Illegally downloading music through peer-topeer networks has persisted in spite of legal action to deter the behavior. This study examines the individual characteristics of downloaders which could explain why they are not dissuaded by messages that downloading is illegal. We compared downloaders to non-downloaders and examined whether downloaders were characterized by less ethical concern, engagement in illegal behavior, and a propensity toward stealing a CD from a music store under varying levels of risk. We also examined whether downloading or individual (...) characteristics of downloaders were similar for men and women. Findings revealed downloading was prevalent (74.5% of the student sample downloaded), men and women were equally likely to download and the factors characterizing downloading were similar for men and women. The comparison between downloaders and nondownloaders revealed downloaders were less concerned with the law, demonstrated by less ethical concern and engagement in other illegal behaviors. Downloaders were also more likely to indicate that they would steal a CD when there was no risk of being caught. Given these results, messages regarding illegality are unlikely to perturb downloaders and alternative recommendations are offered for targeting illegal downloading. (shrink)

System-level change is crucial for solving society's most pressing problems. However, individual-level interventions may be useful for creating behavioral change before system-level change is in place and for increasing necessary public support for system-level solutions. Participating in individual-level solutions may increase support for system-level solutions – especially if the individual-level solutions are internalized as part of one's social identity.

In this commentary, we offer an additional function of rationalization. Namely, in certain social contexts, the proximal and ultimate function of beliefs and desires is social inclusion. In such contexts, rationalization often facilitates distortion of rather than approximation to truth. Understanding the role of social identity is not only timely and important, but also critical to fully understand the function of rationalization.

The aim of the social and behavioral sciences is to understand human behavior across a wide array of contexts. Our theories often make sweeping claims about human nature, assuming that our ancestors or offspring will be prone to the same biases and preferences. Yet we gloss over the fact that our research is often based in a single temporal context with a limited set of stimuli. Political and moral psychology are domains in which the context and stimuli are likely to (...) matter a great deal (Van Bavel, Mende-Siedlecki, Brady, & Reinero, 2016). In response to Yarkoni (see BBS issue), we delve into topics related to political and moral psychology that likely depend on features of the research. These topics include understanding differences between liberals and conservatives, when people are willing to sacrifice someone to save others, the behavior of political leaders, and the dynamics of intergroup conflict. (shrink)

While the fundamental laws of physics are time-reversal invariant, most macroscopic processes are irreversible. Given that the fundamental laws are taken to underpin all other processes, how can the fundamental time-symmetry be reconciled with the asymmetry manifest elsewhere? In statistical mechanics, progress can be made with this question. What I dub the ‘Zwanzig–Zeh–Wallace framework’ can be used to construct the irreversible equations of SM from the underlying microdynamics. Yet this framework uses coarse-graining, a procedure that has faced much criticism. I (...) focus on two objections in the literature: claims that coarse-graining makes time-asymmetry ‘illusory’ and ‘anthropocentric’. I argue that these objections arise from an unsatisfactory justification of coarse-graining prevalent in the literature, rather than from coarse-graining itself. This justification relies on the idea of measurement imprecision. By considering the role that abstraction and autonomy play, I provide an alternative justification and offer replies to the illusory and anthropocentric objections. Finally, I consider the broader consequences of this alternative justification: the connection to debates about inter-theoretic reduction and the implication that the time-asymmetry in SM is weakly emergent. 1Introduction 1.1Prospectus2The Zwanzig–Zeh–Wallace Framework3Why Does This Method Work? 3.1The special conditions account3.2When is a density forwards-compatible?4Anthropocentrism and Illusion: Two Objections 4.1The two objections in more detail4.2Against the justification by measurement imprecision5An Alternative Justification 5.1Abstraction and autonomy5.2An illustration: the Game of Life6Reply to Illusory7Reply to Anthropocentric8The Wider Landscape: Concluding Remarks 8.1Inter-theoretic relations8.2The nature of irreversibility. (shrink)

In their target article, Fox & Duke provide evidence that consult volumes vary based on ethics staffing, leading to their conclusion that ethics consultation is an example of supply-sensitiv...

With the growth and evolution of the field of clinical ethics, the one constant has been its variation. Resolving ethical issues at the bedside is done differently across the country based on one’s...

Have we reached what Alexander Galloway dismissively refers to as ‘peak Deleuze’? In this essay, I argue that the arrival at end times – with the sense of mass extinction and philosophy's exhaustion – is indeed a moment of ‘peak Deleuze’, but that this gesture of exhaustion is already implicit in A Thousand Plateaus. Recognising the limits and seduction of a text is never as easy as it seems; every attempt to break up with Deleuze and Guattari, though necessary, is (...) fraught with a whole series of difficulties that were already visible in A Thousand Plateaus's own relation to its outside. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

It is common to criticize certain comments as ‘unhelpful’. This criticism is richer than it might first appear. In this paper, I sketch an account of conversational helpfulness and unhelpfulness, the reasons why they matter, and the utility of calling out comments as helpful or unhelpful. First, some unhelpful comments are or easily could be demoralizing for proponents of projects, and criticizing them as such can diminish, deflect, or defend against that demoralization. Second, some unhelpful comments redirect or derail conversations (...) away from their projects and criticizing comments as unhelpful can steer conversations back. Third, some unhelpful comments are made out of a lack of epistemic effort and criticizing them as such can help maintain epistemic standards, standards of respect for other people and their projects, and can ensure that such comments do not receive more attention and consideration than they deserve. (shrink)

In this objective, practical and authoritative introduction to animal law, the author examines the fundamental principles of the human-animal relationship and how those have, or have not, been translated into contemporary animal welfare law. The book describes the various uses of animals in society, the practical relevance of animal health and welfare to activities of professionals, and animal welfare in the context of global issues including climate change, disease control, food safety and food supply. It identifies 29 key principles which (...) guide animal law and welfare. Relevant to companion, farm, captive and wild animals, the book has international application in countries with both established and developing legislation. It focuses on the issues and principles, referencing contemporary animal welfare law to provide a global benchmark. The author acknowledges the diversity of views regarding animals as individual beings and beloved pets, to pure commodities. Yet animals need to be treated as one stakeholder, along with other interests, under the law. Based on successful courses run by the author and his own legal practice, the book combines science and ethics to provide an accessible introduction to the key principles of animal law and welfare. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to show through the concrete example of epileptic seizure anticipation how neuro-dynamic analysis and “pheno-dynamic” analysis may guide and determine each other. We will show that this dynamic approach to epileptic seizure makes it possible to consolidate the foundations of a cognitive non pharmacological therapy of epilepsy. We will also show through this example how the neuro-phenomenological co-determination could shed new light on the difficult problem of the “gap” which separates subjective experience from neurophysiological (...) activity. (shrink)

Partant du constat que l’amitié n’est pas traitée par les femmes écrivains, cet article relit et analyse la portée du célèbre roman Kokoro de l’écrivain Natsume Sôseki (1867-1916), pilier de la littérature japonaise moderne, qui repose sur deux histoires consécutives d’amitié. Un jeune homme découvre l’amitié avec un homme un peu plus âgé, qui a lui-même dans sa jeunesse connu une amitié très vive avec un jeune homme du même village, avant qu’une histoire d’amour les séparent tragiquement. La lecture de (...) ce récit fondateur, pendant longtemps commune à tous les lycéens nippons, a assurément contribué au façonnement de la notion d’amitié au Japon. Il s’agit dans le roman d’un lien exigeant qui ne peut souffrir aucune trahison. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to study a deeply pre- reflective dimension of our subjective experience. This dimension is gestural and rhythmic, has precise transmodal sensorial submodalities, and seems to play an essential role in the process of emergence of all thought and understanding. In the first part of the article, using examples, we try to draw the attention of the reader to this dimension in his subjective experience. In the second part, we attempt to explain the difficulties and (...) describe the interior process of becoming aware of it. Then we describe the structural characteristics of this dimension, and the different types of 'interior gestures' which enable us to connect ourselves with it. Finally, we formulate a genetic hypothesis about the role of this dimension in cognition, on the basis of which we suggest some research paths in the neuroscientific, educational and existential domains. (shrink)

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scientific and technological developments made surgery safer, more reliable, and, with the corresponding increase in experimentation permitted, more exploratory and successful than ever before. The age of the heroic surgeon, however, obscured procedures that relied on the patient’s cooperation for a final, positive outcome. This essay focuses on the debates surrounding cleft palate surgery in Britain, Europe, and North America between about 1800 and 1930, where the constancy of failure dogged the surgeon, even (...) with improved operative surroundings. Although an anatomical correction could eventually be secured by surgery, without the patient’s participation in learning “normal” speech, the ultimate result was unsuccessful. Patient responsibility and self-control became, therefore, the key to success. By exploring what this meant for patients, their families, and surgeons, a new way of thinking about surgical outcomes, even during a period of increasing confidence in surgery, can be posited. -/- . (shrink)

One of the tasks of common-sense philosophy is to reconcile the scientific explanation of vision with its phenomenological description. In this article, we examine how Reid’s description of what it is like to perceive allows him to elicit laws that favour the idea of vision as directed at real things. While Reid claims the mind perceives things that exist outside of us, it can be argued that his account in fact reduces what is experienced to merely subjective or mental reality. (...) To re-assess this argument concerning his theory of vision, we examine the means employed by Reid to infer laws from the experience of vision. In light of this, we analyse the counterfactual comparisons between blind and sighted people and the new definitions of sign and suggestion. Interpreting this analysis yields an explanation of how Reid aligns science with phenomenology on the subject of seeing colours and seeing figures. (shrink)

There are many parts of our lives for which it seems perfectly right and proper that we differ from each other in our relation to value: we pursue different careers, choose different spouses, prefer different flavors of ice cream. Even the most robust of realists typically assumes that where this is so—where the value on the scene is properly ‘idiosyncratic’, as I put it—we cannot understand this value on a realist model, and must instead see it as deriving from the (...) person’s attitudes or preferences. I argue that this assumption is mistaken, and that the phenomenon of idiosyncrasy is fully compatible with realism. The world contains many different forms of value, and we each possess different forms of ‘value-expertise’—different kinds and degrees of ability to experience, understand, and engage with that value. This model allows us to make sense of idiosyncrasy within a fully realist framework. (shrink)

According to a common thesis about normative reasons for action, you have a reason to perform a given action only if you can act for that reason. This thesis has long had broad appeal and i...

Information on the factors influencing parents’ decision-making process following a lethal, life-limiting or severely debilitating prenatal diagnosis remains deficient. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-synthesis was conducted to explore the influencing factors for parents considering termination or continuation of pregnancy following identification of lethal, life-limiting or severely debilitating fetal abnormalities. Electronic searches of 13 databases were conducted. These searches were supplemented by hand-searching Google Scholar and bibliographies and citation tracing. Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis method was used to synthesise data (...) from identified studies. Twenty-four papers were identified and reviewed, but two papers were removed following quality assessment. Three main themes were identified through systematic synthesis. Theme 1, entitled ‘all life is precious’, described parents’ perception of the importance of the fetus’ life, a fatalistic view of their situation alongside moral implications as well as the implications decisions would have on their own life, in consideration of previous life experiences. Theme 2 contained two sub-themes which considered the parent’s own imagined future and the influence of other people’s experiences. Finally, Theme 3 presented three sub-themes which may influence their parental decision-making: These described parental consideration of the quality of life for their unborn child, the possibility of waiting to try for another pregnancy, and their own responsibilities and commitments. The first review to fully explore parental decision-making process following lethal, life-limiting, or severely debilitating prenatal diagnosis provided novel findings and insight into which factors influenced parents’ decision-making process. This comprehensive and systematic review provides greater understanding of the factors influential on decision-making, such as hope, morality and potential implications on their own and other’s quality of life, will enable professionals to facilitate supported decision-making, including greater knowledge of the variables likely to influence parental choices. (shrink)

This article addresses uncertainties over authorship in the age of generative AI by developing the theoretical underpinnings of a systematic approach to attributing authorship in visual art practices involving generative AI, which build on the workings of multiple agents and technologies. By using an analytic philosophical methodology to analyze the practices and key concepts under discussion it is clarified what is meant by authorship in these practices and what kind of works are at stake. As this analysis finds, authorship becomes (...) complicated in these practices not just because of the non-deterministic workings of generative AI systems, but because the works under discussion can be viewed on the one hand as the outputs of generative AI systems and on the other as works of AI art, including kinds referred to here as “synthetic images”. Importantly, authorship in the latter case requires intentionality and autonomy from agents to both initiate the creative process and ratify, or evaluate, the work as theirs, something that only humans can do at this point. Nevertheless, the dependence of synthetic images on AI-generated images means that in attributing authorship in the practices under discussion, we ought to account for the dual identity of these items and, accordingly, the different forms of authorship and contributions attached to them. This dual approach, it is demonstrated, provides the tools to assess when the potentially many and varied figures involved in these practices should count as authors, or other kinds of contributors, and facilitates more rewarding appreciation of the artworks. (shrink)

In this rich cultural history, Pamela Robertson Wojcik examines America's ambivalent and shifting attitude toward homelessness through a close study of film cycles from five distinct historical moments that show characters as unhomed and placeless, mobile rather than fixed: failing, resisting, or opting out of the mandate for a home of one's own. From the tramp films of the Silent Era to the Oscar-winning Nomadland in 2021, Wojcik shows how film cycles reveal a tension in the American imaginary between (...) viewing homelessness as, on the one hand, deviant or threatening, and, on the other, emblematic of freedom and independence. Blending social history with insights drawn from a complex array of films, both canonical and fringe, Wojcik effectively 'unhomes' dominant narratives that cast aspirations for success and social mobility as the focus of American cinema, reminding us that genres of precarity have been central to the American cinema (and American story) all along. (shrink)

Les trajectoires d’entrée dans la vie adulte sont parsemées d’événements, de périodes de crise, de carrefours biographiques devant lesquels les jeunes sont amenés à réagir, à faire des choix et à opérer parfois un changement brutal dans leur parcours. Dans ces moments de crise, de basculement et de réalisation de l’improbable, se révèlent des enjeux et des logiques de choix qui resteraient invisibles dans le cours tranquille des choses.À partir d’une enquête qualitative longitudinale auprès d’un panel de jeunes, je propose (...) ici une tentative d’exploration de la notion de bifurcation. Les récits et les argumentaires développés permettent d’identifier les « ingrédients » mobilisés dans la prise de décision. Sont parcourus là divers registres structurels, contextuels, relationnels et individuels, ainsi que des temporalités diverses en interaction. C’est peut-être justement leur conjonction qui autorise cette « rupture » de l’ordre social attendu.The trajectories of entry into adulthood are cluttered with events, periods of crisis, life crossroads to which young people have to face up, to make choices and sometimes operate radical changes in the course of their lives. In these moments of crisis, upheavals and unexpected turning points, new stakes and logics of orientation appear, which would have remained unseen in a quieter course of things.Working from a qualitative longitudinal survey of a panel of young people, this paper offers an attempt to explore the notion of bifurcation. The life stories and the arguments these young people developed allow to identify the components of choice-making. Various structural, topical, relational and individual registers have been identified, along with various interacting temporalities. It is their conjunction that is likely to make possible a breaking up of the expected social order. (shrink)

Metaethical realists and anti‐realists alike have typically assumed that deliberation about what to do is, at least sometimes, properly settled by the agent's evaluative attitudes—what she wants, likes, or values—rather than by any objective source of value out in the world. I argue that this picture of deliberation is not one that the deliberating agent herself can accept. Seen from within the first‐person perspective, the agent's own evaluative attitudes are not encountered as descriptive psychological facts, but are rather “transparent” to (...) the external world, conceived as a place already suffused with normative significance: they are her finding the relevant parts of the world to be desirable, valuable, and so on. And from the agent's own point of view, these attitudes can do the normative work involved in settling deliberation only because and insofar as they are understood as in this way a warranted response to this desirability or value. Attitudes that the agent does not experience as transparent in this way are attitudes from which she is alienated, and as such she cannot understand them as authoritative over her deliberation. What this means, I argue, is that deliberation about what to do involves a commitment to a particularly substantive form of metaethical realism. (shrink)

My comments on this pioneering book by Russ Hurlburt and Eric Schwitzgebel do not focus on the descriptions of experiences that it includes, but on the very process of description, which seems to me insufficiently highlighted, described and called into question. First I will rely on a few indications given by Melanie herself, the subject interviewed by the authors, to highlight an essential difficulty which the authors only touch upon: the not immediately recognized charac-ter of lived experience. Then I will (...) look for clues about what Melanie does to come into contact with her experience and recognize it. These clues -- completed by elements of description of this act collected through explicitation interviews -- provide criteria enabling a more precise evaluation of what the authors do to guide Melanie in the real-ization of this act, and therefore the accuracy of Melanie's descrip-tions. I will defend the idea that the description of the very process of becoming aware and describing is an essential condition for the understanding, refinement, teaching, and evaluation of introspection methods, as well as for the reproducibility of their results. (shrink)

L’enfant exposé aux violences conjugales est encore trop peu considéré comme victime directe de ces violences, malgré les études réalisées en France et en Amérique du Nord. Les auteures ont mené une recherche qualitative clinique auprès de huit enfants témoins de violences conjugales durant leur petite enfance, accueillis avec leur mère dans deux structures dédiées, afin d’étudier leur fonctionnement psychique en leur proposant le test projectif du Patte-Noire. L’intérêt de cette étude réside dans le fait de recueillir la parole de (...) l’enfant, alors que les recherches internationales sont souvent basées sur des questionnaires adressés à la mère. Les résultats révèlent l’intériorisation précoce de modalités relationnelles violentes et pointent l’importance d’un accompagnement sur le versant psychologique de l’enfant et du (des) parent(s). (shrink)

Le grand historien américain Thomas Laqueur s’attaque dans un livre érudit et conceptuel à un sujet qui prête d’ordinaire à la plaisanterie : la masturbation. Celle-ci a pourtant été considérée avec le plus grand sérieux par les théologiens, les médecins ou les pédagogues, qui ont longtemps pensé qu’elle pouvait conduire à une terrible déchéance physique et morale, voire à la mort. Thomas Laqueur cherche à comprendre comment et pourquoi cette croyance s’est imposée au siècle des Lumières pour...

Emotional Grasping of the Kairos in Children’s Talk: between Philosophical Act and Didactical Gesture. An essential gesture of animating a philosophical dialogue with children consists in grasping within their talk, an opportune word or turn of phrase, the kairos, and bouncing off it to advance reasoning. Based on the analysis of expert practices, we propose a typology of the emotional grasp of Kairos that reflects the tension between investigative and educational aims in these exchanges. Beyond the effect of surprise, regulation (...) makes it possible to welcome and share one's emotions and to make them evolve into wonder, astonishment or doubt. Such trajectories are decisive for the future of the new idea. But other reactions are frequent, offering other opportunities for the current activity and children training in the long term. (shrink)

The impact of postmodernism on research methodology: implications for nursingThis article considers what have been referred to as die two major crises in research methodology: (i) the crisis of legitimation (to what extent are the notions of reliability and validity still meaningful in the light of a posture that is said to approach an ’anything goes’ standpoint); and (ii) the crisis of representation (to what extent is it possible to represent the world view of ‘the odier’ without it being merely (...) a construction of the researcher). These are discussed in order to identify aspects of a continuing debate that is of relevance to nurses for they are integral to graduate research and the ongoing application of research in hospital or community contexts. Educating nurses in research requires that they learn a repertoire of research skills such as literature critiques, developing research questions, interviewing, analysing techniques and computer‐assisted analysis. However, postmodern debates can also be beneficial by facilitating their understanding of contemporary research issues so that they can critically integrate such reflexive thinking into dieir own research practices and go on to explore new ways to undertake research. (shrink)

Despite the fact that time, evolution, becoming and genealogy are central concepts in Deleuze's work, there has been no sustained study of his philosophy in relation to the question of history. This book aims to open up Deleuze's relevance to those working in history, the history of ideas, science studies, evolutionary psychology, history of philosophy and interdisciplinary projects inflected by historical problems.The essays in this volume cover all aspects of Deleuze's philosophy and its relation to history, ranging from the application (...) of Deleuze's philosophy to historical method, Deleuze's own use of the history of philosophy, his interpretations of other historical thinkers and the complex theories of time and evolution in his work.Contributors include: Paul Patton, Manuel DeLanda, John Protevi, Ian Buchanan, Tim Flanagan, James Williams, Eve Bischoff, Jay Lampert. (shrink)

pt. I. Historical criticism and reconstruction.--pt. II. The spiritual note in modern literature, art, and music.--pt. III. The spirit of modern philosophy.--pt. IV. The Christ that was and is to be.

The article by Froese, Gould and Seth is a survey rather than a commentary, dealing with the intertwined issues of the validity of first- person reports and of their interest for a science of consciousness. While acknowledging that experiential research has already produced promising results, the authors find that it has not yet produced 'killer experiments' providing a definitively positive answer to these two questions, and wonder what kind of experiment would allow it. Our response will address these two questions (...) successively. (shrink)

We mortals can't read other people's minds directly. But we make good guesses from what they say, what we read between the lines, what they show in their face and eyes, and what best explains their behavior. It is our species' most remarkable talent.1augustine's reflections on the topic of seeing other souls have attracted interest in recent years. It is generally supposed in the scholarly literature that his view that our mental lives are essentially private leads to a deep-seated concern (...) with what we manifest to others. Further, Phillip Cary charges Augustine with introducing a "powerful fantasy" and "nostalgia" into western thought in Augustine's desire to see the thoughts of other souls directly;... (shrink)