream marketing programs are examined. An alternative approach, ethnic marketing, is also examined and its ethical consequences in terms of other groups within the one country appraised. The ethical dilemma and tradeoffs facing marketers within advanced, culturally diverse countries are then considered. (shrink)

Lúlio descreve a realidade como uma estrutura reticuladamente estratificada. Para tanto, ele se vale da noção metafísica de fundação e a ela confere duas funções absolutamente básicas. Em primeiro lugar, cabe à fundação assegurar a distinção entre os princípios enumerados na figura A da Ars generalis ultima, seus correlativos e Deus, que, apesar de serem necessariamente coextensionais, não se confundem hiperintensionamente por não compartilharem a mesma fundação. Paralelamente, compete à fundação assegurar que os constituintes da realidade possam se arranjar hierarquicamente (...) segundo a variação dos seus graus de semelhança, encadeando-se fundacionalmente conforme a intensidade com a qual os princípios neles se contraem. De fato, a responsável direta por tal organização hierárquica da realidade é justamente essa capacidade de contração que os princípios têm de assumir uma condição contraída nas coisas que os manifestam e que a eles confere o seu caráter fundacional. (shrink)

The problem of addiction to psychoactive substances, such as alcohol and other drugs, has been addressed in psychiatry traditionally from the perspective of a mechanistic-reductionist epistemological model, whose main focus in clinical care is to avoid or suppress the use of these substances, rather than understanding the meaning of a treatment and the meaning of the alterations of consciousness produced by these addictive substances. This paper attempts to contribute towards overcoming this epistemological perspective from the perspective of phenomenological psychopathology. In (...) the first part of the article, the main characteristics of phenomenology and its incorporation into the field of mental health will be presented. Then the issue of addiction will be analysed from two ways of understanding it: the mechanistic-reductionist model and the phenomenological dialectical model. Finally, the pragmatic consequences of the dialectical perspective of phenomenology, called Dialectical Phenomenology (DPh), which seeks to enrich the diagnostic process in the mental health clinic, allowing scientific diagnoses to approach the complexities of clinical reality, will be presented. (shrink)