Vulnerability, understood as a negative aspect of criminalization under immune considerations, constitutes itself as a creative and transformative force that makes it possible to think about a life in common sustained through care and affirmative protection of life. The development of this idea requires three specific stages: in the first, it is described the current democracy as a government technique whose management depends on vulnerable populations; in the second, it is reviewed criminalization as a specific form of immune control; and (...) finally, it is recognized vulnerability as the basis of a new way of democratic life, departing from the attention of certain social groups that have been criminalized due to their precariousness. (shrink)

La infamia constituye el modelo ideal de castigo actual, ya que marca el cuerpo real y simbólico de ciertos sujetos, sin ninguna mediación institucional: los individuos y los grupos sociales se arrogan el derecho a imputar, juzgar y castigar. De manera que existen instituciones formales y, además, ciertos colectivos informales que neutralizan, excluyen, matan y encierran real y simbólicamente, ejerciendo un poder para-judicial y para-penal. En palabras más precisas, hay una penalidad que no pasa necesariamente por el poder judicial ni (...) el proceso legal, sino por el tribunal social y psicológico efectuado por algunos agentes de control social informal. La realidad evidencia la absorción progresiva del proceso judicial en el juicio colectivo, sin ninguna garantía ni código distinto a la mirada, el murmullo social y el juicio instantáneo. La sociedad se transforma así en un tribunal permanente que odia, etiqueta y castiga, y cuya inmediatez, espontaneidad y anonimato reaviva la infamia de los viejos sistemas de la penalidad medieval, así como la devastadora marcación totalitaria. (shrink)

La memoria es el principio de la justicia que permite destruir el vínculo entre el poder y la violencia que funda y mantiene el orden del derecho. La justicia de la memoria es, en efecto, una fuerza revolucionaria que anuncia el sufrimiento de los oprimidos, de los vencidos, de los sojuzgados de la historia; es una especie de antihistoria que se rebela ante el poder que somete la vida natural a un estado de excepción permanente; es una justa apelación a (...) la justicia más allá del derecho que permite instaurar un nuevo orden fundado en la vida como potencia y como vida justa. (shrink)

This article explores the complex bond between human life and the force of law from the contributions made by Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. Both authors realize the transit of the legal system from sovereign power —which brings death by spilling the blood of men as a symbol of the naked life— to the analytics of biopower —which grants life but lets the race die—. However, Agamben goes further and proves the way contemporary biopower, closely linked to sovereign right, reduces (...) human life to the mere idea of biological life producing survivors. (shrink)

Socrates’ last words, as reported by Plato in the Phaedo, are as disquieting as touching: “Crito, we owe a rooster to Asclepius. Do pay it. Don’t forget”. In opposition to the canonical nietzschean interpretation according to which the Athenian philosopher suffered life as an illness and for that reason required to testify his gratitude to the god master of healing, Michel Foucault understands the last Socratic saying as an exhortation not to forget or neglect ourselves, to take care of one’s (...) own life, discovering who we are and how we could better ourselves. The warning on the risks of forgetting the self constitutes the pendulum of Socrates’ death from the beginning of the Apology and the Crito, to the end of the Phaedo, summarizing his attitude towards life and philosophy. His teaching: “take care of yourselves”, we must not pass out of sight, backing away from the danger of carelessness, and thanking the god of healing, who encourages selfcare, both with ourselves and with others. (shrink)

Nuestra deflación espiritual ante la muerte de los otros debido a nuestro deseo intenso por negar la propia muerte constituye, más que un obstáculo insalvable, una oportunidad ética y política para pensar y construir otros discursos y prácticas normativas frente a la destructividad de la que somos capaces y a la que estamos expuestos de manera irremediable. Sin duda, las normas de aprehensión y de reconocimiento de lo humano dependen, ante todo, de nuestras disposiciones afectivas ante la muerte de los (...) otros, cuyas pérdidas juzgamos, diferencialmente, como meritorias o indignas de ser lloradas, según el valor o el desvalor que adjudicamos a sus vidas. De ahí la importancia del derecho a ser llorado como condición ética y política para la humanización de todos. Este artículo, basado en Esquilo, Sigmund Freud y Judith Butler, cuenta con tres apartados: la cuestión de la destructividad humana; vidas matables, inmerecedoras de duelo; el poder afectivo del duelo. (shrink)

Reimagining a community on the basis of vulnerability entails recognizing our responsibility vis-à-vis those who prosper and those who do not persist because they are abandoned or eliminated. The recognition of our vulnerability allows us to find other forms of community that, built upon the human bonds of protection, escape the abstraction of the value of life, bearing in mind, instead, the socio-political conditions that sustain it, especially when they fail. This is not an easy task in contexts marked by (...) violence. The main issues addressed in this paper are: the recognition of vulnerability, violence as a rupture of interdependence, and our responsibility towards others. Examining our vulnerability can become the cornerstone of another community. (shrink)

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and individual-level dimensions of collectivism and individualism values for predicting ethical behaviors of business professionals. Our values-based behavioral analysis indicates that values at the individual-level make a more significant contribution to (...) explaining variance in ethical behaviors than do values at the societal-level. Implicitly, our findings question the soundness of using societal-level values measures. Implications for international business research are discussed. (shrink)

Los resultados que aquí presentamos forman parte del proyecto “Riesgo de fracaso y abandono escolar en Secundaria Obligatoria. Los contextos educativos, familiares y socioculturales. Un estudio cualitativo” (Código: SEJ 2664) y tiene como objetivo analizar y comprender en Andalucía qué factores determinan que el alumnado que han estado en situación de riesgo y/o abandono en ESO retomen sus estudios y vuelvan a ingresar dentro del sistema educativo. Todo ello realizado desde la propia voz de las personas protagonistas, poniéndolas en el (...) centro de la investigación para así aproximarnos a su realidad; vivida y percibida de forma individual y particular. (shrink)

Reactualizando una disciplina relativamente descuidada en nuestro medio como lo es la Filosofía del Derecho, el libro La violencia del derecho y la nuda vida estudia la compleja relación entre la violencia jurídica y la vida, e indaga por las condiciones a las que se puede reducir la vida humana cuando el ejercicio del poder se vale del control de la vida misma. En este marco general, el libro desarrolla la ruta trazada por Walter Benjamin en su famoso ensayo Para (...) una crítica de la violencia (1921), al establecer la indisoluble imbricación entre derecho y violencia en la que la segunda le ofrece a la primera su fundamentación. Con este presupuesto, el libro se orienta en primer lugar a desmentir la opinión corriente según la cual el derecho es justicia, para movilizar en su lugar otro fundamento según el cual el derecho es fuerza, poder o violencia, nociones que a efectos de la argumentación resultan sinónimas. En apoyo de esta tesis, la autora reconstruye dos tradiciones de la Filosofía del Derecho como son las doctrinas del derecho natural principalmente en San Agustín y en Santo Tomás de Aquino, y la tradición del derecho positivo cuyo origen losó co se remonta a las obras de Pascal, Hobbes y Spinoza. (shrink)

This article studies natural food packaging as enabling artifacts of the traditional material culture of Antioquia in Colombia. For this purpose, we consider artifacts as objective nodes that combine design and use intentions, functions, materials, histories, artifactual lineages, and cooperative relationships that stabilize ritualized practices of a human group. We take the example of natural packaging as artifacts that enablers and stabilizers of traditional cooking and food preparation practices. Natural packaging materials are here assumed to be leaves having some favorable (...) property to contain a food product. After providing a theoretical reflection, we analyze the data collected from fieldwork we conducted in two towns in Antioquia, Colombia (Santa Fe de Antioquia and Amagá), as well as from an interview with an expert in the field. Finally, we show that it is possible to postulate an analysis under a relational ontological description of a traditional practice with conceptual categories of the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societal-level analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective (...) autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and harmony. For each society, we report the Cronbach’s α statistics for each values dimension scale to assess their internal consistency (reliability) as well as report interrater agreement (IRA) analyses to assess the acceptability of using aggregated individual level values scores to represent country values. We also examined whether societal development level is related to systematic variation in the measurement and importance of values. Thus, the contributions of our evaluation of the SVS values dimensions are two-fold. First, we identify the SVS dimensions that have cross-culturally internally reliable structures and within-society agreement for business professionals. Second, we report the society cultural values scores developed from the twenty-first century data that can be used as macro-level predictors in multilevel and single-level international business research. (shrink)

The coronavirus disease pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans’ social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior (...) was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions. (shrink)

Dulce Chacón Gutiérrez ha sido una mujer que con su vida y obra ha dado testimonio de su valor como ser humano; vivió al servicio de la familia, los amigos y la creación literaria. Nació en Zafra, Badajoz, en 1954 y murió en su casa de Madrid, el 3 de diciembre de 2003, a los 49 años de edad, víctima de un cáncer fulminante que se la llevó en un mes. Estaba casada y tenía tres hijos.

Proponemos una reflexión en torno a los problemas de justicia (e injusticia) con el propósito de aportar a la fundamentación de criterios para una revisión y transformación del modo en que se instrumentaliza la atención de salud de grupos subalternizados (v. gr. mujeres migrantes). Repasamos las concepciones clásicas (Aristóteles) y contemporáneas de justicia (Rawls, Sen), así como una elaboración ético-crítica con perspectiva latinoamericana (Dussel), con el propósito de dilucidar en modo en que se operacionaliza, entre distribución y reconocimiento, una concepción (...) de justicia que habilite prácticas acordes a la libre decisión y realización del propio proyecto de vida. (shrink)

We contribute to the complex and problematic relationship between interculturality, gender and bioethics from the perspective of Latin American Social Ethics. We first review moments of the constitution and development of Latin American Social Ethics and identify categories that open possibilities to articulate with the critique of intercultural philosophy and decolonial feminist epistemologies. We also consider the criticisms of the notion of recognition from proposals of Latin American intercultural philosophy and we move towards the proposals of gender diversity and the (...) criticisms of Latin American feminisms, to incorporate other voices in the bioethicist argumentation, which speak of care, solidarity, responsibility, commitment. (shrink)

The main purpose of this paper is to make a reflection on the war from the work both by Karl von Clausewitz and Raymond Aron. The hypothesis proposed herein is that a misunderstanding of the theories proposed by the Prussian General may have led to an erroneous recognition about him as father of some tactics employed by some totalitarian regimes of the 20th Century in order to crush their opponents. In an effort to corroborate this idea, the analysis will be (...) based on two seminal sources, the Vom Kriege and Thinking about the war, Clausewitz, which will be supplemented by secondary literature comprising books and articles. It is to avoid that local and international conflicts that are unleashed on the world stage be approaching the limits of absolute war is to practice moderation (an essential political understanding) when making decisions related to the military leadership of the confrontation. (shrink)

Los nombres de José Martí, Eugenio María de Hostos, Gregorio Luperón y Ramón Emeterio Betances sintetizan las luchas llevadas adelante, durante el siglo XIX, para conquistar la independencia y las libertades en la región del Caribe colonizada por España. Reconstruimos algunos de los episodios de esa lucha a través de los escritos de Ramón Emeterio Betances, "El Antillano". Tras una breve introducción biográfica y contextual, la exposición se ordena en torno a dos pares de ideas centrales de su pensamiento: (...) las de independencia y confederación antillana, por una parte, y las de defensa de la raza negra y abolición de la esclavitud, por otra. Aunque las presentamos separadamente, ellas resultan inescindibles en el conjunto de su producción.The names of José Martí, Eugenio María Hostos, Gregorio Luperón, and Ramón Emeterio Betances summarize in themselves the XIXth Century struggles for the freedom and the independence of the Caribbean countries colonized by Spain. In this paper we reconstruct some of the episodes of such struggles through the writings of Ramón Emeterio Betances, "El Antillano" . Following a short biographical and contextual introduction, this work is developed around two pairs of central ideas of his thought: those of Antillean independence and confederation, on the one hand, and those of the defense of the black people and the abolition of slavery on the other. Though presented separately, these ideas are inseparable in the bulk of Betances's production. (shrink)

Volvemos sobre la tesis salazariana según la cual la cultura peruana y latinoamericana puede ser caracterizada como "cultura de la dominación", con el propósito de ponerla en relación con desarrollos, que el mismo autor realiza en textos posteriores a la publicación del polémico libro titulado ¿Existe una filosofía de nuestra América?. Desarrollos a través de los cuales será posible despejar la pregunta por la función social de la filosofía, seguir de cerca su caracterización de la "cultura de la dominación" y (...) comprender las categorías dicotómicas "dominación / liberación" en el marco de una peculiar tensión dialéctica. Todos estos elementos convergen en su formulación de un humanismo emergente. We turn back on the salazarian thesis according to which the Peruvian and Latin-American culture can be characterized as "culture of domination", for the purpose of positioning it in relation with developments, which the same author carries out in texts after the publication of the controversial book entitled ¿Existe una filosofía de nuestra América?. Developments across which it will be possible to clear the question for the social function of philosophy, to closely follow his characterization of the "culture of domination" and to understand the dichotomous categories "domination/liberation" in the context of a peculiar dialectic tension. All these elements converge on his formulation of an emerging humanism. (shrink)

Nuestro trabajo ofrece algunas claves de lectura del proceso por el cual fue posible que la actividad de los tribunales de justicia, a comienzos de los años '90 en Latinoamérica en general y en Argentina de manera significativa, adquiriese una relevancia y una consideración singular respecto al ejercicio del poder político. Este fenómeno, habitualmente denominado "judicialización de la política", supone una tendencia a procesar y dar respuesta a conflictos de índole política, a través de instituciones judiciales. En relación a ello, (...) nos interesa mostrar las interconexiones, puntos de apoyo, resortes a través de los cuales es posible ligarlo al diagrama de relaciones de poder y procesos de subjetivación que caracterizan a la gubernamentalidad neoliberal. Our paper offers some lecture keys on the process through which made it possible the political relevance of judicial activity during the 1990's in Latin American in general, and in Argentina in particular. This phenomenon, commonly known as 'judicialization of politics', supposes a tendency of processing political conflicts through the judiciary. Related to that our paper proposes to show, to make it visible, interconnections and supports through which it is possible to understand it emergence within the diagram of power relations and processes of subjectivation that characterizes neoliberal governmentality. (shrink)

Francisco Romero y Augusto Salazar Bondy se interesaron por los temas antropológicos y axiológicos, por la actualización y difusión de la producción filosófica en general y, en especial la de lengua española y manifestaron particular inquietud por los desarrollos de la filosofía en América Latina. Aunque la evolución posterior del pensamiento de Salazar Bondy siguió rumbos teóricos diferentes a los de Romero, es posible señalar algunos puntos de contacto entre sus ideas acerca del valor, sobre todo con aquellas que el (...) peruano elaboró durante la primera etapa de su trayectoria intelectual, entre 1958 y 1964. La idea de trascendencia del argentino resulta compatible con la tesis salazariana acerca del valor como ente no-real, cuya consistencia radica en la "posibilidad ideal"; o apertura -trascendencia- hacia un correlato concreto, por referencia al cual el ente alcanza su completud. Francisco Romero and Augusto Salazar Bondy were interested in anthropological and axiological issues, the updating and dissemination of philosophical work in general, especially in Spanish language. Both were interested in the development of philosophy in Latin America. Although the subsequent evolution of Salazar's thought followed different theoretical lines to those of Romero, it is possible to note they shared some ideas about value, in particular those that Salazar developed during the first stage of his intellectual career, between 1958 and 1964. The idea of transcendence of Romero is consistent with the thesis about value as being unreal, and which lies in the "ideal opportunity"; or open-transcendence, to a peculiar correlation, by reference to which the entity reaches its fullness. (shrink)

Uno de los ejes que atraviesa la obra de Arturo Andrés Roig es la cuestión del sujeto. La filosofía, dice, "se trata de una meditación en la que no sólo interesa el conocimiento, sino también el sujeto que conoce … en su realidad humana e histórica" (Roig, 1981, 9). Justamente por su referencia a esa realidad humana e histórica, el filosofar no es ajeno al modo de habitar el hombre en el mundo. En otras palabras, el universo del discurso filosófico (...) hace referencia a un universo de lo real histórico. En esa tensión se juega la praxis filosófica, que si ha de ser liberadora, requiere la tematización tanto de la "subjetividad" como de la "morada". Al hilo de estas cuestiones trazamos un itinerario filosófico de Arturo Andrés Roig que lleva el propósito de servir de introducción al presente Dossier de la Revista Estudios de Filosofía Práctica e Historia de las Ideas, el cual se realiza como homenaje y afectuoso recuerdo de quien fuera su director. One axis that runs through the work of Arturo Andrés Roig is the question of the subject. Philosophy, he says, "is a matter of a meditation in which it is concerned not only the knowledge, but also the subject that knows… in his human and historical reality" (Roig, 1981, 9). Precisely because of this reference to human and historical reality, philosophizing is not strange to the man´s way of living in the world. In other words, the universe of the philosophical discourse In other words, the universe of the philosophical discourse refers to a universe of historical reality. It is in this tension where the philosophical praxis is played, which if it must be liberating, requires to question about both, "subjectivity" and "residing". In line with these issues we draw up a philosophical itinerary of Arturo Andrés Roig which has the purpose of serving as the introduction to the present Dossier of the Estudios de Filosofía Práctica e Historia de las Ideas academic journal, which is held in honor and loving memory of its former Director. (shrink)

An important historical relation that has hardly been addressed is the influence of Prosper Lucas's Treatise on Natural Inheritance on the development of Charles Darwin's concepts related to inheritance. In this article we trace this historical connection. Darwin read Lucas's Treatise in 1856. His reading coincided with many changes concerning his prior ideas on the transmission and expression of characters. We consider that this reading led him to propose a group of principles regarding prepotency, hereditary diseases, morbid tendencies and atavism; (...) following Lucas, he called these principles: laws of inheritance. (shrink)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar investigaciones sobre representaciones sociales de docentes y estudiantes acerca de la escritura en la educación superior. La revisión sistemática se efectuó siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda, que fue realizada en las bases de datos WOS, Scopus, Scielo y ERIC, permitió identificar 20 artículos entre los que predomina el enfoque cualitativo. Como elementos recurrentes se destacan la necesidad de que en la universidad se enseñe explícitamente a escribir y la persistencia (...) de representaciones, que vinculan la escritura con la evaluación. (shrink)

Partiendo del presupuesto que el lenguaje humano es forma y/o lugar de acción e interacción con el mundo y los otros, entendemos los procesos de lectura,interpretación y escritura como acciones cognitivo-sociales formadoras del sujeto del conocimiento. De ese modo, nos gustaría reflejar sobre los modos de leer y los modos de escribir practicados y enseñados durante la vida académica. Basados en nuestra experiencia docente, en un corpus de pesquisa en marcha en la UESB-Jequié, y en los enfoques teóricos adoptadas (Ingedore (...) Koch, Gustavo Bernardo, Mary Kato) este trabajo busca indagar la docentes y discentes cuáles los principales beneficios que la lectura y la producción de texto pueden proporcionar. (shrink)

Poco sabemos del impacto de muchas sustancias químicas artificiales en nuestro suelo. Existen más de 100.000 diferentes, y aunque muchas se han prohibido por peligrosas, sabemos que ya se encuentran en suelos a los que han llegado, la mayoría de las veces, por vertidos no controlados.

Rationale, aims and objectives Given the increasing prevalence of cataract and demand for cataract extraction surgery, patients must often wait to undergo this procedure. We validated a previously developed priority scoring system in terms of clinical variables, pre-intervention health status, appropriateness of surgery and gain in visual acuity (VA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods Explicit prioritization criteria for cataract extraction created by a variation of the Research and Development (RAND) and University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology were retrospectively (...) applied to a prospective cohort of 5257 patients on waiting lists to undergo cataract by phacoemulsification at 17 hospitals in Spain. Demographic data, clinical data and data related to surgical technique were collected by trained ophthalmologists. Patients were evaluated by their ophthalmologist before the intervention and 6 weeks afterward. They also completed, by mail, the Visual Function Index (VF-14) before the intervention and 3 months afterward.Results High-priority patients experienced greater improvement in VA and HRQoL than those classified as intermediate or low-priority (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting by VA and the VF-14 score at baseline. The time to intervention was the same for high-priority patients as it was for intermediate and low-priority patients.Conclusions The priority score we developed identified patients most likely to experience the greatest improvements from cataract extraction. Use of this tool could provide a fairer and more rational way to prioritize patients for cataract extraction. (shrink)

Love for a country has come to be linked with two terms: patriotism and nationalism. The conceptual distinction between these two ideas has been a matter of controversy. In this chapter we propose that one way of thinking about and distinguishing between patriotism and nationalism is via the very concept of love. We make the claim that what distinguishes patriotism and nationalism is not the quality of love but the type of love invoked. We argue that love in patriotism is (...) similar to familial love whereas love in nationalism resembles intense passionate romantic love. We furthermore argue that love involved in our conception of patriotism can be harmless, while the kind of love associated with the relevant conception of nationalism can be dangerous and easily involves “bad faith,” a deceptive faith in the superior goodness of one’s country. To substantiate our claim, we draw from literature across different disciplines: philosophy, political psychology, and biology. (shrink)

While firms' engagement with Corporate Social Responsibility has been associated with positive performance impacts, little is known about the incorporation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda into business practices. Precisely, although the literature suggests that firms are pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there are limited insights on their strategy to implement them in the context of developing countries. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive large-scale investigation of 2030 Agenda adoption by Brazilian companies. Accordingly, the analysis of our (...) multicase study reveals (1) variations on the business opportunities brought by the SDGs depending on the firm position in the value chain, (2) which SDGs and target stakeholders are addressed through corporate policies and practices, (3) the different ways firms embrace the SDGs to pursue ambidexterity. Our findings clarify how firms in the developing countries interpret the institutional pressures and assemble their internal resources to respond to the SDGs challenges. Boundary conditions and policy implications are further discussed. (shrink)