Epistemic Relativism

Edited by Markus Seidel (University of Münster)
Assistant editor: Charlott Becker (University of Münster)
About this topic
Summary Epistemic relativism is the position that knowledge is valid only relatively to a specific context, society, culture or individual. The discussion about epistemic relativism is one of the most fundamental discussions in epistemology concerning our understanding of notions such as 'justification' and 'good reason'.
Key works In Barnes & Bloor 1982, two sociologists of knowledge explicitly endorse a relativist position.   Boghossian 2006 attacks several forms of epistemic relativism. Kuhn 1962 gave rise to epistemic relativist interpretations.  Feyerabend 1999 argues for epistemic relativism in the philosophy of science.  Nagel 1997 gives a Last Word on relativism endorsing an absolutist position.  Rorty 1991 defends a position taken by many to be relativistic.
Introductions Laudan 1990 provides an introduction about the controversy in dialogue-form, For a general introduction, see Swoyer 2008, 2.4 in the Stanford encyclopedia
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  1. Lun jue dui yu xiang dui.Fengqi Zhao - 1982 - [Nanjing shi]: Jiangsu sheng xin hua shu dian fa xing. Edited by Anmiao.
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  2. Moderner Relativismus: zur Kritik antirealistischer Sichtweisen des Erkenntnisproblems.Hans Jürgen Wendel - 1990 - Tübingen: Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
    Nähere Informationen zu diesem Buch erhalten Sie direkt vom Verlag / For further information about this title please contact Mohr Siebeck.
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  3. Svetŭt na relativiziranoto sŭznanie.Marii︠a︡ Dimitrova - 1990 - Sofii︠a︡: Univ. izd-vo Kliment Okhridski.
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  4. Lun wu zhi: yi ge xin di ren shi yu.Zonghao Bao - 1991 - Shanghai: Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo jing xiao.
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  5. Essais sur le relativisme et la tolérance.Fernand Ouellet - 2000 - [Sainte-Foy, Québec]: Presses de l'Université Laval. Edited by Susan Khin Zaw.
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  6. Obʺektivnostʹ nauki i chelovecheskai︠a︡ subʺektivnostʹ, ili v chem sostoit chelovecheskoe izmerenie nauki.T. B. Romanovskai︠a︡ - 2001 - Moskva: Ėditorial URSS.
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  7. Xiang dui xing zhi shi: Li xing chen si lu.Zhihong Chen - 2002 - [Guangzhou]: Guangdong ren min chu ban she.
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  8. Kitāb-i tardīd.Bābak Aḥmadī - 2002 - Tihrān: Nashr-i Markaz.
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  9. Are knowledge ascriptions sensitive to social context?Alexander Jackson - 2021 - Synthese 199 (3):8579-8610.
    Plausibly, how much is at stake in some salient practical task can affect how generously people ascribe knowledge of task-relevant facts. There is a metaphysical puzzle about this phenomenon, and an empirical puzzle. Metaphysically: there are competing theories about when and how practical stakes affect whether it is correct to ascribe knowledge. Which of these theories is the right one? Empirically: experimental philosophy has struggled to find a stakes-effect on people’s knowledge ascriptions. Is the alleged phenomenon just a philosopher’s fantasy? (...)
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  10. Absolutism, Relativism, and Pragmatic Fallibilism: A Reply to Stump.Shahram Shahryari - forthcoming - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie:1-8.
    In a recent article in this journal, Stump argues that pragmatism distances itself from absolutism due to its assent to fallibilism while it rejects relativism at the same time because of its insistence on experience. Therefore, pragmatism can provide a third position between relativism and absolutism. I argue in this note that his argument is profoundly inadequate for both claims. Fallibilism is compatible with both relativism and absolutism, and accordingly cannot be considered as the middle ground. Furthermore, the experience itself (...)
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  11. Reli︠a︡tivizm, pli︠u︡ralizm, kritit︠s︡izm: ėpistemologicheskiĭ analiz.V. A. Lektorskiĭ (ed.) - 2012 - Moskva: Institut Filosofii RAN.
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  12. Epistemic relativism.Jonathan Matheson - 2012 - In Andrew Cullison (ed.), The Continuum Companion to Epistemology. Continuum.
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  13. Deep Disagreement (Part 2): Epistemology of Deep Disagreement.Chris Ranalli & Thirza Lagewaard - 2022 - Philosophy Compass 17 (12):e12887.
    What is the epistemological significance of deep disagreement? Part I explored the nature of deep disagreement, while Part II considers its epistemological significance. It focuses on two core problems: the incommensurability and the rational resolvability problems. We critically survey key responses to these challenges, before raising worries for a variety of responses to them, including skeptical, relativist, and absolutist responses to the incommensurability problem, and to certain steadfast and conciliatory responses to the rational resolvability problem. We then pivot to the (...)
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  14. O Que o Embuste de Sokal Nos Deve Ensinar. As Consequências Perniciosas e as Contradições Internas do Relativismo «Pós-Moderno».Paul Boghossian - 1997 - Disputatio 1 (2):21-35.
    This is the Portuguese translation of "What the Sokal Hoax Ought to Teach Us". -/- .
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  15. The metaphysics and ethics of relativism.Carol Rovane - 2013 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
    How to formulate the doctrine of relativism -- Evaluating the doctrine of relativism.
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  16. Niewspółmierność, nieprzekładalność, konflikt: relatywizm we współczesnej filozofii analitycznej = Incommensurability, untranslatability, conflict: relativism in contemporary analytical philosophy.Adam Chmielewski - 2014 - Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
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  17. Reli︠a︡tivizm kak boleznʹ sovremennoĭ filosofii.V. A. Lektorskiĭ - 2015 - Moskva: Kanon+.
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  18. Disknowledge: literature, alchemy, and the end of humanism in Renaissance England.Katherine Eggert - 2015 - Philadelphia: published in cooperation with Folger Shakespeare Library, University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Katherine Eggert explores the crumbling state of humanistic learning in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the benefits of relying on alchemy despite its recognized flaws.
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  19. Relativismo e universalismo astratto: le due facce speculari del nichilismo: bene e verità come concetti "rivoluzionari" alla base di un universalismo sostanziale e di una critica radicale del capitalismo.Lorenzo Dorato - 2015 - Pistoia: Petite plaisance.
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  20. Der Widersinn des Relativismus - Befreiung von seiner Diktatur.Josef Seifert - 2016 - Aachen: PV, Patrimonium-Verlag, in der Verlagsgruppe Mainz.
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  21. Après le relativisme: de Socrate à la burqa.Emmanuel-Juste Duits - 2016 - Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
    Le multiculturalisme a échoué. La postmodernité a failli. Le libéralisme a succombé. Comment en sommes-nous arrivés là? Comment s'en extirper? Comment ressusciter du relativisme moral, social et religieux? Pour Emmanuel-Juste Duits, la cause de ces maux est claire : à la recherche de la vérité, les pays européens ont préféré la consécration de la diversité ; à la pensée, l'opinion ; au "nous", le "je". Et à Socrate, la burqa. Comment retrouver notre héritage, réapprendre notre histoire, se réconcilier avec notre (...)
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  22. Miseducation: a history of ignorance-making in America and abroad.A. J. Angulo (ed.) - 2016 - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    By investigating how laws, myths, national aspirations, and global relations have recast and, at times, distorted the key purposes of education, this pathbreaking book sheds light on the role of ignorance in shaping ideas, public opinion, and policy.--Robert N. Proctor, author of Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition "Historical Studies in Education/Revue d'histoire de l'éducation".
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  23. ?: il paradosso dell'ignoranza da Socrate a Google.Antonio Sgobba - 2017 - Milano: Il saggiatore.
    Perché quella faccia triste, lettore? Non sapere ti rende infelice. Non sai nulla di quello che ti circonda: non sai come fa a volare l'aereo che ti porterà a Londra, non sai quante zampe ha una Pseudoiulia cambriensis, come funziona il wi-fi, quanta acqua c'è nell'Oceano Atlantico. Sai cosa vuol dire entelechìa? Quanti capelli abbiamo in testa? Hai mai provato a contare tutte le stelle? No, ma l'ha già fatto l'astronomo Ipparco, e le notizie non sono buone: non potremo saperlo (...)
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  24. Trzy sposoby podejścia do zagadnienia relatywizmu: A. MacIntyre, R. Rorty, P. Boghossian.Maksymilian Roszyk - 2017 - Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
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  25. Ignorance: everything you need to know about not knowing.Robert Graef - 2017 - Amherst: Prometheus Books.
    What is ignorance? -- The size of personal universes -- Who controls knowledge? -- The scope of ignorance -- The many branches of ignorance -- Ignorors and ignorees -- Anti-intellectualism -- Ignorance in education -- Ignorance in the media -- Ignorance in politics -- Institutional ignorance -- Faith, science, and ignorance -- Propaganda -- Costs and consequences of ignorance -- Working from and with ignorance.
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  26. Understanding ignorance: the surprising impact of what we don't know.Daniel R. DeNicola - 2017 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
    Ignorance is trending. Politicians boast, "I'm not a scientist." Angry citizens object to a proposed state motto because it is in Latin, and "This is America, not Mexico or Latin America." Lack of experience, not expertise, becomes a credential. Fake news and repeated falsehoods are accepted and shape firm belief. Ignorance about American government and history is so alarming that the ideal of an informed citizenry now seems quaint. Conspiracy theories and false knowledge thrive. This may be the Information Age, (...)
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  27. The reality frame: relativity and our place in the universe.Brian Clegg - 2017 - London: Icon Books.
    Weaving together the great ideas of science, Reality's Frame takes us on a thrilling journey from empty space all the way to the human mind. Acclaimed science writer Brian Clegg builds up reality piece by piece, from space, to time, to matter, movement, the fundamental forces, life, and the massive transformation that life itself has wrought on the natural world. He reveals that underlying it all is not, as we might believe, a system of immovable absolutes, but the ever-shifting, amorphous (...)
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  28. Assoluto e relativo: un gioco complesso di relazioni stabili e instabili.Maurizio Migliori (ed.) - 2017 - Brescia: Morcelliana.
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  29. Contra la dominación: en compañía de Castoriadis, Foucault, Rorty y Serres.Tomás Ibáñez - 2019 - Barcelona: Editorial Gedisa.
  30. Epistemic relativism and the naturalistic fallacy.J. Adam Carter - 2018 - In Neil Sinclair (ed.), The Naturalistic Fallacy. Cambridge University Press.
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  31. A passion for ignorance: what we choose not to know and why.Renata Salecl - 2020 - Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    Drawing on philosophy, social and psychoanalytic theory, popular culture, and her own experience, Salecl explores how the passion for ignorance plays out in many different aspects of life today, from love, illness, trauma, and the fear of failure to genetics, forensic science, big data, and the Incel movement-and she concludes that ignorance is a complex phenomenon that can, on occasion, benefit individuals and society as a whole.
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  32. Terra incognita: une histoire de l'ignorance: XVIIIe-XIXe siècle.Alain Corbin - 2020 - Paris: Albin Michel.
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  33. Deliberate ignorance: choosing not to know.Ralph Hertwig & Christoph Engel (eds.) - 2021 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
    Psychologists, economists, historians, computer scientists, sociologists, philosophers, and legal scholars discuss when is deliberate ignorance a virtue, and what type of environment does it require.
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  34. The paradoxes of ignorance in early modern England and France.Sandrine Parageau - 2023 - Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
    In the early modern period, ignorance was commonly perceived as a sin, a flaw, a defect, and even a threat to religion and the social order. Yet praises of ignorance were also expressed in the same context. Reclaiming the long-lasting legacy of medieval doctrines of ignorance and taking a comparative perspective, Sandrine Parageau tells the history of the apparently counter-intuitive moral, cognitive and epistemological virtues attributed to ignorance in the long seventeenth century (1580s-1700) in England and in France. With close (...)
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  35. Ignorance: a philosophical study.Rik Peels - 2023 - New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press.
    a brief history of the study of ignorance. There is a lack of serious investigation into ignorance: apart from the apophatic tradition in the ancient world and the Middle Ages and the more recent fields of agnotology, philosophy of race, and feminist philosophy, ignorance itself has received little philosophical attention. It is then laid out how the field that one would expect to have studied ignorance in detail, namely, epistemology, has failed to do so. The chapter also explores why this (...)
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  36. Politiques de l'ignorance.Soraya Boudia & Emmanuel Henry (eds.) - 2022 - Paris: PUF.
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  37. Epistemic relativism and pragmatic encroachment.Brian Kim - 2019 - In Martin Kusch (ed.), The Routledge handbook of Philosophy of Relativism. New York, NY, USA: pp. 310-319.
    Proponents of pragmatic encroachment in epistemology claim that a variety of epistemic matters, such as knowledge and epistemic virtue, are sensitive to practical factors, and so the pragmatic encroaches on the epistemic. After surveying pragmatist views that have been presented in the literature, we find that while these pragmatist views are superficially relativistic, they reject a central tenet of epistemic relativism,that competing epistemic frameworks are incommensurable and cannot be compared from a neutral standpoint. Thus, I conclude the discussion by exploring (...)
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  38. Feminist Standpoint Theory vs. the Identitarian Ideology of the New Right: A Critical Comparison.Johannes Steizinger & Natalie Alana Ashton - forthcoming - Social Theory and Practice.
    The term ‘identity politics’ is used to refer to a wide range of political movements. In this paper, we look at the theoretical ideas underpinning two strongly, mutually opposed forms of identity politics, and identify some crucial differences between them. We critically compare the identitarian ideology of the New Right with feminist standpoint theory, focusing on two issues: relativism and essentialism. In carrying out this critical comparison we illuminate under-theorized aspects of both new right identitarianism and standpoint theory; demonstrate how (...)
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  39. Epistemic Relativism and the Gettier Problem.Louis Vervoort & Alexander A. Shevchenko - 2022 - Epistemology and Philosophy of Science 59 (1):58-80.
    The aim of this article is to present a variant of epistemic relativism that is compatible with a language practice especially popular among scientists. We argue that in science, but also in philosophy, propositions are naturally ‘relativized’ to sets of hypotheses or theories, and that a similar language practice allows one to interpret canonical problems of epistemology. We apply the model to Gettier’s problem, and derive a condition under which counterexamples à la Gettier to Plato’s account of knowledge do not (...)
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  40. Construcción teórica de la posmodernidad: enfoque progresista desde la deslegitimación.Jesús Miguel Delgado Del Aguila - 2021 - Helios 5 (2):475-486.
    Este artículo fundamenta la condición histórica de la posmodernidad, con la intención de dilucidar los enclaves dicotómicos, heterogéneos, irracionales y relativistas que la conforman. Esta se caracteriza por la propalación de paradigmas ambivalentes y polémicos en función de epistemologías estáticas provenientes de las culturas tradicionales y ortodoxas. Por ende, el objetivo es contrastar la configuración de esta etapa al incluir lo intercultural como proyecto social, que postula Beatriz Sarlo, que tiene como propósito enriquecer y resguardar las manifestaciones artísticas, lingüísticas y (...)
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  41. An ecological approach to hinge propositions.Eros Carvalho - 2022 - Sképsis (25):1-16.
    In this paper, I argue that hinge propositions are ways of acting that constitute abilities or skills. My starting point is Moyal-Sharrock's account of hinge propositions. However, Moyal-Sharrock's account leaves gaps to be filled, as it does not offer a unified explanation of the origin of our ungrounded grounds. Her account also lacks resources to respond to the issue of demarcation, since it does not provide a criterion for distinguishing ways of acting that can legitimately fulfill the role of ungrounded (...)
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  42. On Concepts and Ideas: Themes from G. W. Leibniz's New Essays.Lucia Oliveri - 2016 - In Christoph Kann David Hommen (ed.), Concepts and Categorization Systematic and Historical Perspectives. Münster, Germania: pp. 141-167.
    The topic of my paper is the virtual controversy between Leibniz and Lockeover concepts and ideas. At the end of the 17th century John Locke made a crucial contribution to semantics and philosophy: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The work represents a decisive turning point for the discussion about ideas and innatism. Indeed, Locke’s aim was to dismantle the Cartesian theory according to which ideas are innate in our soul. Against this onto-epistemological thesis, Locke maintains that all our knowledge starts (...)
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  43. How to Reason About Religious Beliefs.Daniele Bertini - 2021 - Dialogo Journal 8 (1):179-193.
    Intractable disagreements are commonly analyzed in terms of the semantic opposition of (at least) couples of disputed beliefs (purely epistemic view, from here on PEV). While such a view seems to be a very natural starting point, my intuitions are that such an approach is misleadingly unrealistic, and that an empirical modeling towards how individuals hold beliefs in intractable opposition constitutes a strong defeater for PEV. My work addresses disagreements within the religious domain. Accordingly, I will be concerned with developing (...)
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  44. Review of Global Epistemologies and Philosophies of Science. [REVIEW]Robert A. Wilson - forthcoming - Philosophy of Science.
    Review of David Ludwig, Inkeri Koskinen, Zinhle Mncube, Luana Poliseli, and Luis Reyes-Galindo, eds. Global Epistemologies and Philosophies of Science. Routledge, 2021, pp.i-xviii+319.
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  45. Portraying the relativist spectrum: Martin Kusch: Relativism in the philosophy of science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020, 69 pp, £ 15. [REVIEW]Markus Seidel - 2021 - Metascience 30 (3):357-360.
  46. Relativismus.Johannes Steizinger - 2021 - In Gerald Hartung Jörn Bohr (ed.), Simmel-Handbuch. Leben - Wirkung - Werk. Stuttgart, Germany: Metzler. pp. 95-103.
    Der Relativismus gehört zu den wichtigsten Themen von Simmels Philosophie. Die Bedeutung des Relativismus wird anhand dreier Aspekte skizziert: Erstens betont Simmel selbst die zentrale Stellung des Relativismus für seine philosophische Entwicklung. Zweitens hat Simmel aufgrund seines Bekenntnisses zum Relativismus einen besonderen Platz in der Geschichte der deutschsprachigen Philosophie. Simmel war vermutlich der erste deutschsprachige Philosoph, der seine Position als eine relativistische charakterisierte und diese gegenüber der antirelativistischen Grundhaltung seiner Zeitgenossen verteidigte. Drittens besteht in Simmels Versuchen den positiven Gehalt des (...)
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  47. Archimedean Metanorms.J. Adam Carter - 2021 - Topoi 40 (5):1075-1085.
    One notable line of argument for epistemic relativism appeals to considerations to do with non-neutrality: in certain dialectical contexts—take for instance the famous dispute between Galileo and Cardinal Bellarmine concerning geocentrism—it seems as though a lack of suitably neutral epistemic standards that either side could appeal to in order to resolve their first-order dispute is itself—as Rorty influentially thought—evidence for epistemic relativism. In this essay, my aim is first to present a more charitable reformulation of this line of reasoning, one (...)
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  48. Fallibilism versus Relativism in the Philosophy of Science.David J. Stump - 2021 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 52:1-13.
    In response to a recent argument by David Bloor, I argue that denying absolutes does not necessarily lead to relativism, that one can be a fallibilist without being a relativist. At issue are the empirical natural sciences and what might be called “framework relativism”, that is, the idea that there is always a conceptual scheme or set of practices in use, and all observations are theory-laden relative to the framework. My strategy is to look at the elements that define a (...)
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  49. Modernism, Postmodernism, and Ultra-modernism: The Difference and the Continuity.Muhammad Jalil Arif - 2021 - Academic Letter 1 (Article 3112).
    This paper briefly presents the historical and philosophical link between Enlightenment philosophy and the emergence of Postmodern philosophy, i.e., the transition from modernity to postmodernity. While identifying and recognizing the “difference” and the sharp contrast, I will concentrate on showing the “continuity” between the two philosophies. This paper shows that postmodernism can be understood as ultra-modernism in at least two dimensions 1) in opting for a particular critical methodology and 2) in the intensification of subjectivity. This enactment of deconstructive criticism, (...)
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  50. Extended Rationality and Epistemic Relativism.Natalie Alana Ashton - 2021 - In Nikolaj Pedersen & Luca Moretti (eds.), Non-Evidential Anti-Scepticism.
    In her book Extended Rationality: A Hinge Epistemology (2015), Annalisa Coliva puts forward an anti-sceptical proposal based on the idea that the notion of rationality extends to the unwarrantable presuppositions “that make the acquisition of perceptual warrants possible” (2015: 150). These presuppositions are commonly the target of sceptical arguments, and by showing that they are on the one hand unwarrantable, but on the other are constitutive components of rationality itself, she reveals that they are beyond rational doubt and thus avoids (...)
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